Framework for TPA Alignment (abridged) Summary Domain 1: Knowledge a. b. c. d. e. f. Demonstrating Knowledge of Content and Pedagogy Demonstrating Knowledge of Students Selecting Instructional Goals Demonstrating Knowledge of Resources Designing Coherent Instruction Assessing Student Learning Domain 2: Classroom Management a. Creating an Environment of Respect and Rapport b. Establishing a Culture for Learning c. Managing Classroom Procedures d. Managing Student Behavior e. Organizing Physical Space Domain 3: Communication Skills a. Communicating with Students b. Questioning and Discussion Techniques c. Engaging Students in Learning d. Using Assessment in Instruction e. Demonstrating Flexibility and Responsiveness Domain 4: Professionalism a. Reflecting on Teaching b. Maintaining Accurate Records c. Communicating with Families d. Participating in a Professional Community e. Growing and Developing Professionally f. Showing Professionalism Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Domain 1 Knowledge Element 1a. Demonstrating Knowledge of Content and Pedagogy Unsatisfactory In planning and practice, teacher makes content errors or does not correct errors made by students. Teacher’s plans and practice display little understanding of prerequisite relationships important to student’s learning of the content. Teacher displays little or no understanding of the range of pedagogical approaches suitable to student’s learning of the content. Element 1.b Demonstrating Knowledge of Students Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory Teacher demonstrates little or no understanding of how students learn and little knowledge of students’ backgrounds, cultures, skills, language proficiency, interests, and special needs Basic Teacher is familiar with the important concepts in the discipline but displays lack of awareness of how these concepts relate to one another. Teacher’s plans and practice indicate some awareness of prerequisite relationships, although such knowledge may be inaccurate or incomplete. Teacher’s plans and practice reflect a limited range of pedagogical approaches to the discipline or to the students. Basic Teacher indicates the importance of understanding how students learn and the students’ backgrounds, cultures, skills, language proficiency, interests, and special needs, Proficient Teacher displays solid knowledge of the important concepts in the discipline and the ways they relate to one another. Teacher’s plans and practice reflect accurate understanding of prerequisite relationships among topics and concepts. Teacher’s plans and practice reflect familiarity with a wide range of effective pedagogical approaches in the discipline. Distinguished Teacher displays extensive knowledge of the important concepts in the discipline and the ways they relate both to one another and to other disciplines. Teacher’s plans and practice reflect understanding of prerequisite relationships among topics and concepts and provide a link to necessary cognitive structures needed by students to ensure understanding. Teacher’s plans and practice reflect familiarity with a wide range of effective pedagogical approaches in the discipline, anticipating student misconceptions. Proficient Teacher understands the active nature of student learning and attains information about levels of development for groups of students. Distinguished Teacher actively seeks knowledge of students’ levels of development and their backgrounds, cultures, skills, language proficiency, interests, and special needs from a variety of sources. Element 1.c Selecting Instructional Goals and does not seek such understanding. and attains this knowledge about the class as a whole. The teacher also purposefully seeks knowledge from several sources of students’ backgrounds, cultures, skills, language proficiency, interests, and special needs and attains this knowledge about groups of students. This information is acquired for individual students. Unsatisfactory Outcomes represent low expectations for students and lack of rigor, and not all of them reflect important learning in the discipline. Basic Outcomes represent moderately high expectations and rigor. Proficient Most outcomes represent rigorous and important learning in the discipline. Distinguished All outcomes represent rigorous and important learning in the discipline. Some reflect important learning in the discipline and consist of a combination of outcomes and activities. All the instructional outcomes are clear, are written in the form of student learning, and suggest viable methods of assessment. The outcomes are clear, are written in the form of student learning, and permit viable methods of assessment. Outcomes are stated as activities rather than as student learning. Outcomes reflect only one type of learning and only one discipline or strand and are suitable for only some students. Element 1.d Demonstrating Knowledge of Resources Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory Teacher is unaware of school or district resources for classroom use, for the expansion of his or her own Outcomes reflect several types of learning, but teacher has made no attempt at coordination or integration. Most of the outcomes are suitable for most of the students in the class in accordance with global assessments of student learning. Basic Teacher displays basic awareness of school or district resources available for classroom use, for the Outcomes reflect several different types of learning and opportunities for coordination. Outcomes take into account the varying needs of groups of students. Proficient Teacher displays awareness of resources—not only through the school and district but also through Outcomes reflect several different types of learning and, where appropriate, represent opportunities for both coordination and integration. Outcomes take into account the varying needs of individual students. Distinguished Teacher displays extensive knowledge of resources—not only through the school and district but also in the Element 1.e Designing Coherent Instruction knowledge, or for students. expansion of his or her own knowledge, and for students, but no knowledge of resources available more broadly. sources external to the school and on the Internet— available for classroom use, for the expansion of his or her own knowledge, and for students. community, through professional organizations and universities, and on the Internet—for classroom use, for the expansion of his or her own knowledge, and for students. Unsatisfactory The series of learning experiences is poorly aligned with the instructional outcomes and does not represent a coherent structure. Basic Some of the learning activities and materials are suitable to the instructional outcomes and represent a moderate cognitive challenge but with no differentiation for different students. Instructional groups partially support the instructional outcomes, with an effort by the teacher at providing some variety. Proficient Teacher coordinates knowledge of content, of students, and of resources, to design a series of learning experiences aligned to instructional outcomes and suitable to groups of students. Distinguished Plans represent the coordination of in-depth content knowledge, understanding of different students’ needs, and available resources (including technology), resulting in a series of learning activities designed to engage students in high-level cognitive activity. The activities are not designed to engage students in active intellectual activity and have unrealistic time allocations. Instructional groups do not support the instructional outcomes and offer no variety. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 The lesson or unit has a recognizable structure; the progression of activities is uneven, with most time allocations reason- able. The learning activities have reasonable time allocations; they represent significant cognitive challenge, with some differentiation for differ- ent groups of students. The lesson or unit has a clear structure, with appropriate and varied use of instructional groups. Learning activities are differentiated appropri- ately for individual learners. Instructional groups are varied appropriately with some opportunity for student choice. The lesson’s or unit’s structure is clear and allows for different pathways according to diverse student needs. Element 1.f Assessing Student Learning Unsatisfactory Assessment procedures are not congruent with instructional outcomes; the proposed approach contains no criteria or standards. Teacher has no plan to incorporate formative assessment in the lesson or unit nor any plan to use assessment results in designing future instruction. Basic Some of the instructional outcomes are assessed through the proposed approach, but others are not. Assessment criteria and standards have been developed, but they are not clear. Approach to the use of formative assessment is rudimentary, including only some of the instructional outcomes. Teacher intends to use assessment results to plan for future instruction for the class as a whole. Proficient Teacher’s plan for student assessment is aligned with the instructional outcomes; assessment methodologies may have been adapted for groups of students. Assessment criteria and standards are clear. Teacher has a well-developed strategy for using formative assessment and has designed particular approaches to be used. Teacher intends to use assessment results to plan for future instruction for groups of students. Distinguished Teacher’s plan for student assessment is fully aligned with the instructional outcomes and has clear criteria and standards that show evidence of student contribution to their development. Assessment methodologies have been adapted for individual students, as needed. The approach to using formative assessment is well designed and includes student as well as teacher use of the assessment information. Teacher intends to use assessment results to plan future instruction for individual students. Domain 2 Classroom Management Element 2a. Creating an Environment of Respect and Rapport Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory Patterns of classroom interactions, both between the teacher and students and among students, are mostly negative, inappropriate, or insensitive to students’ Basic Patterns of classroom interactions, both between the teacher and students and among students, are generally appropriate but may reflect occasional inconsistencies, favoritism, Proficient Teacher-student interactions are friendly and demonstrate general caring and respect. Such interactions are appropriate to the ages of the students. Distinguished Classroom interactions among the teacher and individual students are highly respectful, reflecting genuine warmth and caring and sensitivity to students as individuals. ages, cultural backgrounds, and developmental levels. Interactions are characterized by sarcasm, put-downs, or conflict. Teacher does not deal with disrespectful behavior. Element 2b Establishing a Culture for Learning Unsatisfactory The classroom culture is characterized by a lack of teacher or student commitment to learning and/or little or no investment of student energy into the task at hand. Hard work is not expected or valued. Medium or low expectations for student achievement are the norm, with high expectations for learning reserved for only one or two students. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 and disregard for students’ ages, cultures, and developmental levels. Students rarely demonstrate disrespect for one another. Teacher attempts to respond to disrespect- ful behavior, with uneven results. The net result of the interactions is neutral, convey- ing neither warmth nor conflict. Basic The classroom culture is characterized by little commitment to learning by teacher or students. The teacher appears to be only going through the motions, and students indicate that they are interested in completion of a task, rather than quality. The teacher conveys that student success is the result of natural ability rather than hard work; high expectations for learning are reserved for those students thought to have a natural aptitude for the subject. Students exhibit respect for the teacher. Interactions among students are generally polite and respectful. Teacher responds successfully to disrespectful behavior among students. The net result of the interactions is polite and respectful, but impersonal. Proficient The classroom culture is a cognitively busy place where learning is valued by all, with high expectations for learning being the norm for most students. The teacher conveys that with hard work students can be successful. Students understand their role as learners and consistently expend effort to learn. Classroom interactions support learning and hard work. Students exhibit respect for the teacher and contribute to high levels of civil interaction between all members of the class. The net result of interactions is that of connections with students as individuals. Distinguished The classroom culture is a cognitively vibrant place, characterized by a shared belief in the importance of learning. The teacher conveys high expectations for learning by all students and insists on hard work. Students assume responsibility for high quality by initiating improvements, making revisions, adding detail, and/or helping peers. Element 2c Managing Classroom Procedures Unsatisfactory Much instructional time is lost through inefficient classroom routines and procedures. Basic Some instructional time is lost through only partially effective classroom routines and procedures. There is little or no evidence that the teacher is managing instructional groups, transitions, and/or the handling of materials and supplies effectively. The teacher’s management of instructional groups, transitions, and/or the handling of materials and supplies is inconsistent, the result being some disruption of learning. There is little evidence that students know or follow established routines. Element 2d Managing Student Behavior Unsatisfactory There appear to be no established standards of conduct and little or no teacher monitoring of student behavior. Students challenge the standards of conduct. Response to students’ misbehavior is repressive or disrespectful of student dignity. With regular guidance and prompting, stu- dents follow established routines. Basic Standards of conduct appear to have been established, but their implementation is inconsistent. Teacher tries, with uneven results, to monitor student behavior and respond to student misbehavior. There is inconsistent implementation of the standards of conduct. Proficient There is little loss of instructional time because of effective classroom routines and procedures. The teacher’s management of instructional groups and the handling of materials and sup- plies are consistently successful. Distinguished Instructional time is maximized because of efficient classroom routines and procedures. Students contribute to the management of instructional groups, transitions, and the handling of materials and supplies. With minimal guidance and prompting, students follow established classroom routines. Routines are well understood and may be initiated by students. Proficient Student behavior is generally appropriate. Distinguished Student behavior is entirely appropriate. The teacher monitors student behavior against established standards of conduct. Students take an active role in monitoring their own behavior and that of other students against standards of conduct. Teacher response to student misbehavior is consistent, proportionate, respectful to students, and effective. Teachers’ monitoring of student behavior is subtle and preventive. Teacher’s response to student misbehavior is sensitive to individual Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 student needs and respects students’ dignity. Element 2e Organizing Physical Space Unsatisfactory The physical environment is unsafe, or many students don’t have access to learning resources. There is poor coordination between the les- son activities and the arrangement of furniture and resources, including computer technology. Basic The classroom is safe, and essential learning is accessible to most students. The teacher’s use of physical resources, including computer technology, is moderately effective. Teacher makes some attempt to modify the physical arrangement to suit learning activi- ties, with partial success. Proficient The classroom is safe, and learning is accessible to all students; teacher ensures that the physical arrangement is appropriate to the learning activities. Teacher makes effective use of physical resources, including computer technology. Distinguished The classroom is safe, and learning is accessible to all students, including those with special needs. Teacher makes effective use of physical resources, including computer technology. The teacher ensures that the physical arrangement is appropriate to the learning activities. Students contribute to the use or adaptation of the physical environment to advance learning Domain 3 Communication Skills Element 3a. Communicating with Students Unsatisfactory The instructional purpose of the lesson is unclear to students, and the directions and procedures are confusing. The teacher’s explanation of the content contains major errors. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Basic The teacher’s attempt to explain the instructional purpose has only limited success, and/or directions and procedures must be clarified after initial student confusion. Proficient The teacher clearly communicates instructional purpose of the lesson, including where it is situated within broader learning, and explains procedures and directions clearly. Distinguished The teacher links the instructional purpose of the lesson to student interests; the directions and procedures are clear and anticipate possible student misunderstanding. The teacher’s explanation of the content may contain Teacher’s explanation of content is well scaffolded, The teacher’s explanation of content is thorough and The teacher’s spoken or written language contains errors of grammar or syntax. minor errors; some portions are clear; other portions are difficult to follow. clear and accurate, and connects with students’ knowledge and experience. The teacher’s vocabulary is inappropriate, vague, or used incorrectly, leaving students confused. The teacher’s explanation consists of a monologue, with no invitation to the students for intellectual engagement. During the explanation of content, the teacher invites student intellectual engagement. Teacher’s spoken language is correct; how- ever, his or her vocabulary is limited, or not fully appropriate to the students’ ages or backgrounds. Element 3b Questioning and Discussion Techniques Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory Teacher’s questions are of low cognitive challenge, require single correct responses, and are asked in rapid succession. Basic Teacher’s questions lead students through a single path of inquiry, with answers seemingly determined in advance. Interaction between teacher and students is predominantly recitation style, with the teacher mediating all questions and answers. Alternatively, the teacher attempts to frame some questions designed to promote student thinking and understanding, but only a few students are involved. A few students dominate the discussion. Teacher attempts to engage all students in the discussion and to encourage them to respond to one another, but with uneven results. Teacher’s spoken and written language is clear and correct and uses vocabulary appropriate to the students’ ages and interests. Proficient Although the teacher may use some low-level questions, he or she asks the students questions designed to promote thinking and understanding. Teacher creates a genuine discussion among students, providing adequate time for students to respond and stepping aside when appropriate. Teacher successfully engages most students in the discussion, employing a range of strategies to ensure that most students are clear, developing conceptual understanding through artful scaffolding and connecting with students’ interests. Students contribute to extending the content and help explain concepts to their classmates. The teacher’s spoken and written language is expressive, and the teacher finds opportunities to extend students’ vocabularies. Distinguished Teacher uses a variety or series of questions or prompts to challenge students cognitively, advance high-level thinking and discourse, and promote metacognition. Students formulate many questions, initiate topics, and make unsolicited contributions. Students themselves ensure that all voices are heard in the discussion. heard. Element 3c Engaging Students in Learning Unsatisfactory The learning tasks and activities, materials, resources, instructional groups and technology are poorly aligned with the instructional outcomes or require only rote responses. Basic The learning tasks and activities are partially aligned with the instructional outcomes but require only minimal thinking by students, allowing most to be passive or merely compliant. The pace of the lesson is too slow or too rushed. The pacing of the lesson may not provide students the time needed to be intellectually engaged. Few students are intellectually engaged or interested. Proficient The learning tasks and activities are aligned with the instructional outcomes and designed to challenge student thinking, the result being that most students display active intellectual engagement with important and challenging content and are supported in that engagement by teacher scaffolding. The pacing of the lesson is appropriate, providing most students the time needed to be intellectually engaged. Distinguished Virtually all students are intellectually engaged in challenging content through well-designed learning tasks and suitable scaffolding by the teacher and fully aligned with the instructional outcomes. In addition, there is evidence of some student initiation of inquiry and of student contribution to the exploration of important content. The pacing of the lesson provides students the time needed to intellectually engage with and reflect upon their learning and to consolidate their understanding. Students may have some choice in how they complete tasks and may serve as resources for one another. Element 3d Using Assessment in Instruction Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory There is little or no assessment or monitoring of student learning; feedback is Basic Assessment is used sporadically by teacher and/or students to support Proficient Assessment is used regularly by teacher and/or students during the lesson through Distinguished Assessment is fully integrated into instruction through extensive use of formative absent or of poor quality. Students do not appear to be aware of the assessment criteria and do not engage in self-assessment. instruction through some monitoring of progress in learning. Feedback to students is general, students appear to be only partially aware of the assessment criteria used to evaluate their work, and few assess their own work. Questions, prompts, and assessments are rarely used to diagnose evidence of learning. monitoring of learning progress and results in accurate, specific feedback that advances learning. Students appear to be aware of the assessment criteria; some of them engage in selfassessment. Questions, prompts, assessments are used to diagnose evidence of learning. assessment. Students appear to be aware of, and there is some evidence that they have contributed to, the assessment criteria. Students self-assess and monitor their progress. A variety of feedback, from both their teacher and their peers, is accurate, specific, and advances learning. Questions, prompts, assessments are used regularly to diagnose evidence of learning by individual students. Element 3e Demonstrating Flexibility and Responsiveness Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Unsatisfactory Teacher adheres to the instruction plan in spite of evidence of poor student understanding or lack of interest. Basic Teacher attempts to modify the lesson when needed and to respond to student questions and interests, with moderate success. Teacher ignores student questions; when students experience difficulty, the teacher blames the students or their home environment. Teacher accepts responsibility for student success but has only a limited repertoire of strategies to draw upon. Proficient Teacher promotes the successful learning of all students, making minor adjustments as needed to instruction plans and accommodating student questions, needs, and interests. Drawing on a broad repertoire of strategies, the teacher persists in seeking approaches for students who have difficulty learning. Distinguished Teacher seizes an opportunity to enhance learning, building on a spontaneous event or student interests, or successfully adjusts and differentiates instruction to address individual student misunderstandings. Teacher persists in seeking effective approaches for students who need help, using an extensive repertoire of instructional strategies and soliciting additional resources from the school or community. Domain 4: Professionalism Element 4a. Reflecting on Teaching Element 4b Maintaining Accurate Records Unsatisfactory Teacher does not know whether a lesson was effective or achieved its instructional outcomes, or he/she profoundly misjudges the success of a lesson. Teacher has no suggestions for how a les- son could be improved. Basic Teacher has a generally accurate impression of a lesson’s effectiveness and the extent to which instructional outcomes were met. Unsatisfactory Teacher’s system for maintaining information on student completion of assignments and student progress in learning is nonexistent or in disarray. Basic Teacher’s system for maintaining information on student completion of assignments and student progress in learning is rudimentary and only partially effective. Teacher’s records for noninstructional activities are in disarray, resulting in errors and confusion. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Teacher makes general suggestions about how a lesson could be improved. Teacher’s records for noninstructional activities are adequate but require Proficient Teacher makes an accurate assessment of a lesson’s effectiveness and the extent to which it achieved its instructional outcomes and can cite general references to support the judgment. Teacher makes a few specific suggestions of what could be tried another time the lesson is taught. Proficient Teacher’s system for maintaining information on student completion of assignments, student progress in learning, and non-instructional records is fully effective. Distinguished Teacher makes a thoughtful and accurate assessment of a lesson’s effectiveness and the extent to which it achieved its instructional out- comes, citing many specific examples from the lesson and weighing the relative strengths of each. Drawing on an extensive repertoire of skills, teacher offers specific alternative actions, complete with the probable success of different courses of action Distinguished Teacher’s system for maintaining information on student completion of assignments, student progress in learning, and non-instructional records is fully effective Students contribute information and participate in maintaining the records frequent monitoring to avoid errors. Element 4c Communicating with Families Unsatisfactory Teacher communication with families— about the instructional program, about individual students— is sporadic or cultur- ally inappropriate. Teacher makes no attempt to engage fami- lies in the instructional program Element 4d Participating in a Professional Community Unsatisfactory Teacher’s relationships with colleagues are negative or self-serving. Teacher avoids participation in a professional culture of inquiry, resisting opportunities to become involved. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Basic Teacher makes sporadic attempts to communicate with families about the instructional program and about the progress of individual students but does not attempt to engage families in the instructional program. Communications are one-way and not always appropriate to the cultural norms of those families Proficient Teacher communicates frequently with families about the instructional program and conveys information about individual student progress. Basic Teacher maintains cordial relationships with colleagues to fulfill duties that the school or district requires. Proficient Teacher’s relationships with colleagues are characterized by mutual support and cooperation; teacher actively participates in a culture of professional inquiry. Teacher becomes involved in the school’s culture of professional inquiry when invited to do so. Distinguished Teacher’s communication with families is frequent and sensitive to cultural traditions, with students contributing to the communication. Teacher makes some attempts to engage families Response to family in the instructional program. concerns is handled with professional and Information to families is cultural sensitivity. conveyed in a culturally appropriate manner Teacher’s efforts to engage families in the instructional program are frequent and successful. Teacher volunteers to participate in school events Distinguished Teacher’s relationships with colleagues are characterized by mutual support and cooperation, with the teacher taking initiative in assuming leadership among the faculty. Teacher takes a leadership Element 4e Growing and Developing Professionally Teacher avoids becoming involved in school events or school and district projects. Teacher participates in school events and school and district projects when specifically asked to do so. Unsatisfactory Teacher engages in no professional development activities to enhance knowledge or skill. Basic Teacher participates in professional activities to a limited extent when they are convenient. Teacher resists feedback on teaching performance from either supervisors or more experienced colleagues. Teacher accepts, with some reluctance, feedback on teaching performance from both supervisors and colleagues. Teacher makes no effort to share knowledge with others or to assume professional responsibilities. Element 4f Showing Professionalism Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12 Teacher finds limited ways to contribute to the profession. and in school and district projects, making a substantial contribution. Teacher volunteers to participate in school events and district projects making a substantial contribution, and assuming a leadership role in at least one aspect of school or district life. Proficient Teacher seeks out opportunities for professional development to enhance content knowledge and pedagogical skill. Teacher welcomes feedback from colleagues—either when made by supervisors or when opportunities arise through professional collaboration. Teacher participates actively in assisting other educators. Unsatisfactory Teacher displays dishonesty in interactions with colleagues, students, and the public. Basic Teacher is honest in interactions with colleagues, students, and the public. Teacher is not alert to students’ needs and Teacher attempts, though inconsistently, to serve role in promoting a culture of professional inquiry. Proficient Teacher displays high standards of honesty, integrity, and confidentiality in interactions with colleagues, students, and the public. Distinguished Teacher seeks out opportunities for professional development and makes a systematic effort to conduct action research. Teacher seeks out feedback on teaching from both supervisors and colleagues. Teacher initiates important activities to contribute to the profession. Distinguished Teacher takes a leadership role with colleagues and can be counted on to hold to the highest standards of honesty, integrity, and confidentiality. Teacher is highly proactive in contributes to school practices that result in some students’ being ill served by the school. students. Teacher does not knowingly contribute to some students’ being ill served by the school. Teacher is active in serving students, working to ensure that all students receive a fair opportunity to succeed. Teacher makes decisions and recommendations based on self-serving interests. Teacher does not comply with school and district regulations. Teacher’s decisions and recommendations are based on limited but genuinely professional considerations. Teacher maintains an open mind in team or departmental decision making. Teacher complies minimally with school and district regulations, doing just enough to get by. Teacher complies fully with school and district regulations. serving students, seeking out resources when needed. Teacher makes a concerted effort to challenge negative attitudes or practices to ensure that all students, particularly those traditionally under- served, are honored in the school. Teacher takes a leadership role in team or departmental decision making and helps ensure that such decisions are based on the highest professional standards. Teacher complies fully with school and district regulations, taking a leadership role with colleagues. Draft: Foord, K. 9.9.12