EMC S
Seminar
i
S
Series
i
All about EMC Testing and Measurement
S
Seminar
i
–1
EMC Standards and Regulations
Dr. KC LEE
BEng (Hons), PhD, CEng, MIET, MIEEE, CTP
Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre ( STC )
Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre ( STC )
Organized by :
Department of Electronic Engineering
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
1
Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
2
European common framework for the
marketing of products (CE Mark)
The CE Mark (("Conformité
Conformité Européenne
Européenne", "European
European Conformity
Conformity")), existing in its present form since
1993, is a mandatory conformance mark on many products placed on the market in the European
Economic Area (EEA).
The EC directives for CE marking include the following groups:
• ElectroMagnetic Compatibility;
• Low Voltage;
• Medical Devices;
• Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment;
• Safety of Toys;
• etc….
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
3
EMC Regulations and Standards – Europe
CE ElectroMagnetic
El t M
ti Compatibility
C
tibilit (EMC) Directive
Di ti 2004/108/EC *** for
f example:
l
Emissions /
Radio Disturbance
Standards
Product Categories
Immunity /
Susceptibility
Standards
Audio and Video Equipment
EN 55013
EN 55020
Household Appliances , Electric Tools, Toys
EN 55014-1
EN 55014-2
g
g Equipment
q p
Lighting
EN 55015
EN 61547
Information Technology Equipment
EN 55022
EN 55024
Generic Equipment
EN 61000-6-3
EN 61000-6-1
*** The main objective of the Directive is to guarantee the free movement of apparatus
and to create an acceptable electromagnetic environment in the EEA. In order to achieve
it, a harmonised and acceptable level of protection is requested in the Directive.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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Scope of EMC Directive
The EMC Directive
Th
Di ti 2004/108/EC applies
li to
t a vastt range off equipment
i
t encompassing
i electrical
l t i l and
d
electronic appliances, systems and installations.
Eq ipment which
hich does not contain electrical and/or electronic parts will
ill not generate
Equipment
electromagnetic disturbances and its normal operation is not affected by such disturbances. Hence,
equipment without electrical and/or electronic parts (inherently benign equipment) is not in the
scope of the EMC Directive, such as simple domestic heaters with no controls, thermostat, or fan;
headphones,
headphones loudspeakers without amplification; pocket lamps without active electronic circuits
and etc.
EMC Directive explicitly excludes three types of equipment:
- Radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment covered by R&TTE Directive
- Aeronautical products, parts and appliances
- Equipment covered by other specific Community Directives, such as Motor Vehicles (Directive
72/245/EEC and 2004/104/EC), Medical Devices (Directive 93/42/EEC), Marine Equipment
(Directive 96/98/EC) and etc.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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5
New EMC Directive
2014/30/EU
 The new EMC Directive* (2014/30/EU) has already become effective as published in
the Official Journal of the European Union dated 29 March 2014, and as stated in
Article 46 of the Directive
 The existing Directive 2004/108/EC ceases to be applicable as from 20 April 2016
 A significant change is that there should only be a single EU Declaration of
Conformity
to ensure
y (DOC)
(
) in respect
p of all Union acts,, applicable/required
pp
q
conformity with the requirements for CE-marking. Information of the manufacturer
and the product, and the DOC, must be in language easily understood by the
destination’s end-users and required by the Member State’s authorities
 There are many
man other new
ne and tough
to gh requirements,
req irements e.g.
eg
1. Manufacturer is part of the Economic Operators, and therefore shall ensure that their products "have been
designed and manufactured in accordance with the essential requirements". (Article 7)
2. In the existing Directive, responsibility lies with "the person who places the products on the Community
market",
assume
e , but
bu now
ow thee new
ew Directive
ec ve states:
s es: "thee manufacturer
u c u e shall
s
ssu e responsibility
espo s b y for
o thee
compliance …" (Article 15)
3. Increased control on the competence of Notified Body (Article 31), and inferior Notified Body's service may
be unable to be "pan-European" anymore. (Preamble 45)
4. There is a "Union Safeguard Procedure" that „.. all Member States shall take the necessary measures to
ensure that the non-compliant
non compliant apparatus is withdrawn from their market“ (Article 39)
5. As said in the Preamble (37), "one of the conformity assessment procedures requires the intervention of
conformity assessment bodies, which are notified by the Member States to the Commission“, this implies the
using of NB for an "EC-type examination certificate" is encouraged in the Directive as "Module B": (Annex III
Part A).
6.
After using NB, manufacturer can specify the name and ID number of the NB in the
"Declaration of Conformity (DOC) " (Annex IV).
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
6
New EMC Directive
2014/30/EU
 There
Th
are many other
th new and
d ttough
h requirements,
i
t e.g.
1. Manufacturer is part of the Economic Operators, and therefore shall ensure that
their products "have been designed and manufactured in accordance with the
essential requirements".
q
2. In the existing Directive, responsibility lies with "the person who places the products
on the Community market", but now the new Directive states: "the manufacturer
shall assume responsibility for the compliance … "
3. Increased control on the competence of Notified Body, and inferior Notified Body's
service may be unable to be "pan-European" anymore.
4. There is a "Union Safeguard Procedure" that … all Member States shall take the
non compliant apparatus is withdrawn from
necessary measures to ensure that the non-compliant
their market
5. As said in the Preamble, "one of the conformity assessment procedures requires the
intervention of conformity
y assessment bodies, which are notified byy the Member
States to the Commission, this implies the using of NB for an "EC-type examination
certificate" is encouraged in the Directive as "Module B": (Annex III Part A).
6. After using NB, manufacturer can specify the name and ID number of the NB in the
"Declaration of Conformity (DOC)" (Annex IV)
IV).
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
7
CEN and CENELEC
CEN (European
(E
C
Committee
itt
f
for
St d di ti ) and
Standardization)
d CENELEC (European
(E
C
Committee
itt
f
for
Electrotechnical Standardization) are recognised by the EU as European Standardization
Organizations responsible for developing and defining standards at European level.
The members of CEN and CENELEC are the National Standards Bodies and National
Electrotechnical Committees of 33 European countries including all of the EU member states plus 3
EFTA countries (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) as well as 2 EU candidate countries (Turkey and
the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia).
Macedonia)
CEN and CENELEC work to promote the international alignment of standards in the framework of
technical cooperation agreements with ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and the
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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8
European Standard (EN) Numbering
The shortest
Th
h t t unambiguous
bi
reference
f
t a European
to
E
St d d is
Standard
i to
t use its
it number.
b The
Th number
b off a
European Standard consists of the capital letters EN followed by a space and a number in arabic
numerals, without any space.
Example
EN 55014-1:2006 (the part number is indicated by a hyphen, the year of availability of the EN is
p
y a colon))
from the number by
separated
The first two numerals indicate the origin of the standard:
ti iti i.e.
i standardization
t d di ti work
k undertaken
d t k purely
l att European
E
l l
- 50000 to 59999 cover CENELEC activities
level.
- 60000 to 69999 refer to the CENELEC implementation of IEC documents with or without changes.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
9
Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
10
International Special Committee on Radio
Interference (CISPR)
 A special committee under International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
 CISPR's principal task is at the higher end of the frequency range, from 9 kHz upwards, preparing
standards that offer protection of radio reception from interference sources such as electrical
appliances of all types, the electricity supply system, industrial, scientific and electromedical RF,
broadcasting receivers (sound and TV) and,
and increasingly,
increasingly IT equipment (ITE)
 CISPR Basic EMC Standards: CISPR 16

Part 1: Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods

Part 2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunityy

Part 3: CISPR Technical Reports

Part 4: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling
 CISPR Generic EMC Standards: IEC 61000-6-1, 61000-6-2, 61000-6-3, 61000-6-4
 CISPR Product EMC Standards: CISPR 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 20 / 22 / 24 / 25 / 32 / 35
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
11
Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
12
EMC Requirements for Electrical
and Electronic Apparatus in HK
Chapter
Ch
t 106B T
Telecommunications
l
i ti
(C
(Control
t l off IInterference)
t f
)R
Regulations
l ti
regulates
l t
radiated and conducted emissions of the following classes of apparatus :
Emissions /
Radio Disturbance
Standards
Apparatus
Ignition apparatus of internal combustion engines
CISPR 12
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment
CISPR 13
Household electrical appliances and similar
electrical apparatus, and portable tools
CISPR 14-1
Fluorescent lamps and luminaires
CISPR 15
Information technology equipment
CISPR 22
EMC Regulatory Provisions in Chapter 106B
-Regulates manufacturers
manufacturers, suppliers
suppliers, assemblers and importers of electrical and electronic apparatus
-Adopted essentially CISPR standards to control the conducted and radiated emission levels
-No immunity requirement is adopted in Chapter 106B
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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Amendments to Chapter 106B [coming …]
 To
T cater ffor new apparatus in
i the
h market
k such
h as electrical
l
i l vehicles,
hi l LED lights
li h and
d etc.
 New apparatus comply with other regional or national standards other than CISPR standards
will be considered
 T
To align
li with
i h the
h widely
id l recognised
i d standards,
d d ffor each
h class
l
off apparatus, compliance
li
with
i h any
one of the following standards would be acceptable
- up-to-date CISPR standards
- European harmonised standards (EN standards)
- National standards of the PRC (GB standards)
- Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the USA
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
14
Hong Kong Telecommunications Equipment
Evaluation and Certification (HKTEC) Scheme
 HKTEC is
i a scheme
h
for
f the
th evaluation
l ti and
d certification
tifi ti off T
Telecommunications
l
i ti
E
Equipment
i
t (TE)
and Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) equipment. TE includes radiocommunications
equipment and wireline Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for connection to the public
telecommunications networks in Hong Kong
 TE or ISM equipment which has been evaluated to be in compliance with the relevant technical
specification may be granted a certificate by a Local Certification Body accredited under section
32E of the Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap. 106) or a Foreign Certification Body
g
p
p
g
recognized
pursuant to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Mutual Recognition
Arrangement for Conformity Assessment of Telecommunications Equipment
 Under the HKTEC Scheme, radio equipment is classified under the Voluntary Certification
Scheme (VCS) or the Compulsory Certification Scheme (CCS)
 Classification of Radiocommunications Equipment
http://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/common/Industry/telecom/standard/i401e.pdf [last 2 pages]
 Classification of Wireline Customer Premises Equipment
http://www.ofca.gov.hk/filemanager/ofca/common/Industry/telecom/standard/i412e.pdf [last page]
 List of Certification Bodies
http://www.ofca.gov.hk/en/industry_focus/telecommunications/standards/telecom/list_of_certification_bodies/index.html
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
15
Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
16
EMC Regulations and Standards - Canada
IIndustry
d t C
Canada,
d IInterference
t f
- Causing
C i Equipment
E i
t Standards
St d d (ICES)
(ICES),
for example:
 ICES-003 - Digital Apparatus
Industry Canada, Radio Standards Specifications (RSS), for example:
 RSS210, Low-power Licence-exempt Radiocommunication Devices (All
Frequency Bands): Category I Equipment
RSS310 L
Li
R di
i i Devices
D i
 RSS310,
Low-power Licence-exempt
Radiocommunication
(All
Frequency Bands): Category II Equipment
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
17
Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
18
EMC Regulations and Standards –
United States
Federal
F
d l Communications
C
i ti
Commission
C
i i (FCC),
(FCC) Title
Titl 47 off the
th Code
C d off
Federal Regulations (CFR),
for example:
 Part 15 Subpart
p
B Unintentional Radiators
 Part 15 Subpart C Intentional Radiators
 Part 18 Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Equipment
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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Equipment Authorization Procedures - FCC
 Defined in FCC Part 2, Subpart
p J
•
•
•
Verification, Section 2.902
Declaration of Conformity (DoC), Section 2.906
Certification Section 2.907
Certification,
2 907
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FCC - Verification
CFR 47, Part 2, Section 2.902
 Verification is a procedure where the manufacturer makes measurements or
takes the necessary steps to ensure that the equipment complies with the
appropriate technical standards.
 Submittal of a sample unit or representative data to the Commission
demonstrating compliance is not required unless specifically requested by the
C
Commission.
i i
 Verification attaches to all items subsequently marketed by the manufacturer or
iimporter which
hi h are identical
id i l as defined
d fi d in
i § 2.908
2 908 to the
h sample
l testedd andd found
f
d
acceptable by the manufacturer.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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FCC - Declaration of Conformity
CFR 47, Part 2, Section 2.906
 AD
Declaration
l i off C
Conformity
f
i is
i a procedure
d
where
h the
h responsible
ibl party, as
defined in § 2.909, makes measurements or takes other necessary steps to ensure
that the equipment complies with the appropriate technical standards.
 Submittal of a sample unit or representative data to the Commission
demonstrating compliance is not required unless specifically requested.
 The Declaration of Conformity attaches to all items subsequently marketed by
the responsible party which are identical, as defined in § 2.908, to the sample
tested and found acceptable by the responsible party
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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FCC - Certification
CFR 47, Part 2, Section 2.906
 Certification is an equipment authorization issued by the Commission, based on
representations and test data submitted by the applicant.
 Certification attaches to all units subsequently marketed by the grantee which
are identical (see § 2.908) to the sample tested except for permissive changes or
other variations authorized by the Commission
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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FCC – Exempted Devices
CFR 47, Part 15, Section 15.23 Home-built devices

Equipment authorization is not required for devices that are not marketed,
marketed are not
constructed from a kit, and are built in quantities of five or less for personal use.
CFR 47, Part 15, Section 15.103 Exempted devices, for examples :




(c) A digital device used exclusively as industrial, commercial, or medical test
equipment. (refers to 47 CFR, Part 18)
(f) Digital devices that have a power consumption not exceeding 6 nW.
(h) Di
Digital
it l devices
d i
in
i which
hi h both
b th the
th highest
hi h t frequency
f
generated
t d andd the
th highest
hi h t
frequency used are less than 1.705 MHz and which do not operate from the AC
power lines or contain provisions for operation while connected to the AC power
lines.
Etc…
The operator of the exempted device shall be required to stop operating the device if found
causing harmful interference.
interference
Although not mandatory, it is strongly recommended that the manufacturer of an exempted
device endeavor to have the device meet the specific technical standards in this part.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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FCC, CFR 47, Part 15 Subpart B
Unintentional Radiator
Section 15.3 Definitions :A device that intentionally generates radio frequency energy for use within the
device, or that sends radio frequency signals by conduction to associated equipment
via connecting wiring, but which is not intended to emit RF energy by radiation or
induction.
induction
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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FCC CFR 47
FCC,
47, Part 15 Subpart B
Section 15.101
15 101 Unintentional Radiator - Equipment authorization
Type of device
Equipment authorization required
TV broadcast receiver
Verification
FM broadcast receiver
Verification
CB receiver
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
Superregenerative receiver
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
Scanning receiver
Certification
All other receivers subject to Part 15
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
TV interface device
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
Class B personal computers and peripherals
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
CPU boards and internal power supplies used with Class B personal computers
Declaration of Conformity or Certification
Class B external switching power supplies
Verification
Other Class B digital devices & peripherals
Verification
Class A digital devices, peripherals & external switching power supplies
Verification
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FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B
o CE Generic
or
Gene ic Conducted Emissions Test Setup I
Test setup diagram
Screened Room
Mains
Input
EUT
Wooden Table
50Ω
Output
EMI
Receiver
0.8m
Ground Plane
LISN
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FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B
or CE Generic Conducted Emissions Test Setup II
Test setup photo
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FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B
or CE Generic Radiated Emissions Test Setup I
Test setup diagram
Open Area Test Site / Semi-Anechoic Chamber
Computer
3m
Pre Amplifier
Pre-Amplifier
EUT
Turntable
Ground Plane
Measuring
Receiver
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FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B
or CE Generic Radiated Emissions Test Setup II
Test setup photo
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Emissions and Immunity
 Any EM noise emission
emission, ‘natural’
natural or ‘man
man-made
made’, is potentially a disturbance to any other susceptible
device in the environment. It may either put it out of action or, in many cases a worse problem, cause
it to malfunction. So there are two sides to the EMC equation:
 source equipment whose controllable emissions must be limited; and
 equipment needs to have adequate immunity to those disturbances in its environment to which
it is exposed.
 EM disturbances may work in more than one direction, disrupting more than one device, or multiple
sources may have a cumulative effect on a single piece of equipment. Thus an air traffic control radar
may affect the display of a laptop computer being used in an aircraft as well as other vital devices in
use on the ground
ground. At the same time
time, emissions from the same laptop computer may combine with
those from a mobile phone to disturb systems in the aircraft.
 On the emissions side of the equation, therefore, the aim of EMC is to ensure that equipment does not
disturb other equipment, radio services, power or other networks. On the immunity side, the aim is to
ensure that equipment is not affected by, e.g., radio transmissions, mains-borne disturbances,
electrostatic fields and other phenomena.
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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EMC
Immunity Tests - Introduction






EN/IEC 61000-4-2, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
EN/IEC 61000-4-3,
61000 4 3 Radio
R di F
Frequency EM Field
Fi ld Immunity
I
it
EN/IEC 61000-4-4, Fast Transients Immunity
EN/IEC 61000-4-5, Surge Immunity
EN/IEC 61000-4-6,
61000 4 6 Injected Currents Immunity
EN/IEC 61000-4-11, Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions Immunity
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EN/IEC 61000-4-2
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
Test setup photo
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EN/IEC 61000-4-3
Radio Frequency EM Field Immunity
Test setup photo
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EN/IEC 61000-4-4, Fast Transients Immunity
EN/IEC 61000-4-5
61000-4-5, Surge Immunity
EN/IEC 61000-4-11, Voltage Dips and Short Interruptions Immunity
Test setup photo
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EN/IEC 61000-4-6,
Injected Currents Immunity
Test setup photo
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Content
•Europe EMC requirements
•CISPR International EMC Standards
•Hong Kong EMC requirements
•Canada
C
d EMC requirements
i
t
•US
USA EMC
C requirements
equ e e s
•IT products EMC requirements
examples
l in
i different
diff
t countries
t i
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
香港標準及檢定中心
37
Thank You !
www.stc-group.org
The Hong Kong Standards and Testing Centre Ltd (STC)
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