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Unit 2 – The Protestant Reformation
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Protestant Reformation
-Summarize the state of religion in Europe in 1500
-Explain how the Protestant Reformation began
-List and explain the four causes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe
I.
The Protestant Reformation
a. Definition and description
i. PR = time period of serious criticism of the Catholic Church & start of Protestantism in
Europe
ii. Religion in Europe in 1500
1. Christianity primary religion in Europe – only church was Catholic Church
iii. How the Protestant Reformation began
1. Began in town of Wittenberg in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany today) a
group of about 300 states, many of which were the size of counties in PA
iv. Causes
1. Social – Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question
the Church & the Printing Press spread ideas critical of it.
2. Political – Monarchs challenged Church and its supreme power as many leaders
viewed the Pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
3. Economic – Princes & kings jealous of Church’s power and merchants resented
paying its taxes
4. Religious – Some Church leaders became corrupt and the people found the sale of
indulgences unacceptable
i. Indulgence = pass to heaven/forgiveness of sins (typically earned)
ii. Pope Leo X approved selling them
iii. John Tetzel sold them in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther lived
iv. Martin Luther – Theology at Univ. of Wittenberg, started
Protestantism
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Protestant Reformation
-Summarize the state of religion in Europe in 1500
-Explain how the Protestant Reformation began
-List and explain the four causes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe
Protestant Reformation
Definition
State of religion in
Europe in 1500
Explain the origins of the
Protestant Reformation
List and explain the four
causes of the PR
1.
-----------------------------2.
-----------------------------3.
-----------------------------4.
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Five centuries before Facebook and the Arab
spring, social media helped bring about the
Reformation
IT IS a familiar-sounding tale: after decades of simmering discontent a new form of media gives
opponents of an authoritarian regime a way to express their views, register their solidarity and coordinate their actions. The protesters' message spreads virally through social networks, making it
impossible to suppress and highlighting the extent of public support for revolution. The combination of
improved publishing technology and social networks is a catalyst for social change where previous
efforts had failed.
That's what happened in the Arab spring. It's also what happened during the Reformation, nearly 500
years ago, when Martin Luther and his allies took the new media of their day—pamphlets, ballads
and woodcuts—and circulated them through social networks to promote their message of religious
reform.
New post from Martin Luther
The start of the Reformation is usually dated to Luther's nailing of his “95 Theses on the Power and
Efficacy of Indulgences” to the church door in Wittenberg on October 31st 1517. The “95 Theses”
were propositions written in Latin that he wished to discuss, in the academic custom of the day, in an
open debate at the university. Luther, then an obscure theologian and minister, was outraged by the
behavior of Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar who was selling indulgences to raise money to fund the
pet project of his boss, Pope Leo X: the reconstruction of St Peter's Basilica in Rome. Hand over your
money, went Tetzel's sales pitch, and you can ensure that your dead relatives are not stuck in
purgatory. This crude commercialization of the doctrine of indulgences, encapsulated in Tetzel's
slogan—“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, so the soul from purgatory springs”—was, to Luther,
“the pious defrauding of the faithful” and a glaring symptom of the need for broad reform. Pinning a
list of propositions to the church door, which doubled as the university notice board, was a standard
way to announce a public debate.
Although they were written in Latin, the “95 Theses” caused an immediate stir, first within academic
circles in Wittenberg and then farther afield. In December 1517 printed editions of the theses, in the
form of pamphlets and broadsheets, appeared simultaneously in Leipzig, Nuremberg and Basel, paid
for by Luther's friends to whom he had sent copies. German translations, which could be read by a
wider public than Latin-speaking academics and clergy, soon followed and quickly spread throughout
the German-speaking lands. Luther's friend Friedrich Myconius later wrote that “hardly 14 days had
passed when these propositions were known throughout Germany and within four weeks almost all of
Christendom was familiar with them.”
The unintentional but rapid spread of the “95 Theses” alerted Luther to the way in which media
passed from one person to another could quickly reach a wide audience. “They are printed and
circulated far beyond my expectation,” he wrote in March 1518 to a publisher in Nuremberg who had
published a German translation of the theses. But writing in scholarly Latin and then translating it into
German was not the best way to address the wider public. Luther wrote that he “should have spoken
far differently and more distinctly had I known what was going to happen.” For the publication later
that month of his “Sermon on Indulgences and Grace”, he switched to German, avoiding regional
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vocabulary to ensure that his words were intelligible from the Rhineland to Saxony. The pamphlet, an
instant hit, is regarded by many as the true starting point of the Reformation.
As with “Likes” and retweets today, the number of reprints serves as an indicator of a given item's
popularity. Luther's pamphlets were the most sought after; a contemporary remarked that they “were
not so much sold as seized”. His first pamphlet written in German, the “Sermon on Indulgences and
Grace”, was reprinted 14 times in 1518 alone, in print runs of at least 1,000 copies each time. Of the
6,000 different pamphlets that were published in German-speaking lands between 1520 and 1526,
some 1,700 were editions of a few dozen works by Luther. In all, some 6m-7m pamphlets were
printed in the first decade of the Reformation, more than a quarter of them Luther's.
How the spread of Luther’s 95 Theses is similar to Social Media today…
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Identify the Protestants
-Define 95 Theses and explain its importance
-List and explain the six tenants of the Lutheran Church
-Contrast the Lutheran and Catholic Churches
b. Protestantism
i. Broke from Catholic Church in 1517 because they “protested” what the Church was
doing
ii. Started when Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses
1. List of 95 complaints against the Church
2. Nailed to door of the Church at Wittenberg
3. Wanted Church to read them/ make changes
a. Never intended to start a new church
4. Because of the printing press, widely published and spread easily
c. Basis of Lutheran Church (founded in 1522)
i. Faith alone required to go to heaven
1. Catholics were selling passes
ii. Baptism & Communion only required sacraments or sacred traditions
1. Church created new ones to make $
iii. Bible to be used only as a guide – no more Inquisitions of those who disagree
1. Church continued them
iv. The Bible was translated into German so everyone could read it
1. Church continued to publish in Latin, so only educated could read it
v. Church services held in German so average person could listen, understand more, and
learn and that since people were equal priests not needed to interpret Bible for the people
1. Catholic services continued in Latin
vi. Luther denied the authority of the Church. Kings and princes were to be the head of the
Lutheran Church in their own countries.
1. Pope the leader of entire Catholic Church, and therefore of all Christians before
Protestant Reformation.
d. Questions to ponder:
i. Did the Catholics willingly give up this power? Or did they see the Protestant
Reformation as illegitimate?
35
Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Identify the Protestants
-Define 95 Theses and explain its importance
-List and explain the six tenants of the Lutheran Church
-Contrast the Lutheran and Catholic Churches
Protestants = _______________________________________________________________________________
95
Theses
Lutheran Church
Catholic Church
36
Select Quotes From Martin Luther's 95 Theses - 1517 AD - Church History
It was the eve of All Saints Day— October 31st. The year was 1517, and a man named Martin Luther was about to
release something that would light the world on fire.
What was it? The 95 Theses.
Martin Luther, on that October 31st night, was unaware of exactly how great a fire he had lit. In fact, at the time, Martin
Luther did not yet seem to have a desire to break with the Roman Catholic Church, stating the following:
I offer it with a most faithful heart, and one most devoted to your [Lord Albert] most reverend Fatherhood, since I too am
part of your flock. May the Lord Jesus keep your most reverend Fatherhood for ever and ever. Amen. (Introductory
Letter To The 95 Theses, emphasis added)
However, that's not to say that Martin Luther's 95 Theses were uncritical— because they were. Luther writes midway
through his Introductory Letter To The 95 Theses:
Lastly, works of piety and charity are infinitely better than indulgences, and yet they do not preach these with such display
or so much zeal; nay, they keep silence about them for the sake of preaching pardons. And yet it is the first and sole duty
of all bishops, that the people should learn the Gospel and Christian charity: for Christ nowhere commands that
indulgences should be preached. What a dreadful thing it is then, what peril to a bishop, if, while the Gospel is passed
over in silence, he permits nothing but the noisy outcry of indulgences to be spread among his people, and bestows more
care on these than on the Gospel! (Introductory Letter To The 95 Theses)
If you know anything about Martin Luther and his boldness in preaching justification "by grace alone through faith alone in
Jesus Christ alone", but have never read the Ninety-Five Theses, you will probably be a little surprised when you read
through them for the first time. Why? Because that famous doctrine is not even mentioned in them.
It is important to remember that Martin Luther did not instantly become "reformed" when he wrote the 95 Theses. For the
most part, the 95 Theses primarily consisted of objections concerning the sale of indulgences in the church. Luther states:
32. Those who believe that, through letters of pardon [indulgences], they are made sure of their own salvation, will be
eternally damned along with their teachers. (95 Theses)
The sale of indulgences was was a source of funds for the Roman Catholic Church. Those funds were being used to build
a lavish new church building: Saint Peter's Basilica. Luther boldly writes concerning this pricey construction project:
51. Christians should be taught that, as it would be the duty, so it would be the wish of the Pope, even to sell, if
necessary, the Basilica of St. Peter, and to give of his own money to very many of those from whom the preachers of
pardons [indulgences] extract money. (95 Theses)
Luther later states:
86. Again; why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy,
build the one Basilica of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with that of poor believers? (95 Theses)
Such critical objections directly pointed at the Pope did not go unnoticed. Martin Luther was sure to make clear how
indulgences were to be considered:
62. The true treasure of the Church is the Holy Gospel of the glory and grace of God.
63. This treasure, however, is deservedly most hateful, because it makes the first to be last.
64. While the treasure of indulgences is deservedly most acceptable, because it makes the last to be first. (95 Theses)
37
Learning Goal 3 – I will be able to:
-Summarize what happened to Luther and why
-Define Imperial Diet of Worms and explain its importance in the Protestant Reformation
-Define Edict of Worms and explain problems it may present
-Identify the Counter/Catholic Reformation, list the decisions made at the Council of Trent and explain why
they were important
e. Response from Catholic Church
i. Pope called Luther to Rome, tried to scare him into keeping quiet
ii. Luther continued to speak and write against the Church
iii. 1521, Luther summoned to Imperial Diet of Worms
a. Ordered to recant or admit he’s wrong
b. Luther refused, and was excommunicated or kicked out of Catholic
Church
2. Luther returns to Wittenberg and tosses Papal Bull (excommunication papers) into
the fire
iv. Edict of Worms – prohibited reading and distributing of Luther’s works
f. Luther & War
i. Many peasants used ideas about Christian freedom to protest serfdom and revolt against
the rich nobles
ii. Some stayed loyal to the Pope; others did not
iii. Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each German prince has power to decide if his state is
Protestant or Catholic
1. Beginning of religions warfare in Europe
g. Protestant Churches today (non-Catholic Christian Churches)
i. Anglican, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, Baptist
h. The Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation
i. Protestants called it the Counter Reformation because it countered their beliefs
ii. Catholics called it the Catholic Reformation to make it sound as if they were trying to
make major changes within the Catholic Church
iii. The Council of Trent was called in 1545 by Pope Paul III
1. Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final. Anyone who substituted their own
personal interpretation was a heretic
a. Heresy = crime of going against the Church and punishable by death.
2. Faith AND good works required for salvation, not just faith as Luther taught.
3. Sale of indulgences prohibited
4. Agreed to the formation of a new religious order called the Jesuits
a. Founded by a Spanish soldier named Ignatius Loyola
b. Enforced Edict of Worms
5. Created the Index a list of books that a “good” Catholic was not to read b/c they
were considered to be “damaging to the soul” (Index stopped on June 14th, 1966)
6. More Inquisitions – trials of accused heretics
i. Geography
i. Geography played a key role in determining which nations remained faithful to the
Catholic Church and which nations converted to one of the Protestant religions.
ii. Those closest to Italy tended to remain Catholic further away tended to be Protestant
j. Relevance
i. Because of the debate between Protestants and Catholics, religion is still a cause of war in
the world; over ½ of wars fought in the world not over money or land, over religion.
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Learning Goal 3 – I will be able to:
-Summarize what happened to Luther and why
-Define Imperial Diet of Worms and explain its importance in the Protestant Reformation
-Define Edict of Worms and explain problems it may present
-Identify the Counter/Catholic Reformation, list the decisions made at the Council of Trent and explain why
they were important
The Pope
Luther continued
In 1521, Luther called to Imperial Diet of Worms where he
When he refused,
The Edict of Worms
The Peace of Augsburg
Today, Protestant churches include
39
Counter Reformation / Catholic Reformation
Protestants called it the…
Catholics called it the …
Council
of Trent
http://www.tinyurl.com/LammCouncilOfTrent
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The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent played an important part in determining the outcome of the CounterReformation. Along with the part played by the Jesuits and certain individuals, the Council of Trent
was a central feature of the Counter-Reformation. But whether Trent represented a positive move by
the Catholic Church remains contentious.
Any long term change in the Catholic Church depended on the attitude of the pope in power at one
particular time. If there was no desire for change, then there would be no change! Julius III (1550 to
1555) showed little interest in reform. There were those popes who were the opposite and were truly
interested in moving forward the Catholic Church such as Sixtus V (1585 to 1590).
The Council of Trent was called by Paul Ill who was pope from 1534 to 1549 and it first sat in
December 1545. It was finally disbanded in 1563 but though it would appear to have a life span of 18
years, it was only engaged in talks for four and a half years. Most of the popes at this time did not
want to lose power and "they did not feel any enthusiasm for the abolition of abuses which were
lucrative for the Papacy." (Cowie)
The pope did not attend the meetings of the Council and he took no formal part in it. But his legates
ensured that the pope’s views would always be put forward and this meant that there was no danger
in the revival of conciliarism (the Council being superior to the pope).
The Council had been called to examine doctrine and reform. Charles V had wanted abuses looked
at first in an attempt to please the Protestants and hopefully tempt them back to the church. Once
they were back they could look at doctrine. Paul III did not want this as reforms could financially
damage him and concessions could diminish his authority. The result was that two separate sections
dealt with reform and doctrine simultaneously.
The First Session at Trent
The first session of the Council of Trent dealt only with doctrine and made no concessions
whatsoever to the Protestants. A definite Catholic doctrine was established to show clearly the
differences between Catholics and Protestants. This was to prevent any doubts in the future. Five
statements came out of this first session:
1) Scripture and tradition were to be of equal authority - this denied the fundamental Protestant belief
that the Bible alone was the basis of Christian belief.
2) The Catholic Church was to have the sole right in interpreting the Bible and the authority of the
Vulgate was asserted. (The Vulgate was the ancient Latin version of the Scriptures produced by St.
Jerome in the C4th.
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3) Good works were upheld.
4) The seven sacraments were "absolutely necessary channels of divine salvation."
5) Communion in both kinds was forbidden except by express permission of the pope.
This definition was a triumph for Paul Ill and in return he agreed that
·
Bishops and priests were to preach regularly (but how could this be enforced?)
·
Plurality in bishoprics was forbidden
Neither of these affected the power and position of the pope. All of this angered Charles V as the first
session served no other purpose than highlighting the differences between Catholics and Protestants.
The Second Session of Trent
The Council was recalled to Trent for the second session in 1551. On the insistence of Charles
V, Protestants were invited to attend. The Protestants came with two demands:
1) All bishops should be relieved from an oath of obedience to the Papacy.
2) The authority of the councils should be made superior to the Papacy.
Clearly this was unacceptable to the Church but the second session did declare that
·
Pilgrimages and penances were to be upheld
·
The doctrine of transubstantiation was affirmed
·
Communion in both kinds was condemned as were other aspects of the Protestant view.
This was an obvious snub against the Protestants and it also lead to an increase in the absolute
power of the pope. The second session ended in 1552 as a result of the collapse of Charles Vs
position in Germany and the menacing advance of Maurice of Saxony.
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The Third Session of Trent
The third session of the Council of Trent started in 1562. The pope was Pius IV. By 1562
the Jesuits had become far more powerful in the Council and this was at a time in Europe when there
was general chaos. Ferdinand, the brother of Charles V, still hoped for reconciliation with the
Protestants; Charles IX of France supported this in an effort to stave off religious problems in France;
Spanish bishops wanted the authority of the bishops to be declared superior to that of the pope and in
this they were supported by Philip II of Spain. The Italian bishops at Trent would have none of this.
The third session declared:
·
Clerical celibacy was upheld
·
Communion in one kind for the laity was upheld
·
The veneration of images and relics was upheld
·
Bishops were to ordain only suitable men to holy orders and to supervise their moral life
·
Clergy were to reside in their parishes and to perform regular duties.
·
A seminary was to be established in every diocese
This session put an emphasis on the quality of the clergy.
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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Identify Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
-Summarize why he broke England from the Catholic Church
-Explain the Act of Supremacy and the Anglican Church
k. Henry VIII – 1491-1547 – Married 6 times
1. First wife Catherine of Aragon gave him only a daughter.
a. Wanted to divorce his wife to marry the younger Anne Boleyn to get a son
b. Pope refused to grant divorce, so Henry formed his own church.
i. Act of Supremacy of 1534 made him (not the Pope) the head of the
church.
c. Catholics like Thomas More objected, so they were executed
d. Henry broke from the Catholic Church when Pope refused his request for
a divorce
2. No son with Anne Boleyn, so he started seeing Jane Seymour
a. Anne Boleyn not happy about this, so he had her arrested and tried for
treason – found guilty and beheaded
3. Jane Seymour has a son – became Edward VI, she died shortly after giving birth
a. Edward VI king at 9 years old, surrounded by Protestant advisors
i. Served as king for only 6 years
4. Henry marries Anne of Cleves – marriage later annulled
5. Married Catherine Howard
a. He was 50, overweight, she was young & attractive, cheated, beheaded
6. Married Catherine Parr, his final wife
7. Important for breaking England from the Catholic Church
l. Elizabeth I
i. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
ii. Worked with Parliament to solve England’s religious drama
iii. Formed the Anglican Church, a blend of Protestant and Catholic elements.
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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Identify Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
-Summarize why he broke England from the Catholic Church
-Explain the Act of Supremacy and the Anglican Church
45
Why the first settlers came to America…
Henry VIII wants a d_______________________________________________ but does not get one.
Henry VIII breaks E_________________________ away from the C_____________________ Church.
Edward VI supported by the Protestants.
Mary I supported by the Catholics.
Elizabeth I blends the two, called A_______________________________________________________
Puritans want to get C______________ elements out of the church, fail to do so, and Separatists come to
New World on the M____________________________________________________.
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47
Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Define Calvinism
-Identify John Calvin and explain his importance
-Identify the Presbyterian Church and explain why John Knox was important
-Define Theocracy and explain its relevance
-Identify the Huguenots and the Anabaptists
m. Calvinism – Protestant church founded by John Calvin (Luther created Protestantism, but Calvin
spread it!)
i.
Calvin 25 years younger than Luther.
ii.
Belief in predestination
a. God determines at birth the fate of a person’s soul
iii. They believed in the Elect
a. Those chosen at birth to go to heaven.
i. All Calvins believed they were the “Elect”
ii. Spent their lives trying to prove it.
iv.
Spread to Scotland by John Knox, called Presbyterian church
1. Calvin led city government in Geneva
2. Calvin = ideal government was a theocracy
a. Government run by religious leaders
v.
Also spread to France, followers called Huguenots
1. 1572, Catholic mobs in France killed 12,000 Huguenots
vi.
Anabaptists
1. Preached people should be baptized into their faith
2. Taught separation of Church and state
a. Protested theocracy
b. Not all Protestant Churches were the same!
3. Refused to fight in wars
48
Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Define Calvinism
-Identify John Calvin and explain his importance
-Identify the Presbyterian Church and explain why John Knox was important
-Define Theocracy and explain its relevance
-Identify the Huguenots and the Anabaptists
Define
Calvinism
and explain
Calvin’s
importance
Identify the
Presbyterian
Church and
explain why
John Knox
was important
Theocracy
Huguenots
Anabaptists
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John Calvin and John Knox
John Calvin and John Knox were leading figures in the
Protestant Reformation. They helped spread Protestantism
throughout Western Europe.
by Lorri Brown
When Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses in 1517, the Protestant
Reformation was born. Various protestant sects sprang up all across
Western Europe. Roots of modern Christian religions, such as
Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Calvinist, Congregational, and
Baptists, all trace their roots to the Protestant Reformation. Two
leading protestant reformers were John Calvin of Geneva and John
Knox of Scotland.
John Calvin
John (Jean) Calvin (1509-1564) brought Protestantism to
Switzerland. Born in France, Calvin was inspired by Martin Luther’s
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ideas and beliefs concerning Christianity. In 1536, Calvin published
the Institute of the Christian Religion. In it, he outlined his ideas
about God, salvation and human nature. One of Calvin’s most
important ideas was that of predestination, or the idea that God has
known since the beginning of time, who He will save. Calvin believed
strongly that men and women were sinful by their very nature, and
that people cannot earn salvation.
John Calvin was invited to Geneva, to held spread the Reformation.
There, he established a theocracy, a government controlled by
religious leaders. Calvin enforced a set of strict rules. People were not
allowed to wear brightly colored clothes, nor play cards. Those who
disagreed with the rules were excommunicated or worse, burned at
the stake. Over time Calvinism, as the religious sect is called, has
softened its harsh teachings.
John Knox & Presbyterianism
John Knox (1514-1572) was one of John Calvin’s most inspired
students. A rough-and-tumble Scotsman, Knox’s fate would be
forever entwined with the romance and mystery of the tragic Mary,
Queen of Scots, whom he helped push into exile.
John Knox fled England where he had been living, after Mary Tudor
(Mary I/Bloody Mary) ascended the English throne in 1533. He
traveled to Geneva, where he met the zealous Protestant reformer,
John Calvin. Upon the accession of Elizabeth I, a Protestant, Knox
made plans to return to England, and help further establish the
Protestant Reformation. Elizabeth, however, had other ideas. It was
no secret that Knox abhorred female rulers, and even went so far as to
publish his thoughts in a book-First Blast of the Trumpet Against the
Monstrous Regiment of Women (1558). Elizabeth had quite enough
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on her hands without throwing a zealous woman-hater into the mix.
She banned Knox from setting foot in England.
Never one to be easily deterred, Knox set his course north, for his
native Scotland. Despite the fact that Scotland had large Catholic
population in the Northern Highlands, as well as a Catholic Queen,
and a Catholic Regent, John Knox was welcomed by many Scotsmen,
including the Earl of Argyll, who became his most powerful
supporter. Knox capitalized on the disdain for Marie de Guise, who
acted as regent for her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. Many Scots
believed the French noblewoman put the interests of France ahead of
those of Scotland. People hated the French troops that occupied
Edinburgh. It was not hard for Knox to gather followers, as antiFrench (and therefore anti-Catholic) sentiment was running high.
When Marie de Guise died unexpectedly of Dropsy in June, 1560,
Knox and his followers quickly moved to established Presbyterianism,
a version of Calvinism, as the official religion of Scotland. It was at
first called the Church of Scotland. The tenets of Presbyterianism
spread out of Scotland to the rest of the British Isles and North
America via Scottish Immigrants. Today there are hundreds of sects
of Presbyterianism all over the world.
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Learning Goal 6 – I will be able to:
-Summarize how this time period changed Europe
-List and explain the importance of the Religious & Social Effects of the PR
-List and explain the importance of the Political Effects of the PR
-Define the Enlightenment
n. Legacy of the Protestant Reformation
i.
Ended Christian unity in Europe & left it culturally divided
ii.
Religious & Social Effects
1. Protestant churches emerged and new denominations developed
2. Roman Catholic Church more united b/c of Council of Trent
3. Increased emphasis on education
a. Local schools and more colleges/universities
b. Why?
i. In raging battle over religion, the more educated you are in your
own beliefs, the less likely you’ll accept the beliefs of others
iii. Political Effects
1. Moral and political authority of the Church declined, monarchs and states gained
power
2. Development of modern nation-states and rulers seeking to gain power
3. Led to the Enlightenment
a. Movement throughout Europe that questioned religion and government
b. Some rejected all religion
c. Others called for overthrow of government
o. Predict: In the next unit, we’ll discuss the Enlightenment. What do you think we might study?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Learning Goal 6 – I will be able to:
-Summarize how this time period changed Europe
-List and explain the importance of the Religious & Social Effects of the PR
-List and explain the importance of the Political Effects of the PR
-Define the Enlightenment
Legacy of
the
Protestant
Reformation
It ended ______________________________________________________________________
& left it _____________________________________________________________________.
Religious & Social Effects of the Protestant
Reformation
Political Effects of the Protestant Reformation
54
55
Learning Goal 1 – I
will be able to:
-Define Protestant
Reformation
-Summarize the state
of religion in Europe
in 1500
-Explain how the
Protestant
Reformation began
-List and explain the
four causes of the
Protestant
Reformation in
Europe
Learning Goal 2 – I
will be able to:
-Identify the
Protestants
-Define 95 Theses
and explain its
importance
-List and explain the
six tenants of the
Lutheran Church
-Contrast the
Lutheran and
Catholic Churches
Learning Goal 3 – I
will be able to:
-Summarize what
happened to Luther
and why
-Define Imperial
Diet of Worms and
explain its
importance in the
Protestant
Reformation
-Define Edict of
Worms and explain
problems it may
present
-Identify the
Counter/Catholic
Reformation, list the
decisions made at
the Council of Trent
and explain why
they were important
56
Learning Goal 4 – I
will be able to:
-Identify Henry VIII
and Elizabeth I
-Summarize why he
broke England from
the Catholic Church
-Explain the Act of
Supremacy and the
Anglican Church
Learning Goal 5 – I
will be able to:
-Define Calvinism
-Identify John
Calvin and explain
his importance
-Identify the
Presbyterian Church
and explain why
John Knox was
important
-Define Theocracy
and explain its
relevance
-Identify the
Huguenots and the
Anabaptists
Learning Goal 6 – I
will be able to:
-Summarize how
this time period
changed Europe
-List and explain the
importance of the
Religious & Social
Effects of the PR
-List and explain the
importance of the
Political Effects of
the PR
-Define the
Enlightenment
57
58
59
Unit 2 – Need to Know
Protestant
Reformation
Causes of
Protestant
Reformation
Martin Luther
95 Theses
Bases of Lutheran
Church and
differences between
it and Catholic
Church
Imperial Diet of
Worms
Recant
Excommunicated
Edict of Worms
Peace of Augsburg
Examples of
Protestant Churches
Henry VIII
Elizabeth
Anglican Church
John Calvin
Predestination
Elect
60
John Knox
Theocracy
Huguenots
Anabaptists
Counter
Reformation /
Catholic
Reformation
Council of Trent
Pope Paul III
Heresy
Indulgences
Jesuits & Ignatius
Loyola
Index
Inquisition
Geography &
Protestant vs.
Catholic Church
Religious & Social
Effects of
Protestant
Reformation
Political Effects of
Protestant
Reformation
61
62
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