Reactive Power Compensation
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering
Thomas Gsell
IIEE 38th Annual National Convention and 3E XPO
November 2013
Three main activities in 4 sectors
Equipment & services for power generation
Alstom Thermal Power
Alstom Renewable Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 2
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Equipment & services for power transmission
Alstom Grid
Equipment & services for rail transport
Alstom Transport
ALSTOM Grid Ltd. Tampere, Finland
 Employs around 300 people in Tampere and Vantaa
 Sales office of other Alstom Grid products in Vantaa
 Turnover of 68 million EUR year 2012-13
 Exports account for 95 % of the output
 Main market areas: Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, Russia, Alstom Grid
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 3
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Alstom Grid – Tampere offering
Reactive Power Compensation
LV products up to 1kV
− LV capacitor units
− LV reactors
− Electronic products
− LV capacitor banks
− LV active filters
HV products up to 145kV
− HV capacitor units
− HV reactors
− Electronic products
− HV capacitor banks
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 4
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Power Electronics Activities
Compensation systems
− Static Var Compensators
(SVC)
• Industrial SVCs
• Utility SVCs
− SVC MaxSine (STATCOM)
− Series capacitor banks
HV products over 145kV
− HV capacitor banks
Reactive Power
There are three kinds of reactive power:
− Inductive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1L)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the right
− Capacitive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1C)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the left
− Harmonics Reactive Power (D)
=> Non-sinusoidal current
Q1 
Q1L  Q1C 2
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 5
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Q  Q12  D 2
Inductive Reactive Power
S
R
Uq
uL
L
iL
uL;iL
uL
iL
Uq
uL
L
iL
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 6
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
t
Capacitive Reactive Power
S
R
C
Uq
u
iC
uC;iC
uC
iC
Uq
C
uC
iC
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 7
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
t
Harmonics Reactive Power
Dimmer
Firing Angle: 30°
140°(half power)
120°
90°
400
uq, uL, iL
0
-400
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 8
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power
Dimmer with smoothing reactor
IL
t
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 9
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power
3-phase dimmer; Thyristor-DC-Drive
IL1,2,3
IL1
L1
IL2
UL3-L1
UL3-N
UL1-N
M
UL1-L2
N
IL3
L3
UL2-N
UL2-L3
L2
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 10
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
t
Harmonics Reactive Power
1-phase B4 diode rectifier
+
C
Iq
UR
R
IR
q
-
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 11
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power
3-phase B6 diode rectifier
IL1,2,3
t
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 12
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Non-Linear Loads
Harmonics power consumers are:
− Drives (frequency converters, DC-drives)
− Dimmers
− Power supplies (computers)
− Furnaces (induction furnaces, arc furnaces)
− Lightings (gas-discharge lamps, fluorescent tubes)
− Diode Rectifiers
− etc.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 13
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Theory
A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal wave with a certain
amplitude and an integer (whole number) multiple of a
fundamental frequency. A harmonic is a component of a
periodical signal with a fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have
frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, etc.
The mathematical procedure to calculate amplitudes and
frequencies of harmonics is the “Fourier Transformation”!
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 14
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Fourier Transformation
1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th
st th
rd
9753113th
11
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 15
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Fourier Transformation
1st
+3rd
+5th
+7th
+9th
+11th
+13th
= 1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 16
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Data-Demonstration
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 17
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
What’s up with Reactive Current?
Fundamental reactive current as well as harmonics reactive
currents cause stress to:
−
−
−
−
Lines
Transformers
Generators
etc.
What means “reactive” power?
The product of a sinusoidal alternating voltage with a alternating current
contributes no power if that current is a reactive current. In this case only
reactive energy flows - there is no net transfer of energy to the load.
Also known as idle current; quadrature current; watt-less current.
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 18
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 19
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 20
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Inductive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 21
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Capacitive Reactive Power
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 22
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th)
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 23
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power (7th)
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 24
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Reactive Power (5th + 7th)
Voltage
x
Current
=
Power
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 25
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Harmonics Consequences
In contrast to fundamental reactive current, harmonics
currents cause harmonics voltages which cause disturbances
to consumers installed in the same electrical network:
− Reduction of the life span and thus premature failure of condensers and
electric motors due to thermal overloading
− Malfunctioning with electronics
− Malfunctioning of protection device
− Malfunctioning of ripple control systems
− Impairment of the ground fault deletion
Finally triple harmonics cumulate in the neutral wire which
causes overload and dramatic consequences:
− Cable fire
− Transformer breakdown
− Noise emission
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 26
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltages
in electrical networks?
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 27
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
What to do against harmonics?
Basically there are two possibilities to compensate
harmonics currents:
- Passive harmonics filters (tuned parallel resonance circuits)
- Active harmonics filters
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 28
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Passive harmonics compensation
(tuned parallel resonance circuit)
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 29
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active harmonics compensation with MaxSine
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 30
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filters: Pro and Contra
Active Filters Advantages:
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Direct compensation of harmonics currents
Easy dimensioning
Independent from the mains voltage quality
Independent from the network impedance
Excellent dynamics
No influence to ripple control systems
Electronic overload protection
No capacitive reactive power injection
Compensation possibility close to consumers
Disadvantages:
− More expensive (than passive filters)
− Higher power losses
− Ripple current
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 31
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Measuring Harmonics
To measure harmonics voltages and currents the following
equipment can be used:
− Oscilloscope (the data can be analyzed after the measurement results
were stored)
− Power meter (“Fluke”, “Tektronix” etc.)
− Data logger (“TOPAS”, “Dranetz” etc.)
Total harmonics distortion factor (THD)
Europe: THDR, USA: THDF


I  I



2
1
THDRTHD
 R
I
2
1
I


I  I



2
1
; THD
; FTHD
 F
I1
2
THDF2THDF2
; THD
; RTHD
 R
I1
1  THD
1 F2THDF2
1
%-THD may not contain a sufficient informative value for currents. An absolute
harmonics THD-value in Amperes may be preferred instead!
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 32
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Calculating Power
Power:
S  U  I ; P  U  I1  cos 1
Q1  U  I1  sin 1 ; D  U 
Q Q D
2
1
2

I


1
2

S  P 2  Q12  D 2
Power factor:
P
   1  THDR2  cos 1
S
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 33
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Slip-up’s with Harmonics
−
−
−
−
No differentiation in between THDR and THDF
No differentiation in between Q and Q1
No differentiation in between γ and cosφ
No differentiation in between RMS- and peak-values of Fourier
Transformation results
− Meaningless usage of current THD values
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 34
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
New Active Filter “MaxSine”
Stand Alone MaxSine Compact Module
MaxSine100AV6C
MaxSine100AV6CE
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 35
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
New Active Filter “MaxSine”
MaxSine Compact Cubicle Version
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 36
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that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
New Active Filter “MaxSine”
Main Features
− Small size enables customized modular cabinet construction
− Devices available for 3-wire as well as 3-wire + neutral (4-wire)
− Ethernet connection and Web Server for monitoring, setting and control
−
−
−
−
• User interface: PC or optional HMI
Several menu languages (also character languages)
Relay output for run indication
Standby in case of small load current
Several overload protection algorithms:
• Output limiting factor by current peak
• Output limiting factor by temperature
• High temperature switch-off
− Adjustable relay output for cubicle fan
− Selectable dual parameter page setting e.g. for emergency generator
supply
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 37
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
New Active Filter “MaxSine”
Compensation Features
−
−
−
−
Total power factor can be forced to 1
Possibility to balance line currents
Ability to eliminate neutral current
Two compensation modes:
• Fast mode, selectable harmonics, amplitude and phase, 1-50th
• Ultra fast mode, global compensation
− Adjustable output overall factors for amplitude and phase
− Excellent dynamics; Response time < 1ms in ultra fast mode and adjustable from
1 network period to 50 network periods in fast mode
− 6 current inputs for multiple circuits (open loop, closed loop, CT-additions, etc.)
− Selectable current input sensors:
• Rogowski coils
• Current transformers (CTs)
− Selectable compensation priorities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fundamental has priority
Harmonics have priority
Only fundamental
Only harmonics
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 38
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
New Active Filter “MaxSine”
Extended Measurement and power meter functions
− Date/Time
− Network mains voltages
− Load, network and compensation currents in phases and neutral
• RMS, fundamental, harmonics currents and crest factors
− Active, reactive, apparent and harmonics power, cosphi
− THD(u), THD(i), current and voltage harmonics spectrum
up to 50th harmonics
− Waveforms of currents
− Cabinet temperature and external temperature (e.g. heat sink) if
sensor connected
− Uploading of measurements for reporting
− One set of measurement values is always saved to memory when
system stops
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 39
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Frequency Converter
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 40
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Network current (frequency converter)
before and after compensation with MaxSine
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 41
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
before compensation
Order:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
f / Hz
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250
I RMS / A
35,50
0,52
14,57
5,25
0,08
1,93
1,03
0,10
0,92
0,52
0,08
0,51
0,33
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 42
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
THDr:
91,55%
1,33%
37,57%
13,55%
0,20%
4,98%
2,66%
0,25%
2,37%
1,33%
0,20%
1,31%
0,86%
THDf:
100,00%
1,45%
41,04%
14,80%
0,22%
5,44%
2,91%
0,27%
2,59%
1,46%
0,22%
1,43%
0,94%
Totalvalues:
I RMS / A:
38,77
THDr:
40,51%
THDf:
44,24%
Active Filter Applications
Fourier transformation of frequency converter current
after compensation
Order:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
f / Hz
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250
I RMS / A
THDr:
36,91
0,16
0,27
0,27
0,12
0,16
0,16
0,17
0,34
0,03
0,12
0,14
0,26
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 43
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
99,49%
0,44%
0,73%
0,73%
0,33%
0,43%
0,43%
0,46%
0,91%
0,08%
0,33%
0,38%
0,69%
THDf:
100,00%
0,44%
0,73%
0,73%
0,34%
0,43%
0,43%
0,46%
0,92%
0,09%
0,33%
0,38%
0,70%
Totalvalues:
I RMS / A:
37,10
THDr:
3,20%
THDf:
3,22%
Active Filter Applications
Personal Computers
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 44
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Network current (Personal Computers) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 45
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Dynamic DC-Drive
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 46
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications
Network current (dynamic 3-phase load) before and after
compensation with MaxSine
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 – Slide 47
© ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
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