Translational Research in
Near Infrared Based
Functional Brain Imaging
Banu Onaral, PhD
H.H. Sun Professor and Director
School of Biomedical Engineering,
Science & Health Systems
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
banu.onaral@drexel.edu
Britton Chance:
Life, Times, & Legacy
Symposium and Workshop
June 3 & 4, 2011
Philadelphia PA, USA
Realizing BC’s dream…
…Move discoveries to practice
>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology
for Detection of Hematoma
>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology for
Brain Activity Monitor
BC’s Dream Team
Shoko Nioka
Adrian Curtin
Outline
•
Optical Brain Imaging (fNIR)
– Physiological and Physical Principles
– Chance-Drexel fNIR Technology Evolution
• Applications
– Regional and Global Collaborations
– Human Performance, Brain Integrated Simulation…
•
Translational Research
– Clinical Solutions
– Conclusion
Optical Brain Imaging
Near Infrared Based Platform
Functional Near-Infrared Monitor [fNIR]
>> Cortical activation-related to hemodynamic changes in natural
environments and diverse field conditions
Physiological Principles of fNIR
Neural Activity & Hemodynamic Response
Neurons consume energy (glucose)
when activated
Oxygen is required to metabolize the
glucose
As clusters of neurons are activated,
there is an increased need for oxygen
in that area
Oxygen is transported to neural tissue
via oxy-hemoglobin in the blood
The oxygen exchange occurs in the capillary beds
As oxy-hemoglobin gives up oxygen to the neural tissue, it is
transformed into deoxygenated hemoglobin
Oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb are correlates of brain activity
through oxygen consumption by neurons
David J. Heeger & David Ress. (2002)What does fMRI tell us about neuronal activity? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, 142-151
Physical Principles of fNIR I
Photon Migration in Tissue
Source
Detector
Photons that enter the tissue undergo two types
of interaction:
 Scattering
(cell membranes)
 Absorption
(Hb, HbO2, water)
H Obrig , R Wenzel, M Kohl, S Horst, P Wobst, J Steinbrink, F Thomas, A Villringer. Near-infrared spectroscopy: does it function in functional activation
studies of the adult brain? International Journal of Psychophysiology 35(2-3):125-142, 2000
Physical Principles of fNIR II
Optical Window in Tissue
Stimuli
Presentation
Near IR
Peak
Oxygenation
Initial Dip
Post stimulus
undershoot
 (

C HB HBO
C HBO2 )L
 (HB
L
HBCHB
HBO22 CHBO
2

I I 0010
)
.G
IIBB




OD
 log
 ((
HB
C HB 

HBO
C
)L
OD 
log10
CHBO
10
HB CHB
HBO22
HBO22 ) L
II
Modified
BeerLambert
Law
 C Hb
Oxygenation  C HbO
HbO22
Hb
 CHb
BloodVolume  CHbO
HbO22
Hb
Io
.G
I
Chance-Drexel fNIR
Technology Evolution
Early versions of
continuous wave (CW) system
RunMan, Cogniscope
NIM, Inc
Current version of
CW system
fNIR System 100
fNIR Devices, LLC
Chance-Drexel fNIR
Wireless Technology Evolution
Early versions of
wireless system (PDA based)
Wireless pediatric
system (ZigBee)
Adhesive stick-on
wireless system
Sensors
data
Programmable/
Transmitter IC
Embedded in a head band
with batteries
Wireless Link
Global Collaborations
in Functional Optical Brain Imaging
University of Maryland (Dr. José L. Contreras-Vidal)
University of Pittsburgh (Dr. Joseph Ricker)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Dr. Roee Holtzer)
Italy – Polytechnic University of Milan (Dr. Sergio Cerutti)
Spain – University of Seville (Dr. Jose Leon-Carrion)
– Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos Toledo (Dr. Guglielmo Foffani)
Israel – Haifa University (Dr. Zvia Breznitz)
Hebrew University (Dr. Esther Shohami)
Turkey – Middle East Technical University (Dr. Veysi Isler)
– Dokuz Eylul University (Dr. Murat Ozgeren )
China – Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (Dr. Shoko Nioka)
Med-X, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Mental Health Center
United Kingdom – The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL)
Japan – Bukkyo University (Dr. Yasufumi Kuroda)
Optical Brain Imaging
Human Performance
Assessment…
Human Performance Assessment
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Augmented Cognition Program
©
Optical Brain Imaging
Brain integrated Simulation…
“Brain in the Loop”
Simulation & Multimedia Application
Brain Activity Monitoring in VR Environment
Optical Brain Imaging
Clinical Solutions…
Optical Brain Imaging…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Traumatic Brain Injury
>> Portable Near-Infrared Technology for
Detection of Hematoma
Hasan Ayaz, PhD
BIOMED
Meltem
Izzetoglu, PhD
BIOMED
Baruch
Ben Dor, PhD
BIOMED
Kambiz
Pourrezaei, PhD
BIOMED
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
InfrascannerTM
…Solutions
Life Saving…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Pediatric Monitoring
>> Functional Optical Brain Imaging Sensor
Arye
Rosen, PhD
BIOMED
Harel
Rosen, MD
Neonatology, CHOP
fNIR Sensor
for Neonates
Meltem
Izzetoglu, PhD
BIOMED
Kambiz
Pourrezaei, PhD
BIOMED
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
…Solutions
Life Saving…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Neurorehabilitation
>> Assessment of Cognitive Impairment and Recovery
Following Traumatic Brain injury (TBI)
Anna C.
Merzagora, PhD
BIOMED
Maria
Schultheis, PhD
Psychology, CoAS
Healthy
Subject
TBI
Patient
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
…Solutions
Life Saving…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Depth of Anesthesia
>> Portable fNIR system for monitoring depth of anesthesia to
prevent awareness during surgery
Patient wearing fNIR Sensor
Kurtulus
Izzetoglu, Ph.D
BIOMED
George
Mychaskiw, MD
Anesthesiology, COM
fNIR
Awareness
Monitor
James
Meltem
Reynolds, MD, COM İzzetoğlu, Ph.D BIOMED
Kambiz
Pourrezaei, PhD
BIOMED
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
…Solutions
Optical Brain Imaging…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Cognitive Aging
fNIR
Roee Holtzer
Albert Einstein
CoM
Meltem
Izzetoglu, PhD
BIOMED
Brain activity monitor
while walking
Kurtulus
Izzetoglu
BIOMED
Joe Verghese,
MBBS, MS
Albert Einstein,
CoM
Subject wearing fNIR during
attention task
>> Assessment of cognitive functions in natural settings
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
…Solutions
Optical Brain Imaging…
Near Infrared Based Platform
Autism, Schizophrenia…
Functional Optical Brain Imaging Sensor
Drexel Optical Brain Imaging Team
Scott Bunce, PhD
Psychiatry, Penn State University COM
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
Kambiz
Pourrezaei, PhD
BIOMED
Personality and psychiatric disorders...
…Solutions
Optical Brain Imaging…
Near Infrared Based Platform
ALS, Spinal Cord Injury, Paralysis
Target Patient Population:
•
•
•
•
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Spinal Cord Injuries/Paralysis
Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy
Brainstem Stroke, and others…
Terry HeimanPatterson, MD
Neurology, COM
Patricia Shewokis, PhD
Nursing, CoNHP
Hasan Ayaz, PhD
BIOMED
Banu
Onaral, PhD
BIOMED
>> Brain Computer Interface (BCI)
…Solutions
Thank you!
Banu Onaral
3141 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Phone: 215-895-2215
Fax: 215-895-4983
Email: banu.onaral@drexel.edu
WWW.BIOMED.DREXEL.EDU
Human Performance Assessment
Portable brain imaging technology
can “bring more of brain on
task”*
Air Traffic
Controller
Cognitive
Workload Monitor
Brain
Activity
Crew can
manage & maintain
high levels of
cognitive information
processing
Safe & Effective
UAV Ground
Operator
Piloting
Training and
Workload Monitor
Monitor
Safe & effective
performance
*DARPA: Dylan Schmorrow, Ph.D. LCDR, MSC, US
Navy, Program Manager, ITO
Pilot
Expertise
Development
Monitor
Air Traffic Controller
FAA Next Generation Air Transportation System
(NextGen) Study
Similar to SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) Program
ATC part-task
Communication type:

Voice Comm and Data Comm
Workload manipulated by number of
aircrafts in the sector: n= 6,12,18
16-channel fNIR sensor
UAV Safe Piloting
US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
The Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC)
Integration of the functional
brain monitoring system
with
 training procedures
 ground control systems
objective measure of expertise level
to validate adequate training
 real-time monitor of mental workload

safe operation of UAVs…