KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK AND HUMAN SERVICES Perspectives on Child Maltreatment and Child Advocacy HS 8821/01 Spring 2012 Instructor: Karen R. Nash, L.C.S.W. Telephone: 770-423-6630 Office: Prillaman Hall Rm. 3319 Office hours: Before and After 6:30PM classes Tues & Weds By appointment or as arranged E-mail: knash8@kennesaw.edu Classroom: Prillaman Hall 3213 Critical Analysis Throughout the class and assignments, students will be expected to use critical thinking and analytic skills to advance a claim or position. They will need to be able to advance alternative arguments and decision strategies. Finally, students will be expected to recognize and evaluate evidence to advance a claim. COURSE DESCRIPTION This course covers the history, comparative perspectives, legal framework and responses to child maltreatment. It also discusses the skills necessary to work in the field and other pertinent issues pertaining to child maltreatment and child advocacy. The field of child maltreatment is fraught with controversy. Much of the class focuses on these controversies. The approach of the course will be from a variety of diverse, professional perspectives including the perspectives of a prosecuting attorney versus a defense attorney. COURSE OUTLINE 1. Critical thinking/analysis & its application to child maltreatment 2. Historical perspectives 3. Philosophical underpinnings 4. Models for understanding child abuse 5. Child maltreatment: current definitions of child abuse and neglect 6. Indicators of abuse 7. Comparative perspectives 8. Legal framework 9. Protocols/multidisciplinary team responses 10. Assessing family dynamics 11. Overview of responses to child maltreatment 12. Understanding the medical issues 13. Unresolved issues of care and service providers 14. Responsibilities of professionals Page 2 OBJECTIVES Students will: 1. Learn about and understand how to apply a model of critical thinking/analysis to child maltreatment issues and research. 2. Understand the historical trends in child maltreatment and child advocacy. Through lectures and readings students will be given the history of the treatment of children including a brief world history and US history. 3. Understand the philosophical underpinnings of responses to children and child maltreatment. Through lectures and readings students will be exposed to the different beliefs through time and through cultures that have shaped the responses to child maltreatment. 4. Understand their own values and perceptions and the impact those could have on their practice. Be able to recognize, using critical thinking skills, when their own values and beliefs interfere with their ability to be objective when working with a client. In class exercises will be used to help students gain insight into their own values and beliefs. Students will also have case studies to review and problem-solve. They will be expected to offer sound reasoning for case plans. Students will learn to distinguish between actual fact, and interpretation of an incident offered as fact. They will also learn, through exercises and case planning, the difference between absolute knowledge and relative knowledge. 5. Become knowledgeable about both civil and criminal laws involved in child maltreatment in selected states. Become aware of the outcomes of child maltreatment laws; be able to critique the effectiveness of the laws and the unexpected outcomes. Students will develop questions for speakers to elicit such information. They will also be encouraged to interview professionals in the field. 6. Become aware of the various issues having to do with child maltreatment and understand the opposing positions surrounding those issues. Be able to provide sound arguments for either position. 7. Become aware of the different perspectives of a prosecuting attorney versus a defense attorney. Students will be given concrete incidents and have to view them from these two opposing perspectives. For example, how would each of these attorneys view a diaper saturated with urine? 8. Understand the roles of the various professionals working in the field and their different world views. Understand how various professionals treat situations differently based on their professional socialization. Class exercises will be used to achieve this objective. Understand how to work effectively with individuals from different professions. 9. Become aware of cultural differences and how they impact responses to child maltreatment. Case studies will involve families from diverse cultures. Also, one of the assignments concerns specific behaviors from different cultures. 10. Become knowledgeable about the complexities of working in the field of child maltreatment. 11. Understand how to identify and respond to child maltreatment. Page 3 12. Understand the skills necessary to do the work. Begin to practice the skills necessary to do good work. Be able to analyze case studies using evidence-based research. Students will be given case studies and be expected to use evidence-based research to support their plans. Students will also learn to critique the reliability of their sources and to recognize biases where they occur. In preparation, students will be shown in class a variety of sources and taught how to look for strengths and weaknesses and possible biases. 13. Become aware of what can be done to both prevent child maltreatment and intervene effectively when it does occur. Lectures, readings, and class assignments will address this area. TEXTS Primary Text 1. Miller-Perrin, C.L. & Perrin, R.D. (2007). Child Maltreatment: An Introduction (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Supplemental Readings may be assigned throughout the course INSTRUCTIONAL PLAN This course will include lectures, small-group discussions and role-play exercises; students will examine relevant case studies, and will complete exercises and assignments that require them to demonstrate mastery of the analyses and skills developed in the course. Academic Integrity Statement Every KSU student is responsible for upholding the provisions of the Student Code of Conduct, as published in the Undergraduate and Graduate Catalogs. Section II of the Student Code of Conduct addresses the University’s policy on academic honesty, including provisions regarding plagiarism and cheating, unauthorized access to University materials, misrepresentation/falsification of University records or academic work, malicious removal, retention, or destruction of library materials, malicious/intentional misuse of computer facilities and/or services, and misuse of student identification cards. Incidents of alleged academic misconduct will be handled through the established procedures of the University Judiciary Program, which includes either an “informal” resolution by a faculty member, resulting in a grade adjustment, or a formal hearing procedure, which may subject a student to the Code of Conduct’s minimum one semester suspension requirement. Accommodations for Students with Disabilities If you believe you qualify for course adaptations or special accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act, it is your responsibility to contact the Disabled Student Support Services office in the Student Development Center and provide the appropriate documentation. If you have already documented a disability or other condition that would qualify you for special accommodations, or if you have emergency medical information or special needs I should know about, please notify me during the first week of class. You can reach me by phone or e-mail, or you can schedule an appointment to meet with me. Page 4 Statement of Diversity and Nondiscrimination Discriminatory and harassing behaviors are reprehensible and will not be tolerated at Kennesaw State University Master of Social Work Program. As they subvert the mission of the University and the MSW program, violate social work code of ethics, and threaten the careers, educational experiences and well being of students, faculty and staff. The University and the MSW program will not tolerate behaviors between or among members of the University community, which create an unacceptable working environment. Similarly, the Instructor will tolerate neither discriminatory nor harassing behaviors between or among students enrolled in the course. The program promotes an atmosphere of inclusion, non-judgmental, and empowerment. CLASS EXPECTATIONS INCOMPLETE POLICY- A grade of Incomplete or “I” will not be given unless the student contacts the instructor and makes special arrangements for making up the required work. Only emergency situations that prohibit a student from completing the course will warrant a grade of “I”. Therefore, it will not be given automatically. ATTENDANCE POLICY- Students are expected to attend each and every class and to arrive on time. Roll will be taken regularly. Students are allowed to miss one class without penalty. After one absence, you will lose 5% of your attendance/participation grade for each additional day missed. Students do not need to notify the professor regarding the reason for their absence(s). Be aware that tardiness will also affect your final grade. Please turn off all cell phones and pagers during class. There is no texting during class. Students may use laptop computers to take notes or to follow PowerPoint presentations. Anyone caught using email, Facebook, twitter, instant messaging or any other similar site or activity during class will be asked to put away their computers and will not be allowed to use them for the rest of the semester. If there are continued violations of these rules, the student will be asked to meet with the professor and a representative from the SCAI office to fill out an Incident Report Form. MAKE-UP POLICY- Make-up exams, as a rule, will not be permitted. Only in extraordinary circumstances this may be considered. If a make-up exam is warranted, it will be an essay exam. ASSIGNMENTS POLICY- All written assignments must be uploaded to GeorgiaView. All assignments will need to be uploaded by the start of class on the scheduled due date. Please be sure to print out your electronic receipt and keep it as a record of the time that you turned it in. Late assignments (after class starts) will be penalized as follows: 1(starting after 3:30p.m.)-2 days (-10%), 3-4 days (-20%), 5-7 days (-30%), 7+ days not accepted. All papers must be completed per APA 5th edition guidelines (see www.apastyle.org). That includes, but is not limited to, using double-spacing, as well as standard fonts (Times New Roman 12) and margins (1 inch on all sides). Page number requirements do not include the cover page, reference pages or appendices**. Page 5 For all assignments: References counted as ‘required’ include ONLY peer reviewed journal articles or book chapters published from a scholarly press (such as Columbia University Press, Free Press, Allyn & Bacon, etc. [ask if you are not sure]). Other references may be utilized; however, they do not count as a required reference. ** The KSU Writing Center is a free service offered to all KSU students. Experienced, friendly writing assistants work with you throughout the writing process on concerns such as topic development, revision, research, documentation, grammar, and mechanics. Rather than edit your paper for you, writing assistants will help you learn strategies to become a better writer on your own. For more information or to make an appointment (appointments are strongly encouraged), visit http://www.kennesaw.edu/english/WritingCenter, or stop by Room 242 in the English Building. PLAGIARISM AND CHEATING - When there is evidence of plagiarism or cheating by a student in this course on a given paper, exam, or graded assignment the student will be given a minimum sanction of no less than a grade of “0” for the assignment, with a maximum sanction of an “F” for the class. In addition, I will report all academic misconduct to the Department of Student Conduct and Academic Integrity (SCAI) and/or other appropriate committees which may result in a student’s being suspended or terminated from the University. CARE OF CLASSROOM – Prillaman Hall is a new building and we ask that students join with us in keeping the space as nice and clean as possible. To that end, no food is allowed in the classroom. Yu may drink water in the classroom as long as it is in an enclosed container/water bottle only. Please respect this policy and thank you for your understanding. *IMPORTANT: COMMUNICATION WITH STUDENTS - All communication will be sent ONLY to your KSU e-mail address on GerogiaView. I will send all enrolled students occasional e-mail updates on course-related information. Please use GeorgiaView to e-mail me as well. COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND METHODS OF EVALUATION Attendance & participation Controversial Topic Group Presentation Child Observation Project Final Exam Exams (2) TOTAL Grading Scale 92-100 = A 84-91=B 74-83=C 62-73=D 5% 20% 20% 25% 30% 100% Page 6 Assignments 1. Attendance and class participation are expected. Students are allowed to miss one class without penalty. Be aware that tardiness will affect your final grade. Students do not need to notify the professor regarding the reason for their absence(s). 2. Group Presentations – Controversial Issues in Child Maltreatment A. Student groups (no more than 2 people) will choose a “controversial” topic and will conduct a literature review exploring all sides of the issue. Groups will turn in detailed outlines of their findings, an annotated bibliography, and a copy of any and all materials presented in class. Students will critique the reliability and validity of each source included in their bibliographies. B. Each item submitted should include, at minimum, the name/e-mail address of the group “chair” C. Initial literature review and presentation outline due in GeorgiaVIEW dropbox on D. Electronic copy of the presentation materials are due in GeorgiaVIEW dropbox before group presentations start. E. Possible Topics: i. Firearms homes ii. Shaken baby syndrome iii. Do all abused children need therapy? iv. Parental rights vs. parens patriae v. Laws holding parents responsible for allowing children to witness domestic violence vi. Family preservation vs. out-of-home placement vii. Corporal punishment viii. Permitting cultural specific actions with children, e.g. cupping and coining ix. Laws allowing parents to forego medical treatment based on religious beliefs x. Grandparents rights/visitation xi. Parental alienation syndrome xii. Tax on pornography to fund child sexual abuse investigations xiii. Termination vs. suspension of parental rights / Reinstatement of parental rights xiv. Same sex foster / adoptive parents xv. Mothers in the military (deployment with no alternative caretakers) xvi. Effects of maltreatment on early brain development/Prevention interventions xvii. Impact of multidisciplinary team approach on child abuse intervention 3. Child Observation Project – Each student is to spend five hours interacting with young children they don’t know—ages 2-5. Use knowledge gained from class and readings about child development during these interactions. Write a paper using critical thinking discussing the experience. Page 7 A. Minimally, address the following issues: In observing and thinking about these children, how objective were you? In what ways did you find yourself observing children through your own personal experiences? How easy or hard was it to not judge situations? For example, do your standards of cleanliness affect how you view a child? Do your standards or expectations of how children should behave impact how you viewed the children during your experience? Finally, how do you see and interact with children now as compared to before this class? B. The time spent with the children must be verified. Documentation forms are due in class. Failure to provide documentation will lower your grade. C. Use APA format (if other, please indicate what); 1” margins; 12 pt. font; doublespaced; student name/ID and page number on each page D. Due in GeorgiaVIEW dropbox before class 4. Exams – Two throughout semester based on lectures and reading assignments 5. Final Exam 6. IF extra credit opportunities are offered, student submissions will be considered only if they adhere to the directions for the specific assignment/activity offered. Appropriate extra credit submissions will be used to “bump” students up to the next higher grade if students are within three (3) points of that grade. NOTE: All written work in this class must be grammatically correct, well-researched and well written. All work should be typed and double-spaced, with student ID numbers and page numbers on each page, unless the assignment specifically indicates otherwise. Work should demonstrate students have put time, thought and effort into it. Work should demonstrate students understand the content and information. Papers should have the appropriate documentation and references. Citations must be placed appropriately throughout the paper. Incorrect or poor grammar, misspelled words, typographical errors, late submissions and plagiarism will result in significantly lowered grades. Page 8 COURSE OUTLINE AND READINGS The instructor reserves the right to alter this syllabus/schedule in order to facilitate the learning experience of the class. 1/10 Introduction and Critical Sign up for Controversial Topic thinking/analysis & its application to child maltreatment Mandated Reporter Statutes 1/17 Models for understanding child abuse o Cultural & structural antecedents o Etiological theory o Integrated theories Philosophical Underpinnings o Paternalism o Adultcentrism in child welfare services o Values & attitudes that can lead to child maltreatment o Personal values and perceptions of abuser/abused Historical Perspectives o History of childhood o Historical development of child welfare services Read GA Mandated Reporter Statutes Read Miller-Perrin & Perrin Chapter 1 & 2 1/24 Child Maltreatment o Statistics/Trends o Recognizing Maltreatment o Physical Abuse o Sexual Abuse o Pattern Injuries 1/31 2/7 Child Maltreatment Neglect Psychological Maltreatment EXAM 1 Chapters 1- 6, readings, and class material Read Miller-Perrin & Perrin Chapter 3 &4 Read National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse & Neglect; “Understanding the effects of Maltreatment on Early Brain Development” Read Summit, Roland, “The Child Abuse Accommodation Syndrome” Read Miller-Perrin and Perrin Chapter 5 & 6 In class activities and video Page 9 2/14 IX. Protocols/Multidisciplinary Team Responses o Who does what? (law enforcement, social workers, doctors, nurses, teachers…) o Working Collaboratively 2/21 Legal Framework o Different courts and jurisdiction o Civil laws o Maltreatment determinations o Criminal laws o Criminal justice system Guest Speaker: TBA Cultural and International Issues in Child Maltreatment Sex Trafficking, Pornography & the Internet Child abuse and developmental disabilities NO CLASS - SPRINGBREAK LAST DAY TO WITHDRAW WITHOUT ACADEMIC PENALTY Student Presentations Laws holding parents responsible for allowing children to witness domestic violence Permitting cultural specific actions with children, e.g. cupping and coining Laws allowing parents to forego medical treatment based on religious beliefs Parental rights vs. parens patriae 2/28 3/6 3/12 3/13 No reading assignment Turn in Lit Reviews and Controversial Topic Outlines Site visit class conducted at a CAC Read Miller-Perrin & Perrin Chapter 8 Review Minn. Stat. 626.556 (and have available in class) Browse attached documents (and have available in class): o GA statute ____ o Georgia criminal child abuse statutes Read Miller-Perrin & Perrin Chapter 7 Bennett & Baladerian (2005) Child Maltreatment and Disabilities Read Miller Perrin & Perrin Chapter 9 Page 10 3/20 Student Presentations Grandparents rights/visitation Family preservation vs. out-ofhome placement Corporal punishment Do all abused children need therapy? 3/27 4/3 4/10 4/17 4/24 5/1 Understanding the Medical Issues o Shaken Baby Syndrome, o Sudden Infant Death Syndrome o Failure to Thrive o Sexual Abuse o Factitious Disorder by Proxy o Methamphetamine addiction: consequences for children Read Miller Perrin & Perrin Chapter 10 Ayoub et al (2002) Def Issues in MbP Wheeler (2003) Intro to Lit on SBS APRI, 3rd Edition (2004), pp. 164-167 Read Miller Perrin & Perrin Chapter 11 EXAM 2 Chapter 7-11 readings, and class material Speaker TBA Student Presentations Parental Alienation Syndrome Firearms in homes Shaken baby syndrome Termination vs. suspension of parental rights / Reinstatement of parental rights Impact of maltreatment on early brain development/Prevention interventions Impact of MDT approach on child abuse interventions Forensic Interviewing Protocols Purpose MDT Review FINAL EXAM Read Cross et al (2007) Forensic Interviewing and Children’s Advocacy Centers Page 11 COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY Abuse of Children Wheel; Domestic Abuse Intervention Project; Duluth, MN; handout. Alexander, Randell, M.D., Ph.D.; “Shaken Baby Syndrome” handout Alvarez, Krisann; Kenny, Maureen; Donohue, Brad; “Why are Professionals Failing to Initiate Mandated Reports of Child Maltreatment, and are There any Empirically Based Training Programs to Assist Professionals in the Reporting Process?” Aggression and Violent Behavior, article in press. Angelica, Jade Christine, Mdiv; We Are Not Alone: A Guidebook for Helping Professionals and Parents Supporting Adolescent Victims of Sexual Abuse; The Hawthorne Press, New York, 2002. Angelica, Jade Christine, Mdiv; We Are Not Alone: A teenage Boy’s Personal Account of Child Sexual Abuse from Disclosure Through Prosecution and Treatment; The Hawthorne Press, New York, 2002. Angelica, Jade Christine, MDiv; We Are Not Alone: A Teenage Girl’s Personal Account of Incest from Disclosure Through Prosecution and Treatment; The Hawthorn Press, Inc.; New York, 2002. APRI, Investigation and Prosecution of Child Abuse, 3rd edition, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2004. APSAC, American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children; “Practice Guidelines: Psychosocial Evaluation of Suspected Psychological Maltreatment in Children and Adolescents”; 1995. Bala, Nicholas; “A Differentiated Legal Approach to the Effects of Spousal Abuse on Children: A Canadian Context”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 301-328. Bancroft, Lundy; Silverman, Jay G.; The Batterer as Parent: Addressing the Impact of Domestic Violence on Family Dynamics; Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA; 2002. Barnett, Ola; Miller-Perrin, Cindy; Perrin, Robin; Family Violence Across the Lifespan; Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA 2005. Bechtel, Kirsten, etc. “Characteristics That Distinguish Accidental From Abusive Injury in Hospitalized Young Children With Head Trauma”, Pediatrics Vol 114 No. 1 July 2004, p. 165-168. Bottoms, Nielsen, Murray, & Filipas; “Religion-Related Child Physical Abuse: Characteristics and Psychological Outcomes”; in Mullings, Janet; Marquart, James; Hartley, Deborah, editors; The Victimization of Children; Haworth Press, New York, 2003. Bruhm, Christina M.; “Children with Disabilities: Abuse, Neglect, and the Child Welfare System”; in Mullings, Janet; Marquart, James; Hartley, Deborah; The Victimization of Children; Haworth Press, New York, 2003. Page 12 Busch, Ruth; Robertson, Neville; “Innovative Approaches to Child Custody & Domestic Violence in New Zealand: The Effects of Law Reform on the Discourses of Battering”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 269-297. Byard, Roger, “Unexpected Infant Death: Lessons from the Sally Clark Case”, MJA, Volume 181 Number 1, July 2004. Cannon, Angie; “Juvenile Injustice”, U.S. News & World Report, 8/9/2004, p. 28-32. Chaffin, Mark; Bonner, Barbara; “Family Preservation and Family Support Programs: Child Maltreatment Outcomes Across Client Risk Levels and Program Types”; Child Abuse and Neglect 25 (2001) 1269-1289. Child Abuse Investigation Checklist Echlin, Carole; Osthoff, Bina; “Child Protection Workers & Battered Women’s Advocates Working Together to End Violence Against Women & Children”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 207-219. De Anda, Diane; Social Work with Multicultural Youth; 2003. Dutton, Donald G. “Witnessing Parental Violence as a Traumatic Experience Shaping the Abusive Personality”; editors, Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 59-67. Eisen, ML; Qin, J; Goodman GS; Davis, SL; “Memory and Suggestibility in Maltreated Children: Age, Stress Arousal, Dissociation, and Psychopathology”; Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 83, 2002. Fishel, Fennell; “Parent Education: An Evaluation of STEP on Abusive Parents’ Perceptions and Abuse Potential”; Journal of Child Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 1998, Jul.-Sep. 11(3): 107-125. Friend, Colleen; “Aligning with the Battered Woman to Protect Both Mother & Child: Direct Practice & Policy Implications”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 253-267. Fontes, Lisa Aronson; Child Abuse and Culture: Working with Diverse Families; Gilford Press, N.Y.N.Y. 2005. Fontes, Lisa Aronson; Sexual Abuse in Nine North American Cultures: Treatment & Prevention; Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 1995. “Forty Developmental Assets”; Handout; Search Institute, Minneapolis, MN 1997. Gambino, Veryl; “Testifying Tips for Child Abuse Investigators”; NCPCA Update Newsletter, vol. 12, no. 5, 1999. Page 13 Gabriel, Martha; “Surviving Listening and Witnessing: Vicarious Traumatization in Social Workers Practitioners”; August 2001; handout. Geddie, Lane; Fradin, Sasha; Beer, Jessica; “Child Characteristics Which Impact Accuracy of Recall and Suggestibility in Preschoolers: Is Age the Best Predictor?” Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 24, no. 2 p. 223-235, 2000. Geffner, Robert A., Ph.D.; Jaffe, Peter G., Ph.D.; Sudermann, Marlies, Ph.D. editiors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, and Policy Development; The Haworth Press, Inc., New York, 2000. Gelles, Richard; “Controversies in Family Preservation Programs”; ”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 239- 252. Giardino, Angelo P. M.D., Ph.D.; Giardino, Eileen, R., Ph.D.,R.N., C.R.N.P.; Recognition of Child Abuse for the Mandated Reporter; G.W. Medical Publishing, Inc. St. Louis, MO., 2002. Eileen, R., Ph.D.,R.N., C.R.N.P.; Giardino, Angelo P. M.D., Ph.D.; Nursing Approach to the Evaluation of Child Maltreatment; G.W. Medical Publishing, Inc. St. Louis, MO., 2003. Hilton, N. Zoe; “The Role of Attitudes & Awareness in Anti-Violence Education”; in Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD editors; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 221-238. Hill, Malcolm; Aldgate, Jane; Child Welfare Services: Developments in Law, Policy, Practice and Research: Jessica Kingley Publishers, Bristol, Pennsylvania; 1996. Holmes, Lori S., MA, LISW; Vieth, Victor; “Finding Words/Half a Nation: The Forensic Interview Training Program of CornerHouse and APRI’s National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse”; The APSAC Advisor; Wintor, 2003, p. 4-8. Jones, Karyn Dayle; “The Impact of Learning about Child Abuse Trauma”; Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, vol. 4, spring 2002. Karr-Morse, Robin, and Wiley, Meredith S.; Ghosts from the Nursery: tracing the roots of violence; the Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997. Kempe, Henry C.; etc. “The Battered-Child Syndrome”, from 181 JAMA 17, July 7, 1962. Kleinman, Paul; “Diagnostic Imaging in Infant Abuse”; 155 American Journal of Radiology 703 (1990), Nov. 17, 1992. Kreston, Susan; “Skin Over Blood Over Bones: Failure to Thrive”, American Prosecutors Research Institute, vol. 15, no. 6, 2002. Lazoritz, Stephen, MD and Palusci, Vincent, MD; editors; The Shaken Baby Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach; The Hawthorne Press, New York, 2002. Lee, Devon, May, James, O’Keefe; “Tips for Investigating Child Fatalities”; NCPCA Update Newsletter, vol. 13, no. 1, 2000. Page 14 Levendosky, Alytia A.; Graham-Bermann, Sandra A.; “Trauma & Parenting in Battered Women: An Addiction to an Ecological Model of Parenting”; editors, Geffner, Robert A. PhD.; Jaffe, Peter G. PhD.; Sudermann, Marlies, PhD; Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, & Policy Development; Hawthorne Press, New York, 2000, p. 25-35. Levitt, Carolyn; “Diagnostic Assessment of Overlooked Forms of Child Abuse: Neglect, Endangerment, and Failure to Thrive”; speaker materials-handout. Levitt, Carolyn, MD; “Medical Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child”; Family Violence and Abusive Relationships; vol. 20, no. 2, June 1993, pages 343-353. Levitt, Carolyn, MD; “The Medical Examination in Child Sexual Abuse: A Balance Between History and Exam”; Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 1(4), 1992. McWhirter, J. Jeffries; McWhirter, Benedict T.; McWhirter, Ellen Hawley; McWhirter, Robert J.; At Risk Youth: A Comprehensive Response, 3rd edition; Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, 2004. Markenson, David; Foltin, George; Tunik, Michael; “Knowledge and Attitude Assessment and Education of Prehospital Personnel in Child Abuse and Neglect: Report of a National Blue Ribbon Panel”; Prehospital Emergency Care, Philadelphia: Jul/Sep 2002, Vol. 6, Iss. 3, p. 261-273. Minnesota Department of Human Services; “Guidelines for Responding to the Cooccurrence of Child Maltreatment and Domestic Violence”, 2002. Mitchell, Kimberly J.; Finkelhor, David; Wolak, Janis; “Victimization of Youths on the Internet”; in Mullings, Janet; Marquart, James; Hartley, Deborah; editors; The Victimization of Children; The Hawthorn Press; New York; 2003. Moreno, Joelle Anne, J.D.; “A Courtroom Diagnosis: Countering the Defense of Temporary Brittle Bone Disease and Mild OI”; APRI Update; National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse; vol. 16, no. 8, 2004. Mullings, Janet; Marquart, James; Hartley, Deborah; The Victimization of Children; Haworth Press, New York, 2003. Myers, Berliner, Brierc, Hendrix, Jenny, & Read; The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment, 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks, CA Sage, 2002. Myers, John E. B., A History of Child Protection in America, Xlibris Corporation, Internet, 2004. Myers, John E.B.; Goodman, Gail S.; Saywitz, Karen; “Psychological Research on Children as Witnesses: Practical Implications for Forensic Interviews and Courtroom Testimony”; Pacific Law Journal, vol. 27, p. 1-82; 1996. National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information; “Child Maltreatment 2002: Summary of Key Findings”; April 2004. National Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information; “Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on Early Brain Development”; October 2001. O’Brien, Thomas; Child Welfare in the Legal Setting, Hawthorne Press, New York, 2004. Page 15 Olafson, Erna; “Introduction to New Series by Major Trainers About Child Forensic Interview Training Programs”; The APSAC Advisor, winter 2003. Olafson, Erna; Kenniston, Julie; “The Child Forensic Interview Training Institute of the Childhood Trust, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital”, The APSAC Advisor, winter 2004, p. 11-19. Palusci, Vincent; “The Role of Health Care Professionals in the Response to Child Victimization”; in Mullings, Janet; Marquart, James; Hartley, Deborah; The Victimization of Children; Haworth Press, New York, 2003. Parrish, Rob; “Death by Pneumonia is Murder? Child Homicide Without a ‘Fatal’ Injury”; APRI, vol. 11, no. 6, 1998. 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