Graphing With Excel 2003 and 2007
Table of Contents
General Excel Skills
Bar Graphs for Excel 2003
Pie Charts for Excel 2003
Histograms for Excel 2003
Double Bar Histograms for Excel 2003
Scatter Plot for Excel 2003
Time Series for Excel 2003
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts 2007 and 2010
Histogram for Excel 2007 and 2010
Double Bar Histograms for Excel 2007 and 2010
Scatter Plot in Excel 2007 and 2010
Time Series for Excel 2007 and 2010
1
2
3
4
6
8
9
10
12
15
19
22
General Excel skills
1. To select the cells to be graphed, click in the middle of the upper left most cell,
hold the mouse button, then drag to the bottom right corner of the cells you want. Then
let go of the mouse button. All the cells should be shaded slightly, except the first cell,
but don’t worry, it has been selected.
2. Data Array is the group of cells that contain the data. It can be selected as
described above, or by clicking in the first cell then holding down the control and shift
keys while you press the down arrow. An example of a data array is A4:A35. These can
also be typed into a formula.
3. Formulas always start with an equal sign. If you aren’t sure of the formatting
of a formula, which must be done exactly, then click the fx button on the formula bar at
near the top of the screen.
4. Statistics
Mean
Median
Standard Deviation
=average(data array)
=median(data array)
=stdev(data array)
Page 1 of 22
Bar Graphs for Excel 2003
Bar graphs and pie charts are used with qualitative data. In Excel, one column
should show the categories, while the adjacent column should show the counts.
Example:
Top Ten Countries with Highest
Incarceration Rates
United States
Russia
Rwanda
Cuba
Belize
Georgia
Bahamas
Belarus
Kazakhstan
French Guiana
Per
100,000
753
629
593
531
476
423
407
385
382
365
To make a bar graph, highlight the cells shown in gray, select the insert drop
down menu then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you column
charts. The one that is already highlighted is the one you want. Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. It should look acceptable. Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
Page 2 of 22
Pie Charts for Excel 2003
Example
Offense
Violent
Property
Drug
Public-order
Other
Number in 2010
14830
11264
97472
65873
1203
To make a pie graph, highlight the cells shown in gray, select the insert
drop down menu then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you options
for chart types. Select Pie. The one that is already highlighted is the one you want.
Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. It should look acceptable. Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
Number of Sentenced Prisoners in
Federal Prison by Most Serious Offense,
2010
Other
1%
Violent
8%Property
6%
Public-order
35%
Drug
50%
Percentages, values or a new placement of titles can be added by double clicking on the
graph, selecting the data labels tab, then making your desired selection.
Page 3 of 22
Histograms for Excel 2003
To make a histogram for one population, the sequence of steps is to find the
highest and lowest data values, make a frequency distribution, then make a bar graph of
the frequencies.
Low and High
To find the lowest value in the data, type the formula =min(data array). (For
example =min(A4:A35).
To find the highest value in the data, type the formula = max(data array).
Frequency Distribution.
Create lower and upper boundaries. If your classes are [0,2000), [2000,4000),
[4000,6000), etc then create your classes as follows: The upper boundary must be
slightly less than the next lower boundary because of the way in which Excel will count
the data values.
Lower
Upper
Frequency
0
1,999.9
2,000
3,999.9
If you highlight the top two cells in each column, let go of the mouse button and
move the cursor to the bottom right corner of the highlighted cells, the cursor will change
to the auto fill symbol. By clicking and dragging down, Excel will complete the classes,
using the same pattern as you’ve established.
Frequencies
This is tricky, so be careful. Highlight the empty cells in the frequency column
next to the upper boundaries. Move the cursor out of the way without clicking. Type the
formula
= frequency (data array, bin array). The data array are the cells with the
data, the bin array are the cells with the upper boundary. Hold the control and shift
keys down while you press enter.
Graph
To make the graph, highlight the frequencies you just created. Select the insert
drop down menu then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you column
charts. The one that is already highlighted is the one you want. Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. Notice the numbers under the bars are 1,2,3… instead of the
numbers that are appropriate for your data. Select the series tab. At the bottom is a box
Page 4 of 22
that is labeled Category (x) axis labels: . Click in that box then highlight the lower
boundaries of your frequency distribution. Click Next
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
To make the bars touch each other, double click on a bar to open the Format Data
Series dialogue box. Select the Options tab, then change Gap Width to 0.
To move the numbers to the left so they appear to be between bars, double click
on one of the x axis numbers to open the Format Axis dialogue box. Select the alignment
tab then tip the numbers to a 45° angle. This will cause them to shift slightly to the left.
This is pretty lame, but the best this version of Excel can do.
Frequency
30
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Randomly
Selected US Power Plants, 2010
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
0
00
2,
0
00
4,
0
00
6,
0
00
8,
00
,0
0
1
00
,0
2
1
GHG (1000 Metric Tonnes CO2 equivalent)
Page 5 of 22
00
,0
4
1
Double Bar Histograms for Excel 2003
To make a double bar histogram for two populations, the sequence of steps is to
find the highest and lowest data of all the values, make a frequency distribution with two
columns for frequencies, then make a bar graph of the frequencies.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
B
Santa Fe Scandinavia
146
105
90
55
76
75
130
30
132
119
Low and High
To find the lowest value that is in all columns of data, type the formula =min(data
array). For example =min(A2:B6).
To find the highest value that is in all columns data, type the formula = max(data
array).
Frequency Distribution.
Create lower and upper boundaries that are appropriate for both columns at the
same time. If your classes are [20,40), [40,60), [60,80), [80,100) etc. then create your
classes as follows:
Lower
20
40
60
80
Upper
39.9
59.9
79.9
99.9
Santa Fe
Scandinavia
If you highlight the top two cells in each column, let go of the mouse button and
move the cursor to the bottom right corner of the highlighted cells, the cursor will change
to the auto fill symbol. By clicking and dragging down, Excel will complete the classes,
using the same pattern as you’ve established.
Frequencies
This is tricky, so be careful. Do one frequency column at a time. Highlight the
empty cells in the frequency column next to the upper boundaries. Move the cursor out
of the way without clicking. Type the formula
= frequency (data array, bin array).
The data array are the cells with the data, the bin array are the cells with the upper
boundary. The data for Santa Fe is in the Santa Fe column only. The data for
Scandinavia is in the Scandinavia column only. Hold the control and shift keys down
while you press enter.
Page 6 of 22
Graph
To make the graph, highlight both the Santa Fe frequency column and
Scandinavia frequency column, including the heading. Select the insert drop down menu
then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you column
charts. The one that is already highlighted is the one you want. Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. Notice the numbers under the bars are 1,2,3… instead of the
numbers that are appropriate for your data. Select the series tab. At the bottom is a box
that is labeled Category (x) axis labels: . Click in that box then highlight the lower
boundaries of your frequency distribution. Click Next
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
To make the bars touch each other, double click on a bar to open the Format Data
Series dialogue box. Select the Options tab, then change Gap Width to 0.
To move the numbers to the left so they appear to be between bars, double click
on one of the x axis numbers to open the Format Axis dialogue box. Select the alignment
tab then tip the numbers to a 45° angle. This will cause them to shift slightly to the left.
This is pretty lame, but the best this version of Excel can do.
Page 7 of 22
Scatter Plots in Excel 2003
A scatter plot is used to compare two quantitative variables. Even if there appears
to be a relationship between the two variables, we can not say that one caused the other
(correlation does not imply causation).
Graph
To make the graph, select both columns of data by highlighting the data. Select
the insert drop down menu then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you column
charts. Select XY(Scatter). Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. Click Next
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
To add a trendline and regression equation, click once on any point on the graph.
Under the Chart menu at the top, select Add Trendline. Linear should already be
selected. Click on the options tab then click in the boxes for “Display equation on Chart”
and “Display R-squared Value on Chart”.
Comparison of Flash Card Average and Exam Grade
Average for Math 98
y = 4.4455x + 39.022
2
R = 0.3089
Exam Average (Percent)
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Flash Card Average (in 30 seconds)
Page 8 of 22
14.0
Time Series in Excel 2003
A time series graph is used to see how the dependent variable(s) change over
time. While the process is similar to making a scatter plot, time series data often has a
high degree of autocorrelation, which means that the data are not independent.
Consequently, it may not be appropriate to fit it with a regression line.
Graph
To make the graph, highlight the data, including the year. Select the insert drop
down menu then choose chart.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 1 of 4 - Chart Type) will show you column
charts. Select XY(Scatter). Click next.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 2 of 4 – Chart Source Data) will show you a
preview of the graph. Click Next
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 3 of 4 - Chart Options) will allow you to
enter titles. Do this. Make sure your spelling is correct. Include units where appropriate.
The dialogue box (Chart Wizard Step 4 of 4 - Chart Location) gives you the
option of putting the chart on the spreadsheet or creating a new sheet with the chart. The
default is to put it on the spreadsheet. Click Finish.
US Gross Public Federal Debt
18000
Gross Public Debt (billions)
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
Year
Page 9 of 22
2000
2020
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts 2007
Bar graphs and pie charts are used with qualitative data. In Excel, one column
should show the categories, while the adjacent column should show the counts.
Example:
Top Ten Countries with Highest
Incarceration Rates
United States
Russia
Rwanda
Cuba
Belize
Georgia
Bahamas
Belarus
Kazakhstan
French Guiana
Per
100,000
753
629
593
531
476
423
407
385
382
365
To make a bar graph, highlight the cells shown in gray, select the insert drop
down menu then select Column graphs from the chart portion of the tool bar. Select the
first column graph shown. That will produce a graph without titles.
When you click once on the graph, your tool bars at the top should change. You
should see Chart Tools at the top of the screen with three options, Design, Layout and
Format.
Select the Design menu, then under Chart Layouts, select Layout 9. Click on
each of the three titles to edit.
Page 10 of 22
Pie Charts for Excel 2007 or 2010
Example
Offense
Violent
Property
Drug
Public-order
Other
Number in 2010
14830
11264
97472
65873
1203
To make a pie graph, highlight the cells shown in gray, select the insert
drop down menu then select Pie graphs from the chart portion of the tool bar. Select the
first pie graph shown. That will produce a graph without titles.
Page 11 of 22
When you click once on the graph, your tool bars at the top should change. You
should see Chart Tools at the top of the screen with three options, Design, Layout and
Format.
Select the Design menu, then under Chart Layouts, select Layout1, which will put
the description and percent in, or next to, the portion of the pie chart that it represents.
Click on the title to edit.
To add the number of numbers and percent in each slice, right click on the pie, select
format data labels, then check the desired options.
Page 12 of 22
Histogram for Excel 2007
To make a histogram for one population, the sequence of steps is to find the
highest and lowest data values, make a frequency distribution, then make a bar graph of
the frequencies.
Low and High
To find the lowest value in the data, type the formula =min(data array). (For
example =min(A4:A35).
To find the highest value in the data, type the formula = max(data array).
Frequency Distribution.
Create lower and upper boundaries. If your classes are [0,2000), [2000,4000),
[4000,6000), etc then create your classes as follows: The upper boundary must be
slightly less than the next lower boundary because of the way in which Excel will count
the data values.
Lower
Upper
Frequency
0
1,999.9
2,000
3,999.9
If you highlight the top two cells in each column, let go of the mouse button and
move the cursor to the bottom right corner of the highlighted cells, the cursor will change
to the auto fill symbol. By clicking and dragging down, Excel will complete the classes,
using the same pattern as you’ve established.
Frequencies
This is tricky, so be careful. Highlight the empty cells in the frequency column
next to the upper boundaries. Move the cursor out of the way without clicking. Type the
formula
= frequency (data array, bin array). The data array are the cells with the
data, the bin array are the cells with the upper boundary. Hold the control and shift
keys down while you press enter.
Graph
To make the graph, highlight the frequencies you just created, select the insert
drop down menu then select Column graphs from the chart portion of the tool bar. Select
the first column graph shown. That will produce a graph without titles.
Page 13 of 22
When you click once on the graph, your tool bars at the top should change. You
should see Chart Tools at the top of the screen with three options, Design, Layout and
Format.
Select the Design menu, then under Chart Layouts, select Layout 8. Click on
each of the three titles to edit. The y axis title can be called “frequency” or “number of
observations”.
To make the x axis scale appropriate for the data, right click on any of the
numbers on the x axis, then select select data. In the dialogue box, under the words
Horizontal (Category) Axis Labels, click on the edit button. In the Axis Labels dialogue
box, the cursor should be in the space marked Axis label range. Highlight the lower
boundaries of your frequency distribution. Then click ok. Then click ok again. To make
these numbers shift to the left, click on one of them, select the Home menu item at the top
of the computer screen then click the left justify icon.
To put a border around the columns, right click on a bar then select Format Data
Series, then select Border Color to add a border around the bars.
Page 14 of 22
Page 15 of 22
Double Bar Histograms for Excel 2007
To make a double bar histogram for two populations, the sequence of steps is to
find the highest and lowest data of all the values, make a frequency distribution with two
columns for frequencies, then make a bar graph of the frequencies.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
B
Santa Fe Scandinavia
146
105
90
55
76
75
130
30
132
119
Low and High
To find the lowest value that is in all columns of data, type the formula =min(data
array). For example =min(A2:B6).
To find the highest value that is in all columns data, type the formula = max(data
array).
Frequency Distribution.
Create lower and upper boundaries that are appropriate for both columns at the
same time. If your classes are [20,40), [40,60), [60,80), [80,100) etc. then create your
classes as follows:
Lower
20
40
60
80
Upper
39.9
59.9
79.9
99.9
Santa Fe
Scandinavia
If you highlight the top two cells in each column, let go of the mouse button and
move the cursor to the bottom right corner of the highlighted cells, the cursor will change
to the auto fill symbol. By clicking and dragging down, Excel will complete the classes,
using the same pattern as you’ve established.
Frequencies
This is tricky, so be careful. Do one frequency column at a time. Highlight the
empty cells in the frequency column next to the upper boundaries. Move the cursor out
of the way without clicking. Type the formula
= frequency (data array, bin array).
The data array are the cells with the data, the bin array are the cells with the upper
boundary. The data for Santa Fe is in the Santa Fe column only. The data for
Scandinavia is in the Scandinavia column only. Hold the control and shift keys down
while you press enter.
Page 16 of 22
Graph
To make the graph, highlight both the Santa Fe frequency column and
Scandinavia frequency column, including the heading, select the insert drop down menu
then select Column graphs from the chart portion of the tool bar. Select the first column
graph shown. That will produce a graph without titles.
When you click once on the graph, your tool bars at the top should change. You
should see Chart Tools at the top of the screen with three options, Design, Layout and
Format.
Select the Design menu, then under Chart Layouts, select Layout 8. Click on
each of the three titles to edit. The y axis title can be called “frequency” or “number of
observations”.
To make the x axis scale appropriate for the data, right click on any of the
numbers on the x axis, then select select data. In the dialogue box, under the words
Horizontal (Category) Axis Labels, click on the edit button. In the Axis Labels dialogue
box, the cursor should be in the space marked Axis label range. Highlight the lower
boundaries of your frequency distribution. Then click ok. Then click ok again. To make
these numbers shift to the left, click on one of them, select the Home menu item at the top
of the computer screen then click the left justify icon.
Page 17 of 22
Notice that this graph is missing the legend. To put in the legend, under Chart
Tools, select Layout. Under Labels, select Legend and then pick the option you prefer,
such as Legend on Bottom.
Page 18 of 22
Scatter Plot in Excel 2007
Graph
To make the graph, highlight both data columns, but don’t including the heading.
Select the insert drop down menu then select Scatter graphs from the chart portion of the
tool bar. Select the first Scatter graph shown. That will produce a graph without titles.
When you click once on the graph, your tool bars at the top should change. You
should see Chart Tools at the top of the screen with three options, Design, Layout and
Format.
Select the Design menu, then under Chart Layouts, select Layout 1 to put in titles
but not to put in the regression line. Click on each of the three titles to edit.
Page 19 of 22
Select Layout 9 to include the regression line, equation and r2 value.
To find the p-value to determine if there is significant correlation, you may need to install
the Data Analysis Tool Pack.
Click on the Windows Button in the top left corner of the screen. (On 2010 select the file
tab)
Select Excel Options at the bottom of the box (On 2010, select Options)
On the left side, select Add-Ins
At the bottom, next to where it says Excel Add-ins, click on Go
Check the first box, which says Analysis ToolPak.
On Pierce College Computers, this will result in a downloading of this add-in.
On your home computer, you will need your Excel disk at this time.
Page 20 of 22
To do the actual Analysis:
Select the data tab,
Select the data analysis option (near the top right side of the screen)
Select Regression
Fill in the spaces for the y and x data ranges.
Click ok.
A new spreadsheet will be created. An example of the summary output is shown below.
SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Standard Error
Observations
0.555766
0.308876
0.283278
11.40744
29
This number is the absolute value of the correlation coefficient
You will need to find the sign
This is the same r2 value as will appear on the graph.
ANOVA
df
Regression
Residual
Total
Intercept
Flash Card Average
(30 sec)
MS
1570.246
130.1298
F
12.06677
Significance
F
0.001748
This is the p-value
1
27
28
SS
1570.246
3513.504
5083.75
Coefficients
39.02162
Standard
Error
11.0994
t Stat
3.515651
P-value
0.001569
Lower 95%
16.24753
Upper
95%
61.79571
Lower
95.0%
16.24753
Up
95
61.7
4.445548
1.279764
3.473726
0.001748
1.81969
7.071406
1.81969
7.07
The hypotheses being tested are:
H0: ρ = 0 (no correlation)
H1: ρ ≠ 0 (significant correlation)
Page 21 of 22
Time Series in Excel 2007 and 2010
A time series graph is used to see how the dependent variable(s) change over
time. While the process is similar to making a scatter plot, time series data often has a
high degree of autocorrelation, which means that the data are not independent.
Consequently, it may not be appropriate to fit it with a regression line.
Highlight the columns with the data you want to graph (Columns A and B). The
column with time (years) should always be the left most column that is highlighted.
Select the Insert ribbon, then choose Scatter. Modify the graph using design
layout 1 so you can add the titles.
Page 22 of 22