Test and Score Data Summary for
TOEFL Computer-Based
and Paper-Based Tests
®
July 2005—June 2006 Test Data
Test of English as a Foreign Language
TM
This edition of the TOEFL Test And Score Data Summary contains data on the
performance of examinees who took the computer-based TOEFL test and those who
took the paper-based TOEFL test between July 2005 and June 2006. Data from
previous testing periods can be found on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.
This edition does not contain performance data for the TOEFL Internet-based test
(TOEFL® iBT) which was introduced in September 2005 and gradually implemented
worldwide in 2006. A separate edition with performance data for the TOEFL iBT can
be found on the TOEFL website at www.ets.org/toefl.
TOEFL® Scores
Open More Doors.
www.ets.org/toefl
Table of Contents
®
History of the TOEFL Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Computer-Based TOEFL Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Computer-Based Test Data for 2005-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 2. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 3. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 4. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 5. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 6. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 9. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 10. Total and Section Score Means – Nonnative English-Speaking
Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 11. Percentile Ranks – Writing Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Paper-Based TOEFL Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Paper-Based Test Data for 2005-06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 12. Observed Minimum and Maximum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 13. Percentile Ranks – Total Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 14. Percentile Ranks – Graduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 15. Percentile Ranks – Undergraduate-Level Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 16. Percentile Ranks – Other Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 17. Percentile Ranks – Applicants for Professional License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations – Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 19. Means and Standard Deviations – Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 20. Total and Section Score Means – All Examinees by Native Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 21. Total and Section Score Means – Nonnative English-Speaking
Examinees by Geographic Region and Native Country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 22. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
For additional information about the Test of English as a Foreign Language, see the TOEFL Score User Guide,
TOEFL iBT at a Glance, and the TOEFL Internet-based Test Score Comparison Tables. Order these publications in print form or download them at www.ets.org/toefl. Visit the TOEFL program’s Download Library for
a complete list of downloadable publications.
Copyright © 2007 by Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.
ETS, the ETS logos, GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS, POWERPREP, TOEFL, the TOEFL logo, and TWE are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) in
the United States of America and other countries throughout the world. TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE and TEST OF WRITTEN ENGLISH are trademarks of
Educational Testing Service. COLLEGE BOARD is a registered trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. Prometric is a registered trademark of Thomson Learning.
A single copy of this publication may be downloaded for individual use. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means without permission in writing from Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ, USA. Violators will be prosecuted
in accordance with all applicable copyright and trademark laws.
Permission requests may be made online at www.ets.org or sent to Educational Testing Service, Office of the General Counsel,
Attn: Permissions Administrator, Rosedale Road, MS 04C, Princeton, NJ 08541, USA.
2
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
History of the TOEFL® Program
The Test of English as a Foreign Language™, better
known as TOEFL®, is designed to measure the English
proficiency of people whose native language is not
English. TOEFL scores are accepted by more than 6,000
colleges, universities, and licensing agencies in 110
countries. The test is also used by governments, and
scholarship and exchange programs worldwide.
The TOEFL Program — A national council on the testing of English as a foreign language was formed in 1962;
its members were representatives of more than 30 private organizations and government agencies concerned
with the English proficiency of nonnative speakers of
English who wished to study at colleges and universities
in the United States. The council supported the development of the TOEFL test for use starting in 1963–64.
Financed by grants from the Ford and Danforth Foundations, the TOEFL program was first administered by the
Modern Language Association. In 1965, the College
Board® and Educational Testing Service® (ETS®) assumed joint responsibility for the program. Because
many who take the TOEFL test are potential graduate
students, a cooperative arrangement for the operation
of the program was entered into by ETS, the College
Board, and the Graduate Record Examinations® Board
in 1973. Under this arrangement, ETS is responsible for
administering the TOEFL program with guidance from
the TOEFL Board.
The TOEFL Board is comprised of 15 members. Some
are affiliated with such institutions and agencies as
undergraduate and graduate schools, community colleges, nonprofit educational exchange organizations, and
other public and private agencies with an interest in
international education. Other members are specialists
in the field of English as a foreign or second language.
3
Development of the Test — The test originally contained
five sections. As a result of extensive research, a threesection test was developed and introduced in 1976. In
July 1995, the test item format was modified somewhat
within the same three-section structure. In recent years,
various constituencies called for a new TOEFL test that
would (1) be more reflective of communicative competence models; (2) include more constructed-response
tasks and direct measures of writing and speaking; (3)
include tasks that integrate the language modalities
tested; and (4) provide more information than the paperbased TOEFL test (TOEFL pBT) about the ability of
international students to use English in an academic
environment. Accordingly, the TOEFL Board initiated
a broad effort under which language testing will evolve
in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the
computer-based TOEFL test (TOEFL cBT) in 1998 was
the first incremental step in this broad test-improvement
effort.
The next step was the introduction of an Internetbased version of the TOEFL test (TOEFL iBT) in September 2005. The test was first launched in the United
States, and has been gradually rolled out worldwide.
TOEFL iBT assesses all four language skills (speaking,
listening, reading, and writing) that are important for
effective communication. TOEFL iBT emphasizes
integrated skills and provides better information to
institutions about students’ ability to communicate in
an academic setting and their readiness for academic
coursework.
As TOEFL iBT was introduced in an area, TOEFL cBT
was discontinued after a period of overlap to ensure a
smooth transition to TOEFL iBT. The final administration of TOEFL cBT was held in September 2006. TOEFL
pBT will continue to be offered on a limited basis to
support the TOEFL iBT testing network. The Test and
Score Data Summary for TOEFL iBT will be available
on the TOEFL Web site in March 2007.
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
The Computer-Based TOEFL Test
In July 1998, ETS introduced the computer-based version
of the TOEFL test (TOEFL cBT) in many areas of the
world. This move was the first critical step toward a
long-term goal of enhancing assessments by using electronic technology to test more complex skills.
A primary goal of the TOEFL program is to provide
more extensive information than it has in the past
about candidates’
English proficiency.
In response to institutions’ requests to
include a productive
measure of writing,
the program added
a Writing section
(essay) as part of each
TOEFL cBT test
administration. This addition was one step toward a
more communicative test. Essay ratings were integrated
into section and total scores, but were also reported
separately on official score reports for informational
purposes. New types of questions were added to the
Listening and Reading sections; these new question
types moved beyond multiple-choice questions. Visuals
were also added to the Listening section, providing a
significant enhancement to that portion of the test.
Two sections of the test — Listening and Structure —
were computer adaptive, meaning the test was tailored to
each examinee’s performance level. The test started with
questions of moderate difficulty. As an examinee answered
each question, the computer scored the question and
used that information, as well as the responses to previous questions, to determine the question it would present next. As long as examinees responded correctly, the
computer typically selected questions of greater or equal
difficulty. In contrast, if examinees answered questions
incorrectly, the computer typically selected questions
of lesser or equal difficulty. The computer was programmed to continuously find questions of an appropriate difficulty for test takers of all performance levels.
4
Test Preparation—The TOEFL program took steps to
ensure that an individual’s test performance was not
influenced by a lack of computer experience. A set of
tutorials, designed especially for nonnative speakers of
English, was developed to teach the skills needed to take
the test on computer. The interactive tutorials, presented
at the beginning of each test session, provided instruction
and practice in using a mouse, scrolling text, answering
the various types of questions in the four test sections,
and typing the essay using a standard word processing
system for those examinees who elected to type their
essay instead of handwriting it.
Everyone registered to take the TOEFL test receives
test preparation materials free of charge. Examinees
who registered to take TOEFL cBT received TOEFL
POWERPREP® software, which contained two complete
cBT tests.
The final administration of TOEFL cBT was held in
September 2006. TOEFL cBT scores are valid for two
years from the testing date. During this period, examinees can send their TOEFL cBT score reports to institutions of their choice. Procedures to request score reports
are available on the TOEFL Web site.
Visit the TOEFL Web site at www.ets.org/toefl
for the most up-to-date information.
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Computer-Based Test Data for 2005-06
The data presented in the tables below are based on
574,192 examinees who took TOEFL cBT between
July 2005 and June 2006.
Table 1 gives actual ranges of observed scores for
the period from July 2005 through June 2006. The
percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are
shown in Table 2 for the total group. In Tables 3–6,
examinees have been classified by their reason for
taking the test (information supplied by them at the
test center).
Table 1. Observed Minimum and Maximum
TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores
Min.
Section
1. Listening
0
30
2. Structure/Writing
0
30
3. Reading
0
30
Total
0
300
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Section 3
Reading
Total Scale Score
Percentile Rank
Scale Score
Section 1
Listening
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Section 3
Reading
Total Scale Score
30
28
26
24
22
99
93
82
68
53
99
93
81
62
47
98
92
80
63
46
300
280
260
240
220
100
96
84
67
50
30
28
26
24
22
99
92
80
65
49
99
92
78
57
41
98
90
74
55
39
300
280
260
240
220
100
94
80
62
44
20
18
16
14
12
40
29
20
14
9
34
23
15
9
5
32
21
13
7
4
200
180
160
140
120
34
22
14
8
4
20
18
16
14
12
35
24
16
10
6
28
18
11
6
3
25
15
9
5
2
200
180
160
140
120
28
17
10
5
3
10
8
6
4
2
5
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
100
80
60
40
20
2
1
10
8
6
4
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
100
80
60
40
20
1
Mean
S.D.
20.7
5.6
21.5
5.1
21.8
4.8
Mean
S.D.
Mean
S.D.
21.3
5.3
22.3
4.8
22.7
4.5
Mean
S.D.
214
47
*Based on the total group of 574,192 examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006
in cBT test centers. (Total group includes 101,282 examinees not included in Tables 3–6
who did not indicate a “reason for taking the TOEFL test” or who indicated reasons other
than those given in Tables 3–6.)
Percentile Rank
Section 1
Listening
Table 3. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores —
Graduate-Level Students*
Scale Score
Table 2. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores —
Total Group*
5
Max.
221
44
*Based on 279,225 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to
colleges or universities as graduate students.
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Section 3
Reading
Total Scale Score
Percentile Rank
Scale Score
Section 3
Reading
Total Scale Score
Percentile Rank
30
28
26
24
22
99
93
82
68
54
99
93
81
65
51
99
95
85
70
55
300
280
260
240
220
100
96
85
70
55
30
28
26
24
22
99
95
85
72
60
100
96
86
70
57
99
96
88
75
60
300
280
260
240
220
100
98
89
75
60
20
18
16
14
12
42
31
22
15
10
38
27
18
11
7
40
28
17
10
5
200
180
160
140
120
40
27
17
10
5
20
18
16
14
12
49
39
30
23
17
45
35
27
19
13
46
34
24
16
10
200
180
160
140
120
47
36
26
18
12
10
8
6
4
2
6
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
100
80
60
40
20
2
1
10
8
6
4
2
11
7
3
8
5
3
1
5
3
1
100
80
60
40
20
7
3
1
Mean
S.D.
20.5
5.8
21.0
5.4
20.8
5.0
Mean
S.D.
19.7
6.2
19.8
5.5
Mean
S.D.
208
49
Section 1
Listening
Mean
S.D.
*Based on 152,329 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to
colleges or universities as undergraduate students.
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Section 1
Listening
Table 5. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores —
Other Students*
Scale Score
Table 4. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores —
Undergraduate-Level Students*
19.2
6.4
196
56
*Based on 24,514 examinees who indicated that they were applying for admission to schools
other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary schools.
Percentile Rank
Total Scale Score
Section 1
Listening
30
28
26
24
22
99
95
84
68
51
100
95
84
64
48
99
95
85
69
51
300
280
260
240
220
100
98
88
70
51
20
18
16
14
12
37
27
19
13
9
34
23
15
10
6
34
21
12
7
4
200
180
160
140
120
34
21
14
8
5
10
8
6
4
2
6
3
1
3
2
1
2
1
100
80
60
40
20
2
1
Mean
S.D.
20.7
5.5
21.3
5.1
21.4
4.6
Mean
S.D.
Section 3
Reading
Scale Score
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Table 6. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Scores —
Applicants for Professional License*
211
46
*Based on 16,842 examinees who indicated that they were taking the TOEFL test to become
licensed to practice their professions in the United States or Canada.
6
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Tables 7 and 8 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores
separately for male and female examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006.
Table 7. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores, Males*
Group
Number
Section 1
Listening
Section 2
Structure/
Writing
Section 3
Reading
Total
Scale
Score
Total Group**
293,494
20.9
5.6
21.7
5.1
22.2
4.8
216
47
Graduate Level
160,039
21.5
5.3
22.4
4.7
23.1
4.5
223
43
Undergraduate Level
74,510
20.6
5.9
21.0
5.5
21.0
5.0
209
49
Other Students
11,373
19.4
6.4
19.8
6.2
20.2
5.5
198
56
6,519
20.7
5.6
21.1
5.2
21.5
4.8
211
47
Applicants for
Professional License
*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 41,053 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.
Table 8. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL cBT Section and Total Scores, Females*
Group
Number
Section 1
Listening
Section 2
Structure/
Writing
Section 3
Reading
Total
Scale
Score
Total Group**
262,861
20.7
5.5
21.5
5.1
21.5
4.8
212
47
Graduate Level
115,855
21.2
5.3
22.1
4.8
22.4
4.6
219
44
Undergraduate Level
76,023
20.5
5.7
21.1
5.3
20.7
4.9
208
48
Other Students
12,758
19.0
6.4
19.6
6.1
19.6
5.5
194
56
Applicants for
Professional License
10,088
20.8
5.4
21.4
5.0
21.3
4.5
212
45
*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 48,137 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.
7
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Tables 9 and 10 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with that
of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is
important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in the
ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they can
attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take TOEFL cBT.
Table 9. TOEFL cBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language2
21
21
20
19
21
24
21
209
213
198
200
216
242
210
2
29
82
9
3,276
13
1
54
2,721
134
*
*
23
*
24
*
*
24
24
20
*
*
23
*
25
*
*
25
24
21
*
*
23
*
25
*
*
25
24
21
*
*
232
*
246
*
*
246
243
206
297
735
24
48,443
7
609
23
24
*
20
*
24
23
24
*
22
*
24
25
23
*
22
*
24
240
238
*
210
*
239
Danish
Dutch
121
1,590
27
27
26
26
26
26
266
263
Efik - Ibibio
English
Estonian
Ewe
84
9,775
65
108
21
21
25
20
24
23
25
23
22
21
24
21
222
217
247
212
Farsi (Persian)
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peulh)
2,015
2
620
4,942
17
21
*
27
23
*
21
*
24
23
*
21
*
25
24
*
210
*
254
234
*
Galician
Ganda (Luganda)
Georgian
German
Greek
Guarani
Gujarati
13
44
403
6,367
6,100
6
6,105
*
22
22
26
23
*
22
*
25
22
25
23
*
23
*
23
22
25
23
*
22
*
235
220
252
233
*
225
106
1,505
17,082
604
22
27
25
24
23
24
25
23
21
25
25
24
220
250
249
238
Ibo (Igbo)
Icelandic
Ilocano
Indonesian
Italian
1,204
44
153
4,446
5,803
22
26
23
22
17
24
26
23
21
19
22
25
22
21
23
227
257
226
214
196
Japanese
Javanese
78,255
427
18
17
19
19
20
20
191
182
2,016
5
91
784
69
1,085
0
31
421
130,316
94
1
2
25
*
25
21
21
22
*
20
26
21
20
*
*
26
*
26
22
22
24
*
22
27
22
20
*
*
25
*
25
21
20
22
*
21
26
23
21
*
*
255
*
256
215
210
229
*
208
266
217
204
*
*
25
66
14
445
8
313
*
25
*
24
*
23
*
24
*
23
*
25
*
24
*
23
*
23
*
246
*
234
*
239
Bashkir
Basque (Euskara)
Belarusian
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Bhili
Bikol
Bulgarian
Burmese
Catalan (Provencal)
Cebuano (Visayan)
Chichewa
Chinese
Chuvash
Czech
Hausa
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian (Magyar)
Kannada (Kanarese)
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh (Oraon)
Kusaiean
Lao
Latvian (Lettish)
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo
Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Malinke-Bambara-Dyula
Maltese
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Minangkabau
Mongolian
More
154
74
2
909
2,132
15
3
3,931
1
20
2
134
18
24
19
*
23
25
*
*
25
*
*
*
20
*
22
19
*
23
26
*
*
26
*
*
*
20
*
22
19
*
23
25
*
*
25
*
*
*
20
*
228
191
*
231
251
*
*
254
*
*
*
200
*
Nauran
Nepali
Norwegian
Nyanja
0
4,738
114
1
*
21
27
*
*
23
25
*
*
21
25
*
*
219
258
*
311
7
23
*
26
*
25
*
246
*
Palauan
Panay-Hiligaynon
Pashtu
Pidgin
Polish
Ponapean
Portuguese
Punjabi
1
116
169
8
1,388
3
7,395
1,163
*
23
21
*
24
*
23
24
*
23
23
*
23
*
22
25
*
23
22
*
23
*
24
24
*
229
222
*
234
*
232
243
Romanian
Ruanda
Russian
1,528
22
4,907
25
*
23
25
*
23
25
*
23
251
*
227
Samar-Leyte
Samoan
Santali
Serbo-Croatian
Sesotho
Setswana
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Siswati
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish
31
2
1
559
11
190
129
309
102
6
243
82
62
25,293
9
691
271
22
*
*
25
*
22
24
25
24
*
25
26
21
23
*
22
27
24
*
*
23
*
25
26
26
23
*
24
25
21
22
*
24
25
22
*
*
24
*
23
24
25
23
*
24
25
20
24
*
22
25
225
*
*
237
*
230
249
251
235
*
244
252
210
229
*
228
257
Tagalog
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Tigrinya
Tongan
Trukese
Tulu
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi
4,657
0
5,720
25
23,770
12,892
61
20
6
3
115
21,220
29
198
24
*
25
*
21
19
22
*
*
*
26
21
*
22
24
*
26
*
23
20
23
*
*
*
26
21
*
24
23
*
25
*
22
21
23
*
*
*
25
21
*
22
239
*
253
*
221
201
226
*
*
*
258
213
*
227
Ukrainian
Ulithian
Urdu
Uzbek
791
0
4,832
454
22
*
23
21
22
*
24
22
22
*
23
21
220
*
236
214
Oriya
Oromo
Vietnamese
Section 1
Listening
Total Score Mean
22
21
20
20
22
25
21
Section 3
Reading
20
22
20
21
21
23
21
Native Language
Number of
Examinees
Total Score Mean
Section 3
Reading
Section 2
Structure/Writing
239
262
171
22,986
377
135
261
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Azeri
Section 1
Listening
Native Language
Number of
Examinees
(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3
685
19
22
21
209
Wolof
22
*
*
*
*
Xhosa
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
*
*
24
*
*
22
*
*
225
*
*
*
*
Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba
Zulu
1
1
1,512
15
1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 75,243 students whose native languages could not be determined.
8
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Table 10. TOEFL cBT Total and Section Score Means1 —
Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2
20
21
23
19
22
22
*
*
*
*
21
*
20
*
*
*
20
*
*
22
*
*
22
*
*
*
*
*
*
26
*
*
18
22
*
21
*
21
*
*
20
25
*
20
20
22
23
*
24
196
185
230
174
216
220
*
*
*
*
202
*
187
*
*
*
203
*
*
225
*
*
227
*
*
*
*
*
*
259
*
*
179
224
*
205
*
203
*
*
200
258
*
210
187
217
229
*
247
23
4
1,468
13
3
0
10
0
494
6,708
0
754
0
1,353
6,065
62
145
0
672
190
166
2
1
7
1,136
7
113
62
15
5
6,215
*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
23
23
*
24
*
24
21
24
20
*
24
22
23
*
*
*
22
*
20
24
*
*
24
*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
22
22
*
24
*
23
21
23
19
*
23
21
22
*
*
*
21
*
20
22
*
*
23
*
*
25
*
*
*
*
*
23
24
*
23
*
25
23
24
22
*
23
22
23
*
*
*
22
*
19
23
*
*
24
*
*
246
*
*
*
*
*
230
230
*
235
*
239
216
237
202
*
234
217
229
*
*
*
216
*
197
233
*
*
234
AMERICA
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica, Commonwealth of
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Total Score Mean
20
20
25
17
22
23
*
*
*
*
21
*
19
*
*
*
20
*
*
24
*
*
24
*
*
*
*
*
*
27
*
*
18
24
*
22
*
20
*
*
20
26
*
22
19
22
25
*
26
Section 3
Reading
Total Score Mean
19
15
22
15
21
21
*
*
*
*
18
*
16
*
*
*
21
*
*
21
*
*
21
*
*
*
*
*
*
25
*
*
18
22
*
19
*
20
*
*
20
26
*
20
17
21
21
*
24
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Section 3
Reading
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo - DRC Formerly Zaire
Congo Republic
Cote d’Ivoire Ivory Coast
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
0
8
29
62
49
2,389
439
0
0
0
7
2
5
2
1,890
101
1,224
*
*
*
23
22
22
25
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
24
25
23
*
*
*
22
21
23
24
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
23
25
22
*
*
*
22
22
24
23
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
22
26
23
*
*
*
223
219
229
239
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
231
250
229
99
226
1,287
11
4
74
9,017
5,947
72,973
4,641
78,635
1,198
4,203
128,445
108
26
241
1,998
11
132
138
5,027
4,258
6,389
456
162
33,327
27
13,162
27
675
705
18
21
22
*
*
21
20
21
23
21
18
22
19
21
23
*
19
23
*
21
20
21
23
24
26
24
19
*
19
*
21
19
19
22
23
*
*
21
23
22
24
21
19
22
19
22
23
*
20
23
*
20
21
23
25
24
26
23
21
*
20
*
22
22
18
21
23
*
*
20
22
22
23
21
20
22
20
23
23
*
20
23
*
20
21
21
23
23
25
23
21
*
21
*
22
21
182
214
228
*
*
206
216
216
236
214
192
217
193
218
232
*
196
232
*
202
206
218
238
238
255
234
206
*
200
*
218
207
230
46
213
300
3
251
338
105
2,796
375
397
581
38
130
38
79
0
688
3,213
437
5,415
5,918
2
541
38
15
0
5,827
0
106
21
19
22
26
*
23
26
24
24
25
23
24
24
27
23
25
*
27
23
22
26
23
*
24
27
*
*
17
*
25
21
20
23
26
*
23
25
22
24
23
23
24
22
26
23
24
*
24
24
22
25
23
*
23
26
*
*
19
*
24
21
21
21
26
*
23
26
23
24
24
22
24
23
26
23
24
*
25
25
22
25
23
*
24
26
*
*
22
*
24
211
204
219
258
*
232
257
229
242
241
225
239
230
265
233
243
*
255
238
220
251
233
*
237
262
*
*
196
*
245
Section 1
Listening
Section 2
Structure/Writing
79
74
203
56
37
140
6
4
4
2
52
23
194
8
12
24
150
25
14
573
18
7
3,118
7
29
10
9
30
19
136
17
4
31
4,467
7
64
1
37
1
19
48
159
7
384
81
72
238
23
172
AFRICA
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
Section 1
Listening
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3
ASIA
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People’s Republic of
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakstan
Korea DPR
Korea ROK
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar Burma
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
EUROPE
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azores
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia and Slovenia
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Island
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
(continued)
9
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
24
*
*
23
*
27
*
26
24
26
25
22
*
*
25
26
23
27
26
21
22
25
*
*
24
23
*
*
24
*
26
*
25
23
24
25
23
*
*
24
25
23
25
25
21
22
25
*
*
22
22
*
*
23
*
26
*
25
23
26
25
23
*
*
24
25
24
25
25
21
22
23
*
*
23
230
*
*
235
*
262
*
257
234
251
251
227
*
*
243
256
233
254
252
212
222
242
*
*
230
16
23
*
*
*
*
18
24
*
*
*
*
19
22
*
*
*
*
179
229
*
*
*
*
PACIFIC REGION
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
54
99
2
4
8
1
Total Score Mean
*
234
*
Section 3
Reading
*
23
*
Section 2
Structure/Writing
Total Score Mean
Liechtenstein
5
Lithuania
491
Luxembourg
26
Macedonia
(Former Yugoslav Republic of)
168
Madeira Islands
0
Malta
3
Moldova
183
Monaco
6
Netherlands
1,484
Northern Ireland
1
Norway
123
Poland
1,389
Portugal
716
Romania
1,501
Russia
3,454
San Marino
0
Scotland
1
Slovakia
260
Slovenia
82
Spain
3,508
Sweden
229
Switzerland
1,292
Turkey
21,720
Ukraine
1,251
United Kingdom
110
Vatican City
1
Wales
0
Yugoslavia
411
Section 1
Listening
Section 3
Reading
*
23
*
EUROPE (cont’d)
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
Section 2
Structure/Writing
*
24
*
Section 1
Listening
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
Table 10 (continued)
2
4
2
1
2
21
6
1
3
4
1
1
5
2
0
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21
21
22
19
21
21
26
21
20
23
20
22
19
17
20
21
21
19
*
20
21
21
22
18
21
20
23
20
18
23
19
22
17
16
18
20
21
18
*
19
21
18
21
17
21
19
24
20
17
21
19
22
17
14
17
19
20
16
*
17
211
202
216
179
209
202
242
204
182
223
192
219
178
158
183
201
205
174
*
186
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tahiti
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICA
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen
118
245
4,382
70
2,163
443
1,931
3,061
2,395
4,358
186
186
85
534
3,880
260
835
2,791
0
140
1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 62,947 students whose native country could not be determined or who reported English as their native language.
Table 11 presents the overall percentile ranks of TOEFL
cBT essay scores based on examinees who took TOEFL
cBT between July 2005 and June 2006. Writing was a
mandatory section of TOEFL cBT. The essay in the Writing
section was holistically scored using a criterion-referenced
6-point score scale. This score was incorporated into the
Structure/Writing scale score. Further information can be
found in the TOEFL Score User Guide.
Table 11. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL cBT Writing Scores
(Based on 574,192 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)
10
Writing Score
Percentile Rank
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
98
93
84
70
48
27
14
6
3
1
1
Mean
S.D.
4.0
0.97
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
The Paper-Based TOEFL Test
The paper-based version of
the TOEFL test (TOEFL pBT)
continues to be administered
on specified dates in some
countries, particularly in
areas where accessibility to
the Internet-based test (e.g.,
TOEFL iBT) is a concern.
Each form of TOEFL pBT
consists of three separately
timed sections; the questions
in each section are multiplechoice, with four possible answers or options per question. All responses are gridded on answer sheets that are
scored by computer.
• Section 1 of the test, Listening Comprehension,
measures the ability to understand English as it is
spoken in North America. The oral features of the
language are stressed, and the problems tested
include vocabulary and idiomatic expression as well
as special grammatical constructions frequently used
in spoken English. The stimulus material and oral
questions are recorded in standard North American
English; the response options are printed in the
test books.
• Section 2, Structure and Written Expression, measures recognition of selected structural and grammatical points in standard written English. The
language tested is formal, rather than conversational. The topics of the sentences are of a general
academic nature so that individuals in specific fields
of study or from specific national or linguistic groups
have no particular advantage.
The total test time is approximately two and one-half
hours; however, approximately three and one-half hours
are needed for a test administration to admit examinees
to the testing room, to allow them to enter identifying
information on their answer sheets, and to distribute
and collect the test materials.
Language specialists prepare the material for the
TOEFL test. The TOEFL Committee of Examiners
establishes overall guidelines for the test content and
specifications. All item specifications, questions, and
final test forms are reviewed for cultural and racial bias
and content appropriateness, according to established
ETS procedures.
For test date information, see
the Information and Registration
Bulletin for TOEFL pBT and TSE
testing or visit the TOEFL Web site
at www.ets.org/toefl.
Test Preparation — Everyone registered to take the TOEFL test receives test preparation materials
free of charge. Examinees registered to take TOEFL pBT receive
TOEFL Practice Tests, Volume 1, which includes two
complete pBT tests. In addition, sample questions
are downloadable from the TOEFL Web site.
Other TOEFL test preparation products are
available for purchase. For more information about
these products and ordering information, go to the
Learners and Test Takers section of the TOEFL Web
site at www.ets.org/toefl.
• Section 3, Reading Comprehension, measures the
ability to read and understand short passages that are
similar in topic and style to those that students are
likely to encounter in North American colleges and
universities. Examinees read a variety of short passages
on academic subjects and answer several questions
about each passage. The questions test information
that is stated in or implied by the passage, as well as
knowledge of some of the specific words as they are
used in the passage.
11
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Paper-Based Test Data for 2005-06
In 2005–06 TOEFL pBT was administered six times at
preestablished testing centers throughout the world.
The data presented below are based on 147,816 candidates who took the paper-based TOEFL test between
July 2005 and June 2006.
Table 12 gives actual ranges of observed scores for
the period from July 2005 through June 2006. The
percentile ranks for section and total scale scores are
shown in Table 13 for the total group. In Tables 14–17,
examinees are classified by their reason for taking the
test (information supplied by them at the test center).
Table 12. Observed Minimum and Maximum
TOEFL pBT Section and Total Scores
Section
Min.
Max.
1. Listening Comprehension
31
68
2. Structure and Written Expression
31
68
3. Reading Comprehension
31
67
313
677
Total
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
Mean
S.D.
99
98
93
86
77
66
56
44
34
23
16
9
5
3
1
1
98
91
84
77
67
56
47
37
29
22
17
11
7
4
3
1
1
54.7
6.4
55.9
7.5
98
93
86
76
65
54
43
31
23
16
11
7
5
3
2
1
1
1
54.7
6.8
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
99
94
86
76
64
51
40
30
21
14
9
5
3
2
1
Mean
S.D.
551
63
*Based on the total group of 147,816 examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006
in TOEFL pBT centers. (Total group includes 13,430 examinees not included in Tables
14–17 who did not indicate a “reason for taking the TOEFL test” or who indicated reasons
other than those given in Tables 14–17.)
12
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
Mean
S.D.
99
98
94
86
76
64
53
40
29
19
12
7
3
2
1
98
89
82
74
62
50
40
30
23
16
12
7
4
3
1
1
55.3
6.0
57.1
7.0
98
92
83
71
59
47
35
24
16
11
7
4
3
2
1
1
56.0
6.2
Percentile Rank
Total Scale Score
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Table 14. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores —
Graduate-Level Students*
Scale Score
Percentile Rank
Total Scale Score
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Scale Score
Table 13. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores —
Total Group*
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
99
94
84
72
58
45
33
23
15
9
6
3
2
1
Mean
S.D.
561
57
*Based on 92,329 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to colleges or universities as graduate students.
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
54.3
6.9
54.1
8.0
Scale Score
Mean
S.D.
*Based on 37,741 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to colleges or universities as undergraduate students.
100
97
95
92
87
82
77
70
62
53
46
36
27
19
12
7
4
2
1
50.6
7.3
49.6
8.3
99
98
95
91
86
81
73
64
54
45
35
26
19
13
9
6
4
3
49.0
7.9
Percentile Rank
537
67
100
98
96
92
88
83
76
69
60
49
38
28
19
11
6
3
2
1
Total Scale Score
Mean
S.D.
52.5
7.1
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
99
95
89
81
71
61
51
40
30
21
14
8
5
2
1
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
99
96
91
84
76
67
57
45
35
25
18
12
8
5
3
2
1
1
Table 16. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores —
Other Students*
Percentile Rank
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
99
92
88
82
74
65
57
47
39
31
24
17
11
7
4
2
1
1
Total Scale Score
Mean
S.D.
99
97
92
85
77
67
58
48
38
28
20
12
7
4
2
1
1
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Scale Score
Table 15. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores —
Undergraduate-Level Students*
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
99
98
96
91
85
80
72
63
53
43
33
24
15
9
4
1
Mean
S.D.
497
71
*Based on 2,016 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
applying for admission to schools other than colleges or universities, e.g., secondary
schools.
13
53.4
7.7
52.8
6.8
99
97
92
86
78
66
54
41
30
21
15
10
7
5
3
2
1
1
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
99
97
93
85
77
68
54
42
31
21
14
9
6
4
1
Mean
S.D.
530
64
Percentile Rank
Total Scale Score
52.7
6.8
99
95
91
86
79
70
62
51
43
33
25
18
11
8
5
3
2
1
1
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Mean
S.D.
100
98
96
91
84
76
67
57
48
35
25
16
10
5
3
1
1
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Scale Score
Table 17. Percentile Ranks for TOEFL pBT Scores —
Applicants for Professional License*
*Based on 2,300 examinees who, on their TOEFL answer sheets, indicated that they were
taking the TOEFL test to become licensed to practice their professions in the United States
or Canada.
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Tables 18 and 19 present means and standard deviations of section and total scores
separately for male and female examinees tested between July 2005 and June 2006.
Table 18. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL pBT Section
and Total Scores, Males*
Section 2
Section 1
Structure and
Section 3
Listening
Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension
Total
Scale
Score
Group
Number
Total Group**
70,206
54.4
6.5
55.8
7.7
54.8
7.0
550
64
Graduate Level
44,994
54.9
6.1
57.1
7.1
56.1
6.3
560
58
Undergraduate Level
17,408
54.0
7.0
54.0
8.2
52.5
7.4
535
69
Other Students
915
50.2
7.7
49.4
8.6
48.9
8.4
495
76
Applicants for
Professional License
826
52.0
7.0
52.5
8.3
52.2
7.8
523
70
*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 6,063 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.
Table 19. Means and Standard Deviations for TOEFL pBT Section
and Total Scores, Females*
Section 2
Section 1
Structure and
Section 3
Listening
Written
Reading
Comprehension Expression Comprehension
Total
Scale
Score
Group
Number
Total Group**
76,377
55.1
6.3
56.0
7.4
54.5
6.6
552
61
Graduate Level
46,812
55.7
5.9
57.2
6.9
55.8
6.1
563
57
Undergraduate Level
19,836
54.5
6.8
54.3
7.8
52.5
6.9
538
65
Other Students
1,077
50.8
6.9
49.7
7.9
49.0
7.4
498
67
Applicants for
Professional License
1,441
53.1
6.6
53.8
7.4
53.1
6.2
533
60
*Based on examinees tested from July 2005 through June 2006 who responded to a question about gender group membership.
**Total group includes 7,211 examinees not included in the four succeeding groups.
14
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Tables 20 and 21 may be useful in comparing the performance on the TOEFL test of a particular student with that
of other students from the same native country and with that of students who speak the same language. It is
important to point out that the data do not permit the generalization that there are fundamental differences in
the ability of the various national and language groups to learn English or in the level of English proficiency they can
attain. The tables are based simply on the performance of those examinees native to particular countries and
languages who happened to take the paper-based TOEFL test.
Table 20. TOEFL pBT Total and Section Score Means1 — All Examinees Classified by Native Language2
55
53
54
50
*
*
52
567
545
553
512
*
*
535
Bashkir
Basque (Euskara)
Belarusian
Bemba
Bengali
Berber
Bhili
Bikol
Bulgarian
Burmese
0
8
46
37
211
5
0
3
231
1,002
*
*
57
57
56
*
*
*
60
51
*
*
56
61
56
*
*
*
59
53
*
*
55
56
55
*
*
*
56
51
*
*
561
577
555
*
*
*
586
518
Catalan
Cebuano (Visayan)
Chichewa
Chinese
Chuvash
Czech
6
71
40
99,025
2
10
*
58
56
55
*
*
*
57
59
57
*
*
*
57
55
55
*
*
*
573
568
557
*
*
Danish
Dutch
476
272
63
62
62
60
60
58
618
600
Efik - Ibibio
English
Estonian
Ewe
7
683
124
82
*
57
62
47
*
59
60
50
*
55
59
49
*
568
607
488
Farsi (Persian)
Fijian
Finnish
French
Fula (Peulh)
5,682
4
16
2,237
53
53
*
*
54
47
54
*
*
55
50
54
*
*
54
48
532
*
*
544
484
Galician
Ganda (Luganda)
Georgian
German
Greek
Guarani
Gujarati
3
1
3
1,355
1,227
3
46
*
*
*
61
55
*
59
*
*
*
60
52
*
58
*
*
*
59
50
*
55
*
*
*
603
522
*
575
Hausa
Hebrew
Hindi
Hungarian (Magyar)
23
11
120
18
*
*
60
*
*
*
62
*
*
*
58
*
*
*
599
*
Ibo (Igbo)
Icelandic
Ilocano
Indonesian
Italian
88
500
5
389
688
52
63
*
54
52
56
60
*
52
54
53
59
*
54
56
537
609
*
535
541
Japanese
Javanese
3,403
32
51
49
50
49
49
50
497
492
Kannada (Kanarese)
Kanuri
Kashmiri
Kazakh
Khmer
Kikuyu
Kinyarwanda
Kirundi
Konkani
Korean
Kurdish
Kurukh (Oraon)
Kusaiean
8
0
2
33
19
10
100
6
9
1,227
92
2
2
*
*
*
58
*
*
50
*
*
56
51
*
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
54
*
*
53
49
*
*
*
*
*
53
*
*
52
*
*
52
50
*
*
*
*
*
551
*
*
518
*
*
539
501
*
*
2
170
23
10
11
19
*
60
*
*
*
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
*
56
*
*
*
*
*
576
*
*
*
*
Lao
Latvian (Lettish)
Lingala
Lithuanian
Luba-Lulua
Luo
Total Score Mean
Total Score Mean
58
55
56
50
*
*
55
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
57
56
56
54
*
*
53
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
46
629
489
5,344
17
1
219
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Assamese
Azeri
Number of
Examinees
Native Language
Number of
Examinees
(Based on 147,933 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3
Macedonian
Madurese
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Malinke-Bambara-Dyula
Maltese
Marathi
Marshallese
Mende
Minangkabau
Mongolian
More
147
3
29
97
101
83
2
10
37
15
0
152
20
59
*
*
59
57
43
*
*
55
*
*
51
*
57
*
*
56
58
46
*
*
52
*
*
49
*
55
*
*
58
57
44
*
*
49
*
*
49
*
570
*
*
573
571
446
*
*
519
*
*
496
*
Nauran
Nepali
Norwegian
Nyanja
0
275
758
21
*
54
62
*
*
54
59
*
*
53
58
*
*
535
600
*
0
24
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Palauan
Panay-Hiligaynon
Pashtu
Pidgin
Polish
Ponapean
Portuguese
Punjabi
126
5
41
12
281
3
468
21
57
*
52
*
58
*
55
*
54
*
52
*
56
*
54
*
51
*
49
*
57
*
55
*
540
*
512
*
571
*
544
*
Romanian
Russian
292
996
60
56
60
56
58
55
594
556
Samoan
Santali
Serbo-Croatian
Sesotho
Setswana
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Siswati
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish
4
1
322
2
0
14
11
1,030
5
66
24
9
4,831
3
64
601
*
*
58
*
*
*
*
57
*
60
*
*
58
*
51
62
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
54
*
59
*
*
56
*
53
57
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
55
*
57
*
*
56
*
52
57
*
*
551
*
*
*
*
552
*
585
*
*
566
*
522
588
Tagalog
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Tigrinya
Tongan
Trukese
Tulu
Turkish
Turkmen
Twi
237
53
267
3
50
1,229
11
148
1
6
1
1,028
34
6
57
54
53
*
57
50
*
55
*
*
*
52
56
*
56
52
52
*
57
49
*
57
*
*
*
52
55
*
56
49
53
*
56
51
*
55
*
*
*
50
53
*
563
517
530
*
567
500
*
556
*
*
*
514
547
*
33
1
175
14
59
*
58
*
56
*
58
*
56
*
55
*
571
*
569
*
Native Language
Oriya
Oromo
Ukrainian
Ulithian
Urdu
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Wolof
5,194
51
56
54
535
117
49
50
49
495
Xhosa
1
*
*
*
*
Yapese
Yiddish
Yoruba
8
0
42
*
*
51
*
*
56
*
*
53
*
*
535
7
*
*
*
*
Zulu
1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain languages may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 1,523 students whose native languages could not be determined.
15
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
Table 21. TOEFL pBT Total and Section Score Means1 —
Nonnative English-Speaking Examinees Classified by Geographic Region and Native Country2
*
*
58
60
*
*
*
*
58
54
*
57
*
57
57
60
*
*
*
57
60
*
*
*
*
*
51
60
*
*
58
*
*
*
58
56
*
*
*
*
55
54
*
56
*
54
55
58
*
*
*
54
58
*
*
*
*
*
50
58
*
*
55
*
*
*
57
55
*
*
*
*
55
55
*
55
*
55
56
58
*
*
*
55
57
*
*
*
*
*
49
56
*
*
56
*
*
*
576
567
*
*
*
*
560
544
*
562
*
553
564
586
*
*
*
556
582
*
*
*
*
*
498
582
*
*
564
*
54
153
370
107
147
23
18
1
3
81
8
0
230
84
0
63
61
57
59
58
54
*
*
*
*
60
*
*
59
59
*
56
60
57
55
56
53
*
*
*
*
58
*
*
57
58
*
53
56
57
56
56
54
*
*
*
*
55
*
*
54
58
*
55
592
570
564
568
540
*
*
*
*
575
*
*
563
583
*
546
146
75
16
1
20
98,327
81
493
398
3,432
30
1,188
2
185
173
2
145
1,007
267
145
329
9
1,297
292
1,237
5,197
230
43
65
68
60
19
52
56
*
*
*
55
56
59
54
51
58
56
*
53
59
*
51
51
54
57
57
*
56
56
50
51
54
58
57
54
57
*
50
56
*
*
*
57
53
59
52
50
53
53
*
52
56
*
49
53
54
57
56
*
54
52
49
56
55
56
56
53
55
*
48
55
*
*
*
55
52
57
54
49
52
52
*
52
57
*
49
51
53
55
56
*
54
51
51
54
53
55
54
50
53
*
500
557
*
*
*
557
539
586
535
497
543
538
*
524
572
*
497
518
535
562
566
*
548
530
500
534
539
562
559
525
553
*
444
0
3
303
1
154
230
68
235
9
1,760
10
475
2
156
28
19
1,133
2
789
45
1
7
499
3
0
685
135
248
3
12
36
56
*
*
62
*
58
62
57
60
*
54
*
63
*
61
*
*
56
*
61
57
*
*
63
*
*
52
56
60
*
*
62
56
*
*
61
*
58
61
53
59
*
52
*
62
*
59
*
*
57
*
60
53
*
*
60
*
*
54
53
56
*
*
62
54
*
*
60
*
57
61
54
56
*
50
*
60
*
58
*
*
57
*
59
53
*
*
59
*
*
56
51
56
*
*
59
551
*
*
609
*
574
611
546
585
*
521
*
619
*
596
*
*
565
*
599
542
*
*
609
*
*
541
532
573
*
*
607
Total Score Mean
0
1
213
83
3
2
15
0
174
422
0
313
0
46
626
368
9
1
5
911
228
0
1
8
11
6
232
345
18
7
472
0
ASIA
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People’s Republic of
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea (DPR)
Korea (ROK)
Laos
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar (Burma)
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Azerbaijan
Kazakstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
EUROPE
AMERICA
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica, Commonwealth of
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
French Guiana
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique
Mexico
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States of America
Uruguay
US Virgin Islands
Venezuela
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
*
513
*
514
*
527
*
*
*
*
490
*
*
*
*
556
551
*
524
*
463
*
558
*
484
529
564
454
*
*
*
*
502
542
*
521
*
484
*
535
*
602
*
*
485
529
*
576
*
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo - DRC (Formerly Zaire)
Congo Republic
Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
*
52
*
50
*
52
*
*
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
55
54
*
50
*
46
*
54
*
46
52
55
45
*
*
*
*
50
53
*
52
*
48
*
51
*
59
*
*
49
52
*
55
*
AFRICA
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
*
53
*
54
*
55
*
*
*
*
50
*
*
*
*
57
55
*
54
*
47
*
58
*
50
55
59
46
*
*
*
*
51
57
*
54
*
49
*
57
*
61
*
*
50
53
*
61
*
Total Score Mean
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
*
49
*
50
*
51
*
*
*
*
48
*
*
*
*
55
56
*
54
*
46
*
55
*
49
51
56
44
*
*
*
*
49
53
*
51
*
48
*
52
*
61
*
*
47
53
*
57
*
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
11
57
1
44
7
726
8
4
19
0
124
12
9
3
3
149
521
4
41
15
39
1
68
1
45
38
38
108
16
4
14
8
30
209
5
116
0
164
0
39
6
47
5
28
126
181
5
111
18
Number of
Examinees
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
(Based on 147,933 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)3
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azores
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Greenland
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
(continued)
16
䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
163
0
3
149
4
33
0
759
281
66
188
598
0
1
67
23
427
595
321
432
55
24
0
2
199
59
*
*
57
*
63
*
62
58
54
62
55
*
*
60
*
56
62
61
52
59
*
*
*
57
57
*
*
56
*
61
*
60
56
55
61
55
*
*
59
*
56
57
60
50
56
*
*
*
53
55
*
*
55
*
58
*
58
57
55
60
54
*
*
57
*
57
57
59
50
57
*
*
*
54
570
*
*
561
*
607
*
600
571
546
611
550
*
*
587
*
562
588
600
507
573
*
*
*
548
30
358
171
108
5,585
316
14
54
55
56
53
53
54
*
52
53
55
52
54
51
*
51
51
53
51
54
52
*
523
530
544
518
533
523
*
MIDDLE EAST
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Gaza Strip
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria
United Arab Emirates
West Bank
Yemen
56
*
57
50
52
52
52
53
53
55
55
*
55
53
*
56
47
53
49
47
49
51
54
52
*
51
51
*
52
47
51
49
46
49
50
52
50
*
49
532
*
551
482
518
497
484
504
512
536
524
*
518
7
3
0
22
10
3
1
0
42
1
0
11
0
4
121
1
1
1
5
0
0
0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
*
57
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
52
*
*
*
*
*
54
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
49
*
*
*
*
*
51
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
516
*
*
*
*
*
538
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Total Score Mean
168
22
204
54
301
291
734
1,943
54
440
30
8
141
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Macedonia
(Former Yugoslav Republic of)
Madeira Islands
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
Wales
Yugoslavia
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
EUROPE (cont’d)
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
Total Score Mean
Section 3
Reading
Comprehension
Section 2
Structure and
Written Expression
Section 1
Listening
Comprehension
Geographic Region
and Native Country
Number of
Examinees
Table 21 (continued)
PACIFIC ISLANDS
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Micronesia, Federated States of
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Niue Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tahiti
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
1. Because of the unreliability of statistics based on small samples, means are not reported for subgroups of less than 30.
2. Because of changes in region and/or country boundaries, certain countries may have been added or deleted since the previous table was published.
3. Includes 774 students whose native country could not be determined or who reported English as their native language.
Table 22 presents the overall percentile ranks of
TWE® (Test of Written English™) scores. In 2005–06,
the TWE test was administered with TOEFL pBT on
all test dates. The TWE test is holistically scored using
a criterion-referenced 6-point score scale. Further
information can be found in the Test of Written
English Guide.
Table 22. Percentile Ranks for TWE Scores
(Based on 146,383 examinees who took the test between July 2005 and June 2006.)
TWE Score
Percentile Rank
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
100
98
93
83
57
31
16
6
3
1
Mean
S.D.
17
3.8
0.8
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䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳䊳
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