Renewable Energy Technologies Solutions
Grid Connected Systems
IRENA Workshop
Peter Konings – SEIAPI / APEG
Road map- policies –
guidelines – frame works –
indicators … How to navigate
through all this to reach our
goal?
Presentation outline
• Sustainable Energy Industry Association of the
Pacific Islands (SEIAPI)
• Integrating Renewables into Diesel Grids
• Available Technologies
• Why Grid Connected RE
• Appropriate Technology – PV
• Questions to be answered
• Do we have the answers?
• A “Dutch” model – SOPRA
• Smart substations and Storage
• Case studies
• Concluding note
Sustainable Energy Association of the
Pacific Islands (SEIAPI)
• Launched in November 2010.
• The association aims to foster sustainable energy (renewable
energy and energy efficiency) use in the Pacific Region.
• The association open to all countries &territories within the
Pacific islands
• Access to information, technologies advancements and
capacity building
• Develop and promote professional standards and guidelines
• Promote the development of a qualified and well trained
workforce in the EE and RE industry throughout the Pacific
islands and Territories
• 45 members and growing – Pacific Islands, Europe, SAmerica, Australia, NZ, US...
• LinkedIn discussion forum: more than 100 members
Integrating Renewables into Diesel Grids
• Why?
–
–
–
–
Reduce Diesel consumption
Reduce GHG emissions
Reduce community costs in long run
Cost effective
• How?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Site specific
Some tropical environments have issues
Cyclones/typhoons – Design of wind towers & blades
Cloud cover for solar
Availability of sufficient land for large scale PV
Distance to power station to simplify control
Distributed vs centralised
Integrating Renewables
• Need maximum flexibility to control diverse
systems
• The role of storage – Short vs Long Term
▫ Different technologies required
• Short term – frequency & stability control
▫ Flywheel
▫ Super-capacitor
• Long term – load shifting / shaping
▫ Electrical Batteries
▫ Hydrogen – Chemical batteries
▫ Pumped Storage – Water / Air
Available RE Technologies
=> Most of us will think of
• Grid Connected PV
• Mini – Hydro
• Wind
But…
Other RE technologies are becoming more and
more interesting and viable…
•
•
•
•
Waste-to-Energy – example Hawaii
Wave Energy – example Kosrae
Portable Mini-hydro (containerized) – Pohnpei
Bio-gas etc.
Why grid-connected RE
• Dependency on expensive fossil fuels
▫ Electricity rates currently in many Pacific utilities
above 45 USD cents/ kWh
▫ CO2 emission
•
Cost per kWh of RE sources become cheaper
▫
▫
▫
▫
•
PV : 20-25cts/kWh
Mini Hydro: 10-15cts/kWh
Small Wind: 15-20cts/kWh
Wave Energy: 10-15 cts/kWh
Possibilities for IPP under a PPA structure
Oil prizes
PV panel prices
Appropriate – whole pacific
• Grid Connected PV
▫ Utility scale: 100 kWp – several MW
(example New Caledonia 2 MW)
▫ Mini- island Grids: 10 kWp – 100 kWp
(example Yap-Ulithi: 28kWp – 100% PV)
▫ Smaller grid connected: 1kWp - >50kWp (example
Kosrae, Nauru, Niue etc)
▫ Very small, systems: grid connected streetlights
Grid-connected PV streetlight
the question to be answered :
=> what are the problems of connecting to island
grids.
▫ These include small utility size,
▫ slow response diesel engines,
▫ undersized feeders giving voltage fluctuations,
▫ utilities that do not understand the technology
and worry about the systems being installed on
their grid,
▫ mismatch between solar system peak output and
grid load curve for non A/C loaded grids - evening
peaks
▫ Also, problems with equipment meeting the
environmental requirements of the islands.
Do we have the answers?
• Small size utilities – investment and O&M of
Renewables can be a challenge.
▫ Grant monies available as well as RE loans
▫ O&M can be outsourced
• Generators/Grid –upgrading the diesel
generators, feeders etc part of the investment
 Capacity Building
 Need for Technical (Pacific) Guidelines
 Important is proper assessment
A “Dutch Model”
Sustainable Off-grid Powerstation for Rural Applications
(SOPRA)
1.
Long distance = high costs => mini grid is the
solution
2. Expensive diesel fuel
3. High PV and/or wind intensity
4. reducing costs of PV panels
Interesting parallelism:
• Telecom: not wired => mobile phone/internet
• Rural Electrification: “ not wired” => minigrids
SOPRA
EXENDIS
Sustainable Off-grid Powerstation
for Rural Applications
Copyright © 2006
EXENDIS. All rights
reserved.
Copyright © 2006
EXENDIS. All rights
reserved.
Example of a typical Off-grid Hybrid system:
Local and remote service and control
Windows XPE based
Sync
+
Power meter
Local
server
(panel
Local
control
and read
PC)
out
Router
Max 110 kW with MPPT
Surge
Arrestor
AC-grid power 240 kW
3p+n
Power
Meter
AC coupled PV / Wind :
• Using standard third
party Grid tied PV
inverters
• Requirement:
Frequency Shift Power
Control (FSPC):
Power
51 52 Hz
freq
T
CVMS
Internet based remote
service:
• Error diagnostics
• Statistics (PV, Gensets,
tanks, MHI’s, Battery, etc)
• Fuel-level check
• Remote control and
parameter change
• Remote software and
firmware upload
autonomous outdoor
radiator
Note: not all components are EXENDIS supplied
240 kW Rack
SOPRA and Power Quality
Smart Grid Functions:
USP; in case of generator failure the Solar
Hybrid Inverter can take over power seamlessly
(even during charging)
Reactive power; to stabilize voltage of long
distance grids due to grid inductance and capacity
loads
Flicker and Dip compensation (to support the
generator)
Inter phase load balancing
Harmonic compensation by harmonic damping
Etc.
Smart Substation
Objective:
• Enabling high penetration of renewable energy in a
distribution grid.
- Distributed generation:
- PV
- Wind
- Wave
- Power Quality improvement
- Active power
- Reactive power
- Fault Ride Through
- Automatic islanding (USP-mode)
SOPRA Consortium
More information: Evert Raaijen
e.raaijen@exendis.com or pkonings@apeg.us
Storage
• Peak load shaving: discharge during the high
power demand,
• charge during the low power demand.
• Store and transfer electricity = a smarter grid
• Improved transmission line and equipment
lifetime
Typical example of Solar Hybrid system (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia)
• 500
houses, 2000 persons
• Main power station:
• Grid inverter : 240 kVA
• Solar power: 200 kWp
• battery: 600 kWh
• 4 generators of each 200 kW
• distribution: 10 kVac + 415 Vac
• two sub power stations of each
• Grid inverter : 60 kVA
• Solar inverter : 60 kVA
• battery: 360 kWh
Two Solar substations of 60 kW each
Looks like with local initiatives we are
navigation towards energy security in our
region… good that we had all the guidelines
and policies in place…
Another example: Kosrae
Country/state
System sizes
Total
capacity
Installation
date
Kosrae
6 systems
1 – 16.4 kWp
53.5 kWp
September
2008
•
•
•
•
Crystalline modules chosen for their proven track record
One small system with Amorphous modules (1kW)
Extended warranties purchased on all inverters
Total of 6 systems: 5 are roof-mounted and 1 is on car
park shading
• Data loggers installed on all systems
Price per kWh
current rate in Kosrae: 45 US¢/kWh
System
Cost of generation
(incl. initial capital
cost)
Current Systems:
Using Current price of PV
45 US¢/kWh
Cost of generation
(excl. initial capital
cost)
3.4 US¢/kWh
18 US¢/kWh
Yes indeed… installing Grid Connected PV is a
financially attractive alternative!
Current Systems
• 52.5 kWp rooftop installations
- public buildings and KUA car park
• 1 kWp installed on the recycling plant
• Installed in September 2008
• Average production 5,800 kWh/mo.
• Specific yield: 1,340 kWh/kWp/yr
Generation till end 2010
kWh (Sol)
kWh (Grid)
36,000
52,000
171,680
37,000
27,753
Legislature
16,000
145,741
11,100
89,820
47,332
KUA
State Capital
Public Health
Airport
Total (2009 – 2010)
for the 5 buildings
Total (2009 - 2010)
482,326
152,100
kWh (Grid)
kWh (Sol)
kWh
(Grid)
Area
kWh
(PV)
Total
kWh
Total
$$
Total
w/o PV Savings
19,653
10,825
4,360
19,582
58,176
6,208
24,087
13,069
5,794
23,109
72,268
nd quarter
2011 –8,714
1st and
5,7842 14,198
3,757
Legislature
Hospital
Airport
KUA
Governor
Total
44,949
24,900
10,054
44,720
133,337
10,108
5,109
3,326
8,056
32,383
55,057
30,009
13,380
52,776
165,420
All
kWh (Grid)
133,337
kWh (Sol)
32,383
Total 2011
(1st & 2nd Qtr)
80%
20%
Total kWh
165,420
2,451
4,434
2,245
1,434
3,527
14,092
Total (1st & 2nd Qtr, 2011)
160,000
140,000
80%
120,000
kWh
100,000
80,000
60,000
133,337
20%
40,000
20,000
0
Total (1st & 2nd Qtr)
All Areas
32,383
kWh (Grid)
80%
133,337
kWh (Sol)
20%
32,383
Concluding note:
• PV grid connected solar systems is a viable option for the
Pacific
• Other Renewable Technologies are currently available
• High penetration of renewable energy sources possible
• For PV problem is storage
• Storage options become within reach if an energy mix is
possible
• SMART-grid options can be a wise investment
Thank you!
www.SEIAPI.org
www.APEG.us / www.GSES.com.au