TEMPLATE SOP FOR SAFELY WORKING WITH CYANIDES
[Enter text in the highlighted words in italics to include specifics for your laboratory.]
Note: Enter your specific cyanide chemical name in any “cyanide” field and click elsewhere. All other “cyanide” fields will be populated with your specific
chemical name.
Standard Operating Procedures for [cyanide]
Cyanide is a fast acting poison that can be lethal at mg doses. When inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin
or mucous membranes, it can cause symptoms ranging from minor respiratory irritation to severe breathing
difficulty, cardiac arrest, convulsions and/or death within minutes. The severity of adverse health effects depends on
the properties of the specific cyanide-containing chemical and the exposure concentration. Personnel using these
chemicals are required to exercise extreme caution and follow these guidelines when working with cyanides,
particularly hydrogen cyanide, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide. Other cyanide-containing chemicals that
require the same or similar precautions include barium, calcium, copper, potassium silver, silver and zinc cyanides
and other soluble cyanide salts. Also, organic nitriles of concern include cyanogen, cyanogen halides, and benzyl and
ethyl cyanides. Less hazardous cyanides may not require all precautions given below, but the procedures and
conditions for use and potential for exposure should be assessed. For example, less hazardous potassium
ferricyanide can emit toxic cyanide fumes when heated to decomposition or comes in contact with acids or acid
fumes. Always consult the Safety Data Sheet/Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS/MSDS) of cyanide chemicals to assess
their hazards and determine safe work practices.
1. Chemicals/Hazards
[Obtain specific chemical hazard information from SDS/MSDS.]
Chemical name: [XXX]
CAS number: [XXX]
Routes of exposure: [XXX]
How exposure might occur: [XXX]
Target organs: [XXX]
Signs/symptoms of exposure: [XXX]
2. Process
[Describe or attach what is being done with [cyanide], including specific laboratory
procedures and quantities used.]
[ Click here to enter text ]
3. Preparation for Use
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
 Purchase the smallest amount of [cyanide] feasible for a specific task, or purchase
[cyanide] diluted to the concentration for use.
 Develop procedures to minimize the potential for any cyanide exposure. If a
severe cyanide exposure could possibly occur, contact EH&S at 206-543-7388 to
discuss obtaining a medical grade oxygen kit or other antidote to have on hand for
first aid response to potential exposures. See “Cyanide Antidotes” below.
 Provide hazardous chemical and specific SOP training to personnel working with
[cyanide] and any other personnel authorized or required to be in the laboratory
or shared space during work with the chemical.
 Enter [cyanide] into MyChem inventory, the online UW chemical inventory
system. Attach SDS/MSDS in the process. Annually review amount of cyanide
stored and update MyChem inventory or confirm amount previously recorded.
 Determine appropriate cleaning and decontamination method(s) for [cyanide].
Many cyanide chemicals are cleaned from surfaces and equipment with a pH 10
buffer solution and then rinsing with a freshly made 10% bleach solution. Ensure
supplies for cleaning/decontamination are readily available.
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 Purchase or assemble supplies for a spill cleanup kit for [cyanide]. Ensure the kit is
maintained, anticipated users are trained in its use and the kit is readily available
in the laboratory.
Cyanide Antidotes
A medical grade oxygen kit and an antidote kit (including amyl nitrite inhalant) for
cyanide exposures in the lab are available by prescription through EH&S. Use of amyl
nitrite may cause serious adverse health effects. Some antidote kit components
must be administered by IV and should only be done by trained medical personnel.
Removal from exposure and treatment with oxygen until arrival at the emergency
department is as effective in most instances as treatment using the antidote kit. See
attached CDC Medical Guidelines for more information.
4. Environmental/
Ventilation Controls
Perform ALL work with [cyanide] in a certified chemical fume hood or other approved
exhausted containment. Test hood to ensure it is functioning properly prior to
beginning work.
5. Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
The following PPE will be worn when working with [cyanide]: [Customize list]
 Disposable nitrile exam gloves
 Two pairs of disposable nitrile exam gloves or one pair of non-disposable nitrile
gloves (minimum 10 mil thickness) when working with cyanides that readily
absorb through the skin, when cleaning up spills and when handling cyanidecontaining liquids.
 Safety glasses with side shields or , if working with a volatile cyanide, chemical
safety goggles
 Lab coat or equivalent. Wear long pants or long skirt, and fully closed shoes.
 If splash or exposure to vapors is possible, wear face protection such as a face
shield, and an impermeable apron with sleeves.
 Respiratory protection is usually not needed when all work is conducted in a fume
hood. If any procedure may pose an exposure hazard, such as generation of
cyanide dust, aerosol or vapor, it should be eliminated or strictly isolated. The only
acceptable respirator for protection against hydrogen cyanide is a tight-fitting full
face respirator with supplied air. Please contact the EH&S Respiratory Protection
Program administrator to discuss respiratory protection or to enroll in the
program. Program enrollment includes medical evaluation, training and fit testing
for an appropriate respirator. Contact EH&S at 206-616-3777 for information or
see https://www.ehs.washington.edu/ohsresp/index.shtm.
Change gloves immediately if contaminated, torn, or punctured.
6. Special Handling
Procedures & Storage
Requirements
HANDLING
Never work alone when working with cyanides!
Weighing and Prep
 For weighing or use, transport [cyanide] from the storage area to the chemical
fume hood in a labeled, sealed non-breakable secondary container. Always
remove cyanide from its secondary container in a chemical fume hood in order to
safely vent any accumulated vapor.
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
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 Perform all weighing and preparation of [cyanide] solutions over plastic-backed
absorbent pads in a chemical fume hood. Dispose of pads immediately upon
contamination and after completion of tasks in a bag labeled as [cyanide]
hazardous waste.
 Wear nitrile gloves for all procedures involving preparation and handling of
[cyanide]. Wear two pairs of disposable nitrile exam gloves or one pair of nondisposable nitrile gloves (minimum 10 mil thickness) when working with cyanides
that readily absorb through the skin, when cleaning up spills and when handling
cyanide-containing liquids.
 Change gloves after each use, or immediately when torn, punctured, or
contaminated. Wash hands thoroughly.
[Describe how cyanide chemical will be weighed and prepared.]
[ Click here to enter text ]
Use
 If applicable, a sharps container specifically for [cyanide] will be in the immediate
vicinity for safe sharps disposal. Avoid use of needles/sharps or use safety sharps
that you are experienced with when possible.
 Place all potentially contaminated disposable items in a separate [cyanide]
hazardous waste bag or container before disposal.
 Non-disposable utensils, glassware, and other surfaces contaminated with cyanide
compounds must be decontaminated at the end of the laboratory work session.
Complete this inside a fume hood before removing any of the items.
 Wash all contaminated surfaces with [cleaning solution] or pH 10 buffer solution
and rinse with a freshly made 10% bleach solution.
 When work completed, remove gloves and wash hands with soap and water.
STORAGE
 Store [cyanide] in tightly sealed labeled container in a locked [select container
from dropdown] away from water and moisture to prevent interactions that
produce toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Sodium and potassium cyanide can react
with water and even humidity to produce hydrogen cyanide gas. Keep [cyanide]
safe from theft in a locked room [room #]. Key to the locked container will be held
by [enter name(s)].
 Store [cyanide] in labeled, sealed non-breakable secondary container within the
locked container, if potential for disturbance or breakage exists.
 Store [cyanide] separately from strong acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and
nitric acid and acid salts as their interaction releases highly flammable and toxic
hydrogen cyanide gas.
 Store [cyanide] away from incompatible chemicals to prevent adverse reactions
including formation of hydrogen cyanide gas. These include oxidizing agents (such
as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, nitrates, chlorine, bromine,
and fluorine), amines, calcium hydroxide, caustic ammonia, sodium carbonate,
iron and magnesium.
TRANSPORT
7. Spill and Accident
Procedures
[Specific cleaning and
waste disposal
 Transport [cyanide] in labeled and sealed non-breakable secondary containers.
Any [cyanide] spills must be cleaned up immediately by properly protected and trained
personnel. All other persons should leave the area. Spill response procedures must be
developed based on the chemical and potential spill or release conditions. Clean up spills
using contents of the spill kit. Do not attempt to clean up any spill if not trained or
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
Page 3
procedures must be
determined.]
comfortable. Since cyanides will react with water to produce toxic hydrogen cyanide
gas, never attempt to clean up cyanide spills with plain water. Evacuate the area and
call 911 for help. If the spill is out of control, call 911. If a person is injured, exposed or
suspected of being exposed to cyanides, call 911 immediately. Follow EXPOSURE
PROCEDURES in section 8 below.
Small Spills inside a fume hood or approved containment
1. Close hood sash, cordon off area.
2. Call EH&S (during business hours (M-F/8-5) 206-543-0467, outside business
hours 911); tell them that a cyanide spill has occurred and you need advice or
assistance. Notify supervisor.
3. Do not attempt to clean up spilled cyanide with plain water since cyanides will
react with water to form toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.
4. Personnel must wear a lab coat or smock, safety goggles, and two pairs of
disposable nitrile gloves (or one pair of non-disposable nitrile or butyl gloves
(minimum 10 mil thickness) or Silver Shield gloves), when cleaning up spills.
5. Liquids: Wipe up spilled liquids with absorbent pads.
6. Solids: Gently cover solid spills with paper towels or absorbent pads wetted with
pH 10 buffer solution to avoid raising dust and then wipe up.
7. Clean the spill area thoroughly with pH 10 buffer solution followed by dilute
bleach solution.
8. If spill is extensive within the containment, clean all interior surfaces after
completion of the spill cleanup as in 7 above.
9. Double bag all waste in plastic bags labeled with the contents and store in fume
hood away from incompatible chemicals or procedures. Submit request to EH&S
for cyanide hazardous waste pick up.
Large Spills inside fume hood or approved containment
1. Close hood sash, cordon off area.
2. Call EH&S (during business hours (M-F/8-5) 206-543-0467, outside business
hours 911); tell them that a cyanide spill has occurred, and that you need help
managing the spill. EH&S will contact a spill cleanup contractor. Notify
supervisor.
3. Be prepared to provide the following information:
 Name and phone number of knowledgeable person that can be contacted
 Name of chemical spilled, concentration and amount spilled, liquid or solid
type spill
 Number of injured, if any (refer below to EXPOSURE PROCEDURES in case of
emergency)
 Location of spill
This information should also be reported to the Emergency Department (ED) after
potential exposure.
Any Spill outside of fume hood or approved containment
1. Evacuate all personnel from the laboratory and restrict access.
2. As soon as possible report the spill by notifying EH&S (during business hours (MF/8-5) 206-543-0467, outside business hours 911); tell them that a cyanide spill
has occurred, and you need help managing the spill. EH&S will contact a spill
cleanup contractor. Notify supervisor.
3. Be prepared to provide the following information:
 Name and phone number of knowledgeable person that can be contacted
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
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
Name of chemical spilled, concentration and amount spilled, liquid or solid
type spill
 Number of injured, if any (refer below to EXPOSURE PROCEDURES in case of
emergency)
 Location of spill
This information should also be reported to the Emergency Department (ED) after
potential exposure.
8. EXPOSURE
PROCEDURES
In Case of Emergency
Any spill incident requires the involved person or supervisor to complete and submit the
Online Accident Reporting System (OARS) form to EH&S within 24 hours (8 hours if
serious injury or hospitalization).
For questions on spill cleanup, contact EH&S spill consultants at 206-543-0467.
If cyanide exposure is suspected call 911 immediately and tell them this is a possible
cyanide poisoning. Before assisting affected person, ensure that assisting does not
cause cyanide exposure to the responder. Do not contact the affected person’s
contaminated clothing or skin without PPE and do not give mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.
Treat all exposures (skin, inhalation, ingestion) seriously. Do not rely on odor threshold
as 20-60% of people cannot detect the “bitter almond” odor of hydrogen cyanide gas.
Symptoms of acute exposure are:
 Weakness, difficulty breathing
 Headache, confusion, dizziness, vertigo
 Nausea, vomiting
 Skin becomes pink/cherry red from cyanide-hemoglobin reaction
 Continued exposure can cause coma, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest
1.
2.
3.
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
Provide First Aid Immediately
 For inhalation exposure, without contaminating yourself, move the individual
out of contaminated area to fresh air while awaiting emergency responders. Do
not give mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose resuscitation, as this may cause
cyanide exposure to the rescuer.

For sharps injury (needlestick or subcutaneous exposure), scrub exposed area
thoroughly for 15 minutes using warm water and sudsing soap.

For skin exposure, use the nearest safety shower for 15 minutes. Stay under the
shower and remove clothing. Use a clean lab coat or spare clothing for cover-up.

For eye exposure, use the eye wash for 15 minutes while holding eyelids open.
Get Help
 Call 911 or go to nearest Emergency Department (ED). Inform them this is a
possible cyanide poisoning and that cyanide antidote should be available. Give
details of exposure:
o
Chemical
o
Dose
o
Route of exposure
o
Time since exposure

Bring to the ED the SDS/MSDS and this SOP with the attached CDC Medical
Guidelines for Cyanides Exposure.

Notify your supervisor as soon as possible for assistance.

Secure area before leaving. Lock doors and indicate spill if needed.
Report Incident to Environmental Health & Safety
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

9. Waste Disposal and
Cleaning
Notify EH&S immediately after providing first aid and/or getting help.
o
During business hours (M-F/8-5) call 206-543-7262.
o
Outside business hours call 206-685-UWPD (8973) to be routed to EH&S
staff on call.
For all incidents and near misses, the involved person or supervisor completes
and submits the UW Online Accident Reporting System (OARS) form to EH&S
within 24 hours (8 hours if serious injury or hospitalization).
Contact EH&S Environmental Programs at 206-616-5835 for assistance with hazardous
chemical waste disposal procedures.







Work space surfaces must be wiped down after completion of tasks with
[cleaning solution]. Absorbent pads will be replaced after completion of tasks or
immediately if contaminated.
Note that many cyanide-containing chemicals are Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) P-Listed (acutely toxic)* chemicals, which have stringent
requirements for waste disposal as listed below. Cyanide chemicals determined
to be less hazardous should be handled and disposed of using procedures given
in the EH&S Lab Safety Manual.
Unused and waste P-listed cyanide solid and solutions must be sealed in labeled
chemically compatible sturdy containers (no more than one quart in volume) for
pickup as hazardous cyanide waste by EH&S.
The bottles a P-listed cyanide was received in, even when empty, must be
managed and collected as hazardous cyanide waste. This also includes empty
vials, syringes, pipette tips, and other containers if the cyanide-containing
chemical was the sole active ingredient in the container.
Used and potentially contaminated absorbent pads, PPE, etc. will be placed in a
labeled hazardous chemical waste bag specifically for the P-listed cyanide.
Submit request to EH&S for pickup.
Used sharps will be placed in sharps containers specifically labeled as containing
P-listed cyanide-containing chemical. Submit request to EH&S for pickup.
Keep cyanide waste materials in closed and labeled dedicated bags and
containers within a fume hood away from incompatible chemicals or procedures
before EH&S pickup.
For chemical waste pickup: Complete either an Online Chemical Waste Collection Request
or a Chemical Waste Collection Request Form (PDF) at
https://www.ehs.washington.edu/forms/epo/1470.pdf. Scan, fax or mail the form to:
chmwaste@uw.edu, FAX to 206-685-2915, or mail to Box 354110.
*barium cyanide, calcium cyanide, copper cyanide, cyanides (soluble cyanide salts not
otherwise specified), cyanogen, cyanogen chloride, ethyl cyanide, hydrogen cyanide,
nickel cyanide, potassium cyanide, potassium silver cyanide, silver cyanide, sodium
cyanide, zinc cyanide
10. Special Precautions
for Use of [cyanide] in
Animals
(if applicable)
Use of [cyanide] in animals will be documented and approved by IACUC.
[Give detailed procedures for safely completing tasks and any special disposal
requirements.]
[ Click here to enter text ]
Particularly hazardous
substance involved?
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
X YES:
NO:
Blocks #11 to #13 are Mandatory
Blocks #11 to #13 are Optional.
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11. Approval Required
All staff working with [cyanide] or having access to it must be trained on this SOP prior to
starting work. They must also review the [cyanide] SDS/MSDS, and it must be readily
available in the laboratory. All training must be documented and maintained by the PI or
their designee.
12. Decontamination
All surfaces and non-disposable equipment must be decontaminated with [cleaning
solution] or washed with pH 10 buffer solution and rinsed with 10% bleach solution.
13. Designated Areas
All work with [cyanide] must be done in a designated laboratory and chemical fume hood.
This work will be conducted in [room #].The [cyanide] chemical will be stored in [room #]
in a locked container.
Name:
Title:
(PI or Lab Manager)
Signature:
Date:
The attached CDC Medical Guidelines for Cyanide Exposure is for medical personnel caring for cyanide exposed
individuals. Please provide this entire document to professional first aid responders and the emergency department.
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
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FOR MEDICAL PERSONNEL:
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the following guidelines to
provide information and guidance to professional medical first responders and emergency
department medical staff in responding to patients with suspected cyanide poisoning.
CDC Medical Guidelines for Cyanide Exposure
(hydrogen cyanide, potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, cyanogen chloride)
GENERAL INFORMATION: Careful observation, supplemental oxygen, and supportive care may be sufficient therapy for
the patient/victim who does not exhibit physical findings of cyanide toxicity. For the patient/victim exhibiting physical
findings of cyanide toxicity, initial treatment consists of administration of antidotes under a physician's direction,
respiratory and circulatory support (oxygen and IV fluids), correction of chemical imbalances in the blood, and seizure
control. Speed is critical. Avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation regardless of route of exposure. Avoid contact with
vomitus, which may off-gas hydrogen cyanide.
ANTIDOTES
Patients who have signs or symptoms of significant systemic toxicity should be evaluated for antidotal treatment.
When possible, treatment with cyanide antidotes should be given under medical supervision to unconscious
victims who have known or strongly suspected cyanide poisoning. There are currently two cyanide antidotal kits
approved by the U.S. FDA. Use either:
 Cyanide Antidotal Kit that includes amyl nitrite perles and intravenous infusions of sodium nitrite and
sodium thiosulfate; or
 Cyanokit that employs intravenous infusion of hydroxocobalamin (FDA 2006; HSDB 2007).
1.
CYANIDE ANITIDOTAL KIT: Amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate are antidotes for cyanide toxicity;
however, amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite should not be administered to patient/victims suffering from smoke
inhalation, are pregnant or have preexisting hypotension. In these cases, only administer sodium thiosulfate or use
the alternative Cyanokit antidote. The described administration of nitrites is based on a patient having normal
hemoglobin levels. Below normal hemoglobin levels require titration of nitrites.
 For mild to moderate physical findings such as nausea, vomiting, palpitations, confusion, anxiety, dizziness
(vertigo), and/or abnormally fast or deep respiration (hyperventilation):
o Observe the patient/victim and administer 50 mL of a 25% solution (12.5 g) of sodium thiosulfate
intravenously over a period of 10 minutes.
 For severe physical findings such as coma; cessation of breathing (apnea); seizures; slowness of the heart
rate, usually to fewer than 60 beats per minute (bradycardia); abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension);
bluish skin coloring due to abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis); irregular heart beat
(dysrhythmias); and/or accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema):
o Until sodium nitrite becomes available, break one ampule of amyl nitrite into a gauze pad. Out of
every minute, hold the cloth containing amyl nitrite held under the patient’s nose, placed under the
lip of a facemask, or over the Ambu-valve intake. The patient should inhale for 30 seconds, and then
remove it for 30 seconds, until sodium nitrite can be administered. A new ampule of amyl nitrite
should be broken into a cloth every 3 minutes. If the patient has not responded to oxygen and amyl
nitrite treatment, infuse sodium nitrite intravenously as soon as possible. Discontinue use of amyl
nitrite when sodium nitrite becomes available. Administer 10 mL of a 3% solution (300 mg) infused
over absolutely no less than 5 minutes. Monitor blood pressure during sodium nitrite administration,
and slow the rate of infusion if hypotension develops (HSDB 2007).
o Next, administer 50 mL of a 25% solution (12.5 g) of sodium thiosulfate intravenously over a period of
10 to 20 minutes. If physical findings persist for 30 minutes after antidote administration, sodium
nitrite and sodium thiosulfate may be readministered at half their original respective doses. However,
methemoglobin levels should be monitored and not allowed to exceed 40%.
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
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2. CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin):
 Infuse hydroxocobalamin (5 g) intravenously over 15 minutes. Depending on the severity of poisoning and the
clinical response, a second dose of 5 g may be administered over 15 minutes to 2 hours (based on patient
condition). The recommended diluent is 0.9% sodium chloride. Some drugs are incompatible with
hydroxocobalamin, in which case, a separate intravenous line may be necessary (Drugs.com 2007).
RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
EYE:
 Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure.
 Immediately wash eyes with large amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes.
 Monitor the patient/victim for signs of whole-body (systemic) effects.
 If signs of whole-body (systemic) poisoning appear, see the Inhalation section for treatment recommendations.
 Seek medical attention immediately.
INGESTION:
 Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure.
 Establish secure large-bore IV access.
 Ensure that the patient/victim has an unobstructed airway.
 Do not induce vomiting (emesis).
 Immediately administer 100% oxygen.
 Prepare a cyanide antidote kit, for use under a physician’s direction, for symptomatic patient/victims. See the
Antidote section for antidote administration procedures.
 Treat seizures with benzodiazepines.
 Seek medical attention immediately.
INHALATION:
 Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure.
 Evaluate respiratory function and pulse.
 Ensure that the patient/victim has an unobstructed airway.
 Immediately administer 100% oxygen.
 Assist ventilation as required.
 If breathing has ceased (apnea), provide artificial respiration with an AmbuBag or similar.
 Establish secure large-bore intravenous (IV) access.
 Prepare a cyanide antidote kit, for use under a physician’s direction, for symptomatic patient/victims. See the
Antidote section for antidote administration procedures.
 Monitor for respiratory distress.
 Seek medical attention immediately.
SKIN:
 Immediately remove the patient/victim from the source of exposure.
 Remove and double-bag contaminated clothing. Flush exposed skin and hair with copious amounts of water for at
least 15 min. Wash with soap and rinse thoroughly with water. For symptomatic patients, provide treatment with
100% oxygen and specific antidotes as needed. Treatment should be given simultaneously with decontamination
procedures.
 Monitor the patient/victim for signs of whole-body (systemic) effects.
 If signs of whole-body (systemic) poisoning appear, see the Inhalation section for treatment recommendations.
 Seek medical attention immediately.
See ATSDR Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures, Hydrogen Cyanide,
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg8.pdf, for detailed recommendations. Last update: 5/8/14.
EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
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[Laboratory Name]
Documentation of Training
Standard Operating Procedure for [cyanide]
Name
SOP Training Date
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EH&S Research and Occupational Safety
December 2014
Signature
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