FIGURE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
1.
A simplified schematic presentation for arsenic effects in a cell
17
2.
Production of ROS from molecular oxygen
20
3.
Mechanism of RNS production
20
4.
Summary of the interactions that are known to exist reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and antioxidant catalyzing activity
22
5.
Morphology and colour pattern of male and female Danio rerio
34
6.
Diagram showing the life cycle of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) from
fertilization to adulthood stage
39
7.
Juvenile stage of zebrafish, Danio rerio
39
8.
Dorsal view of the adult experimental fish, Danio rerio
44
9.
A Schematic outline of experimental design for the chronic
toxicity test used with adult zebrafish, Danio rerio
50
10
Appearance and morphology of breeding male and female fish,
Danio rerio
65
11
Ventral view of adult male and female Danio rerio showing genital
papilla
66
12
Setup of a model tank used for breeding of zebrafish (D. rerio) in the
laboratory
68
13
Setup of a tank used for maintenance of zebrafish (D. rerio) in the
laboratory
68
14
A Schematic outline of experimental design for toxicity test on
embryo of zebrafish, D. rerio
70
15
Relation between concentration of arsenic trioxide and probit
mortality of Danio rerio
81
16
Accumulation trend of As (µg/g dry wt) in male Danio rerio
exposed to 1.11 mg/L of As(III) oxide during long-term
(60 day) exposure
95
FIGURE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
17
Accumulation trend of As (Pg/g dry wt) in female D. rerio exposed
to 1.11 mg/L of As(III) oxide during long-term (60 day) exposure
96
18
Depuration trend of As from the whole body and selected tissues of
female zebrafish (D. rerio) after transferred to chemical free water
98
19
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on lipid peroxidation
levels (measured as TBARS) in the gill of zebrafish, Danio rerio
126
20
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on lipid peroxidation
levels (measured as TBARS) in the liver of zebrafish, Danio rerio
127
21
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on lipid peroxidation
levels (measured as TBARS) in kidney of zebrafish, Danio rerio
127
22
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the level of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the gill of zebrafish, Danio rerio
128
23
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the level of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the liver of zebrafish, Danio rerio
129
24
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the level of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the kidney of zebrafish, Danio rerio
129
25
Response of reduced GSH level in the whole body of zebrafish
(Danio rerio) exposed to 1.11 mg/L of arsenic(III) oxide
131
26
Response of reduced GSH level in the gill of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
exposed to 1.11 mg/L of arsenic(III) oxide
131
27
Response of reduced GSH level in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
exposed to 1.11 mg/L of arsenic(III) oxide
132
28
Response of reduced GSH level in the kidney of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
exposed to 1.11 mg/L of arsenic(III) oxide
132
29
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the gill of zebrafish, Danio rerio
133
30
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
catalase (CAT) in the gill of zebrafish, Danio rerio
134
FIGURE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
31
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the gill of zebrafish, Danio rerio
134
32
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of zebrafish, Danio rerio
135
33
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
catalase (CAT) in the liver of zebrafish, Danio rerio
136
34
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver of zebrafish, Danio rerio
136
35
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the kidney of zebrafish, Danio rerio
137
36
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
catalase (CAT) in the kidney of zebrafish, Danio rerio
138
37
Effect of As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) exposure on the activity of
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the kidney of zebrafish, Danio rerio
138
38
Changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in adult female fish D. rerio
exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (1.11 mg/L) of As(III) oxide
157
39
Changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) in adult male fish D. rerio
exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (1.11 mg/L) of As(III) oxide
157
40
Changes in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in adult female fish D. rerio
exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (1.11 mg/L) of As(III) oxide
159
41
Changes in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in adult male fish D. rerio
exposed to a sub-lethal concentration (1.11 mg/L) of As(III) oxide
159
42
Ultrastructural changes in ovary section of control adult female fish,
Danio rerio
161
43
Ultrastructure of different stages of oocyte development in ovary
section of control female Danio rerio
164
44
Ultrastructural changes in ovary section of adult female Danio rerio
after exposed to 1.11 mg/L of As(III) oxide for 30 days
167
45
Exposed to AS(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) for 30 days showing
distructed mature Oocyte
168
FIGURE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
46
Exposed to As(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) for 30 days showing distructed
Corticle Alveolar Oocyte
168
47
Ultrastructural changes in ovary section of adult female Danio rerio
after exposed to 1.11 mg/L of As(III) oxide for 45 days
169
48
Exposed to AS(III) oxide (1.11 mg/L) for 45 days showing
distructed mature oocyte
170
49
Magnification of another part of ovary exposed to AS(III) oxide
for 45 days
170
50
Ultrastructural changes in ovary section of adult female Danio rerio
after exposed to 1.11 mg/L of As(III) oxide for 60 days
171
51
A part of pathological changes in ovary of zebrafish exposed to
As(III) oxide for 60 days
172
52
Exposed to As(III) oxide for 60 days showing distructed cortical
alveolar oocyte
172
53
(A-D)
Light micrographs of sectioned testis in control and As(III) oxide
treated male zebrafish, Danio rerio
175
54
(A-D)
Light micrographs of sectioned liver in control and As(III) oxide
treated male zebrafish, Danio rerio
177
55
Proportion of cumulative mortality at early developmental stage of
zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a continuous exposure from 1 hr PF
embryo to 15 days of post-larval stage to the various concentration
of As(III) oxide
211
56
Measurement of As content at the yolk sac embryo (48 hr PF) and
post-larval (10 and 15 day PF) stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under
a continuous exposure, start with 1 hr PF embryo to the various
concentrations of As(III)oxide
213
57
Effect of As(III)oxide (50-200 Pg/L) on hatching time (HT50)
(CI 95%) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a continuous exposure,
start with 1 hr PF embryo
215
58
Hatching rate (%) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to low-lethal
concentrations of As(III) oxide under a continuous exposure, start
with 1 hr PF embryo
217
FIGURE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
59
Effect of low-lethal concentrations of As(III) oxide on the heart beat
rate at different stages of zebrafish embryo under a continuous
exposure, start with 1 hr PF embryo
218
60
As(III)oxide induced deformities during various stages of embryonic
development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a continuous exposure,
start with 1 hr PF
219
61
Morphological deformities in pre-hatched larval stage (48 hr PF) of
zebrafish, D. rerio
223
62
Morphological deformities in post-hatched larval stage (96 hr PF) of
zebrafish, D. rerio
223
63
Effects of As (III) oxide (50-200 Pg/L) on total body length of postlarval stages at 10 and 15 day old zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a
continuous exposure, start with 1 hr PF embryo
234
64
Effects of As (III) oxide (50-200 Pg/L) on total body weight of postlarval stages at 10 and 15 day old zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a
continuous exposure, start with 1 hr PF embryo
234
PLATE
NO.
CAPTIONS
PAGE
NO.
1.
(A-N)
Selected stage of early development of zebrafish, Danio rerio
201
2.
(O-Y2)
Typical abnormalities at various developmental stage of zebrafish,
Danio rerio
224