Chapter 4 Probability and Heredity Section 2 I can… explain the role of probability in a genetic cross Warm Up: If a mother rabbit is hybrid for black fur, and black fur is dominant, how would you write her alleles? Wrap Up: Draw a punnett square for the cross: Hh x Hh Principles of Probability Probability: the number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur Coin toss: two possible ways that the coin will land (heads up or tails up) 1 in 2 chance, ½, 50% The Laws of Probability predict what is LIKELY to occur Independence of Events When you toss a coin more than once, the results of one toss do not affect the results of the next toss Principles of Probability with Genetics Mendel realized that the mathematical principles of probability applied to his work He could say that the probability of producing… A tall plant was 3 in 4 A short plant was 1 in 4 HOW?! Something called…. PUNNETT SQUARES Punnett square: a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross They show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross and determine the probability of that outcome Example Hybrid (one dominant, one recessive) R: round seed (dominant) r: wrinkled seed (recessive) R r R r RR Rr Rr rr Using a Punnett Square Use a Punnett square to calculate the probability In a genetic cross, the allele that each parent will pass on to its offspring is based on probability What is the probability that the offspring will be RR? What is the probability that the offspring will be rr? 50% or 2 in 4 What is the probability that the offspring will be a round seed? 25% or 1 in 4 What is the probability that the offspring will be Rr? 25% or 1 in 4 75% or 3 in 4 What is the probability that the offspring will be a wrinkled seed? 25% or 1 in 4 Predicting Probabilities Dominant: black fur Recessive: white fur What are the possible allele combinations? Bb What is the probability the guinea pig has black fur? 100% Phenotypes and Genotypes Phenotype: physical appearance, or visible traits Genotype: genetic makeup, or allele combination What is the dominant trait? What is the recessive trait? Smooth pods Pinched How many different phenotypes? How many different genotypes? Homozygous and Heterozygous Purebred SS or ss Hybrid = two identical alleles = homozygous Ss = two different alleles = heterozygous Codominance Codominance: the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive Both results are expressed in the offspring, black and white feathers Will the offspring be heterozygous? Or homozygous?