All-Energy, AECC - 20140522
IMechE Energy Storage
Report and ‘Next Steps’
EurIng Prof Ian M. Arbon CEng, CEnv
FIMechE, FASME, FEI, FInstR, FIES
Immediate Past Chairman – Energy,
Environment & Sustainability Group
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
IMechE Energy Storage Champion
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
“Energy Storage:
The Missing Link in
the UK’s Energy
Commitments”
(Apr 2014)
First report on energy
storage which
comprehensively covers
storage for heat and
transport sectors, as well as
for electricity.
http://www.imeche.org/docs/defaultsource/reports/imeche-energystorage-report.pdf
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Report makes three main recommendations:
1. Government needs to focus on heat and
transport, as well as electricity.
2. Government must recognise that energy
storage cannot be incentivised by
conventional market mechanisms.
3. The UK must reject its obsession with
‘cheapness’ in the energy sector.
These are all designed to encourage
Government to take a properly integrated
approach to energy policy.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
UK’s Energy Commitment for 2020
%
100
(33.1%)
(40.5%)
(26.4%)
75
Fossil
50
Renewables
(30%)
25
15
(10%)
0
Energy for Transport
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(12%)
Heat Energy
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Sources:
RES (2009);
ESI calcs
(2009)
Electric Power
4
IMechE Energy Storage Report
Actual UK energy consumption, Oct 2010 – Feb 2014
© IAGW - 2014
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Scotland’s Energy Commitment for 2020
%
100
(30%)
(50%)
(20%)
75
Fossil
(54%)
50
2006 SRF
forecast 54%
Sources: Scottish
Renewables Forum
‘Route Map’
(2006);
Engineered
Solutions calcs
(2007).
25
20
(11%)
0
(11%)
2006 SRF forecast 6.4%
2006 SRF forecast 5.0%
Energy for Transport
Heat Energy
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Renewables
Electric Power
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Scotland’s Energy Commitment for 2020
%
100
(30%)
(50%)
(20%)
(100%)
75
Fossil
(54%)
50
(54%)
Renewables
30
25
Source:
Scottish
Government
(May 2011)
20
(11%)
0
Energy for Transport
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(11%)
Heat Energy
Electric Power
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
UK & Scotland Energy Split (2010)
United
Kingdom
Scotland
TWh/y
%
TWh/y
%
Heat
600
40.5
88.4
54.9
Transport
490
33.1
38.9
24.1
Electricity
390
26.4
33.8
21.0
1480
100.0
161.0
161.0
Totals
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Electricity Storage?:
 It’s important to understand that ‘electricity’
is not usually stored in any meaningful way.
We are dealing with the storage of ‘energy’,
which will then be released again at some
future point as electricity.
 In storage systems, electricity is generated in
the normal way, is converted into another
form of energy for storage and can be
converted back again into electricity.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Energy storage for electricity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES)
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES or LAES)
Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES)
Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHEES)
Flywheel Energy Storage (FESS)
Batteries: Flow Type
Batteries: Lithium-based
Batteries: Metal Air
Batteries: High-Temperature (e.g. NaS)
Batteries: Nickel-based
Lead-Acid type
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Super-capacitors (EDLC)
Graphene super-capacitors
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
 However, given the enormous demand for
non-electrical energy (c.80% in Scotland), it
may make more sense not to convert all of
the stored medium back to electricity but to
utilise it for the heat and transport energy
sectors.
 Unlike other major reports on energy storage,
the new IMechE Report does not focus solely
on the requirements for the electricity
network but also has proposals for the heat
and transport sectors.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Heat energy storage
Transport energy storage
• Hot water systems
(case study Denmark)
• Biofuel-based systems
• Phase Changing
Materials
• Hydrogen-based
systems
• Chemical Reaction
Systems
• Air/N2-based systems
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• Electrical systems
• Flywheel-based systems
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Focus on Heat Energy:
 Despite the obsession with targets for the
electricity sector (just 26% of total demand in
UK, 21% in Scotland), heat energy remains,
by far the biggest area of energy demand
(41% of total in UK, 55% in Scotland). It is
also the sector we are doing least about.
 By contrast, Denmark, with a very similar
climate, has put meeting its heat energy
demand as a top priority for many years.
The ‘heat’ is supplied from many different
sustainable sources, see diagram:
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Danish Sustainable Energy Network
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Focus on Heat Energy (cont.):
 By far the most heat energy demand in the
UK is currently supplied by natural gas, most
of which is now imported.
 However, the former North Sea gas fields
were all in the English sector, whereas, the oil
fields are predominantly in the Scottish
sector.
 Other than a relatively small quantity of gas
stripped from oil at St Fergus, most of
Scotland’s gas supply comes through England
and will continue to do so.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Focus on Heat Energy (cont.):
 Very little of Scotland’s heat energy demand is
currently met from renewable resources and
there is little incentive to recover the huge
quantities of heat which are produced from
power generation and industrial processes.
 The 2020 target for renewable heat in
Scotland is just 11%, so 89% will have to be
supplied from other sources, mainly fossil
fuels. Without large-scale investment in waste
heat recovery and heat energy storage the
future looks bleak.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Summary:
 The IMechE fully supports the Electricity
Storage Network’s (ESN) 2020 UK
installation target of 2GW of energy storage
for electricity, we need to develop similar
targets for heat and transport energy.
 The US State of California has recently set a
specific target of 1,325 MW installed
capacity of energy storage for its Investor
Owned Utilities, to be achieved by 2020 (78
months away!)
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Summary (cont.):
 Energy storage has been hailed by UK Energy
& Climate Change Minister the Rt Hon
Gregory Barker MP as a ‘silver bullet’ and the
Rt Hon David Willetts MP, Minister for
Universities & Science in BIS, as one of the
‘eight great technologies which will propel the
UK to future growth’.
 These are great words but we need action
and that urgently! With just 78 months to
go, there needs to be complete cross-party
agreement on how the targets will be met.
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IMechE Energy Storage Report
Summary (cont.):
 In any case, in order to turn these political
statements into reality, the UK and Scottish
Governments need to recognise that, as with
all ‘decarbonisation’ technologies during the
transition to a ‘low-carbon’ economy, energy
storage infrastructure comes with major
upfront costs for development and
deployment that will need publicly-funded
R&D budgets, market restructuring and
market support, and will add to consumer
energy bills.
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All-Energy, AECC - 20140522
IMechE Energy
Storage Report
Thank you for your attention.
ian.arbon@engineered-solutions.co.uk
www.engineered-solutions.co.uk
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