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Unit 1 – The Renaissance
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Middle Ages
-Define Crusades
-Locate Jerusalem on a map and explain why the city was important to Christians, Jews, & Muslims
-Summarize how the Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages by explaining the social, political, and
economic effects they had on Europe.
I.
The Renaissance
a. Means rebirth
b. Was a rebirth of science and the arts from the Middle Ages
c. Middle Ages = long time period (500 – 1400) of very little change.
i. Remembered for castles/churches, emphasis on power & authority (kings & church)
ii. B/C of the Crusades, shift towards importance of protection
d. The Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages
i. Definition = holy wars started by the Catholics in the Middle East
ii. Muslims controlled Jerusalem (holy city to Jews, Christians, AND Muslims) and would
not permit Christians to travel there.
iii. Began in 1096, lasted around 200 years (multiple Crusades to the Holy Lands)
iv. Remembered in vivid artwork
v. Dome of the Rock on the Temple – Jerusalem
1. Christians – site of one of first Christian churches
2. Jews – site of the Second Jewish Temple
3. Muslims – believe Mohammad ascended into heaven from here
vi. How they changed Europe and brought it out of the Middle Ages
1. Socially – Middle class developed and towns emerged; increased trade created a
middle class who could afford to live in towns
2. Politically – Decline of smaller, local governments and the emergence of stronger,
more centralized governments because of the need for protection
3. Economically – trade developed, Money economy (used to be a barter system
where people traded what they could do for what they needed, so if I was a
teacher who needed food, I would trade tutoring sessions with a farmer’s children
in return for some of his food)
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Middle Ages
-Define Crusades
-Locate Jerusalem on a map and explain why the city was important to all three major world religions
-Summarize how the Crusades brought Europe out of the Middle Ages by explaining the social, political, and
economic effects they had on Europe.
Define Middle Ages
Define Crusades
How Europe changed
economically
How Europe changed
politically
Middle
Ages &
Crusades
How Europe changed
socially
Jerusalem important to
Christians
Jerusalem important to
Jews
Jersalem important to
Muslims
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Jerusalem: Why Three Major Religions Claim It
by David Register
Judaism, Christianity and Islam all claim Jerusalem as holy to their
faith. Why do they hold it in high regard? What are the differences
that separate them?
The city of Jerusalem has a long and extensive history of being the center of religious conflict. More than 50
wars have been fought in and around Jerusalem in the past 4,000-plus years, and most have been religiously
motivated.
To understand why three major religions claim Jerusalem today, we have to look at the history of these
religions.
A brief history of Judaism
Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second
millennium B.C. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first “Jew” and to have made a covenant with
God (Genesis 17). He was actually a “Hebrew” (a descendant of Eber, Genesis 11:15-27; Genesis
14:13). Abraham worshipped and sacrificed to God in Salem (Jerusalem, Genesis 14:18;22:2; 2 Chronicles 3:1).
Because Judaism, Christianity and Islam all recognize Abraham as a prophet, they are called the “Abrahamic
religions”; and all of them claim Jerusalem as a center of worship. After Jerusalem became the capital of
ancient Israel and Judah, King David moved the tabernacle to this location (2 Samuel 6). King Solomon built
the first temple here (2 Chronicles 6). After the division of Israel, the nation of Judah (the Jews) continued to
worship in this temple.
In 586 B.C. the nation of Judah fell, and the temple was destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Jews during the time of
Ezra and Nehemiah (Nehemiah 12:27; Ezra 9:9). Later, because of extensive renovations by Herod (John 2:20),
this second temple became known as Herod’s temple.
Herod’s temple was destroyed by the Romans in A.D. 70, just as Christ had prophesied (Matthew 24:2). A
small portion of the foundation wall on the west side of the Temple Mount survives to this day. This wall was
not part of the temple itself. It was simply part of the outer wall surrounding the Temple Mount. As the closest
remaining remnant of the temple, it became and remains the holiest location for Jews. Because of the passionate
prayers offered by Jews at this Western Wall, some gentiles (non-Jews) began calling it the Wailing Wall.
While the Roman Empire dispersed the majority of the Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, some
Jews remained in Palestine for over a millennium. After the exile of most of the Jews from Jerusalem, these
people lived in various countries in what is called the “Diaspora” (dispersion) until the founding of the State of
Israel in 1948.
After 1948, Jews from all over the world came to settle in modern Israel. Having returned to their homeland,
they found that various subcultures with distinctive histories, languages, religious practices and customs had
developed among themselves while they were in the areas to which they had been dispersed.
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Several variations in belief exist within Judaism today. Orthodox Jews believe that Jewish law is unchanging
and mandatory. Conservative Jews argue that God’s laws change and evolve over time. Reform and
Reconstructionist Jews believe that these laws are merely guidelines that individuals can choose to follow or not
follow. There are also many Jews in Israel who are secular or atheist. For them, Judaism is their culture rather
than a religion.
In general, Jews believe in one God and His prophets, with special respect for Moses as the prophet to whom
God gave the law. Jewish law is embodied in the Torah (the first five books of the Bible, also known as
the Pentateuch) and the Talmud (a commentary on the Torah completed in the fifth century after Christ).
A brief history of Christianity
Jesus Christ founded Christianity in the first century in Jerusalem (Acts 2). The early Christian Church fled
Jerusalem prior to the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. The Church was scattered (Acts 8:1) and eventually
settled in cities throughout the Roman Empire, especially in Asia Minor (Turkey), Jordan and Syria. It was
considered a sect of the Jews during the first and second centuries. Because of its Jewish roots and observances,
it was heavily persecuted.
Persecution of the early Christian communities continued until Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity
in 324. The form of Christianity practiced by Constantine and the Roman Empire had already begun changing
the original practices of the first-century Church. Yet the city of Jerusalem remained important to Constantine
and the Roman church because of all the holy sites in and around the city. Constantine and the Roman emperors
who followed him built several Christian churches and shrines in Jerusalem.
Numerous branches of Christianity developed from major and minor splits. The Orthodox Church and its
patriarch split away from the Roman Catholic Church and the pope in 1054 because of political and doctrinal
differences. In the 16th century, Martin Luther, upset at the corruption of the Catholic papacy, spearheaded a
reformation movement that led to the development of Protestantism.
However, Jerusalem remained a focal point as the birthplace of Christianity in all its forms. Today it is
considered one of the most important Christian cities in the world because of the many Christian shrines,
churches and historical sites. Each year millions of Christians make pilgrimages to Jerusalem.
A brief history of Islam
Muslims (adherents of Islam) believe that Allah (the Arabic word for God) sent His revelation by the angel
Gabriel to the prophet Muhammad over a period of 23 years in the seventh century and that Muhammad shared
these revelations with his companions, who later wrote them down. These writings were compiled in a book
called the Koran—meaning “recitation.”
Islam today is a religion centered upon the Koran and the life of Muhammad, who is revered as God’s final
prophet. It developed from both the Judeo-Christian tradition and the cultural values of the nomadic Bedouin
tribes of Arabia.
Islam expanded into areas controlled by the Byzantine Empire. By the mid-eighth century, Islam had spread
west into North Africa and Europe and east into Central Asia. Over the centuries, Islam continued to grow in
sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
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As Islam expanded, the new Islamic societies adapted many of the customs they encountered. As a result,
Muslims in different areas of the world created a wide variety of cultural traditions.
The three most holy shrines in Islam are found in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Mecca is the traditional place
where the Koran was revealed. Medina is the burial place of Muhammad. And, according to Muslim tradition,
Jerusalem (site of the Dome of the Rock) is the place from which Muhammad ascended to heaven.
Today the Muslims have control of the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in
Jerusalem. They consider Jerusalem one of their most holy places of worship.
The struggle between Christianity, Judaism and Islam
Although Christianity developed out of Judaic roots and texts, the Christian perspective on how one must live is
different from the Jewish perspective. Christian beliefs evolved over time in the Roman Church, with the largest
group of Christians coming to believe that the “Jewish” law was abrogated in favor of a universal gospel. Those
Christian beliefs evolved further with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent splits and divisions.
Christians believe that Christ is God, while Jews do not. They also disagree on many other doctrines and
teachings. There have always been differences between Jews and Christians going back to the first century.
Relationships between Jewish and Christian communities have often been strained and difficult, particularly in
Christian Europe. There, Jewish communities were often subject to discrimination and violence at the hands of
Christians.
Today, there are many European Jews living in and around Jerusalem who strive to keep the memory of their
persecuted past alive with memorials in Jerusalem (Yad Vashem), in Europe (Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial
and Museum) and in the United States (Holocaust Memorial Museum and Simon Wiesenthal Center).
Christianity has also had a problematic relationship with Islam. Christians do not accept Muhammad as a
prophet. While many Christians in the Middle East converted to Islam during and after the seventh century, the
church hierarchy in Rome and Constantinople considered Islam to be both a political and theological threat. The
Crusades were an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the Islamic conquest of the Eastern Mediterranean. Jerusalem
was often in the middle of this tug-of-war between all three religions and their followers.
Islam views Judaism and Christianity as earlier versions of Islam, with revelations given by Allah but
misunderstood over time by Jews and Christians. Muslims see Islam as the final, complete and correct
revelation in the monotheistic tradition of the three faiths. Islam recognizes many of the Jewish and Christian
prophets, including Abraham, Moses and Jesus (although they consider Him to be a prophet and not the Son of
God).
Many non-Muslims mistakenly believe that Muhammad is the equivalent of Jesus in the Islamic faith, but it is
the Koran that stands in the same central position in Islam as Jesus does in Christianity. According to Muslim
beliefs, Muhammad himself is not divine, but a prophet chosen by God to deliver His message and an example
of piety. The relationship Muslims have with Jews and Christians is rocky. While some Muslims state that Jews
and Christians are specifically protected in the Koran as “Peoples of the Book,” others—especially those of
militant factions—consider Jews and Christians to be infidels who must be destroyed so Islam will prevail over
all religions.
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Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Define Renaissance
-Locate the Italian Peninsula
-Explain the three reasons why the Renaissance began on the Italian Peninsula
-Define and explain the two new ways of thinking that emerged during the Renaissance
I.
Renaissance and the Italian Peninsula
a. Definition = Renaissance means rebirth and this was a rebirth of science, art, and literature in
Europe
b. Began on the Italian peninsula between 1350-1600
c. Why did it begin in Italy?
i.
Heritage of the Roman Empire – tradition of greatness there…why do sports “rebirths”
happen in Pittsburgh?
ii.
Wealthy part of Europe
iii. Geography - peninsula, helped with trade with the Middle East
d. Changes came gradually over 250 years
e. New ways of thinking
i.
During Middle Ages, big castles and churches showed importance of power and
authority, change during Middle Ages towards importance of people and their
individual qualities
ii.
Humanism – focusing on human accomplishments and potential
1. Major intellectual movement
2. Clashed with the Church’s demand that everyone agree with it
3. Helped break people away from the Catholic Church
4. Led to study of “humanities” – grammar, history, poetry
iii. Secularism – concern with what is worldly and not what is spiritual
1. People still religious, but also focused on what was happening in this world;
enjoyed life on earth!
2. Patrons – those who donated their own money towards the arts and literature
because of these new beliefs
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Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Define Renaissance
-Locate the Italian Peninsula
-Explain the three reasons why the Renaissance began on the Italian Peninsula
-Define and explain the two new ways of thinking that emerged during the Renaissance
Renaissance
Three Reasons the Renaissance Began on the Italian Peninsula
Two New Ways of Thinking that Emerged w/ Definition
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Learning Goal 3: I will be able to explain the differences between Medieval & Renaissance art and identify the
contributions of Italian artists Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo.
I.
II.
Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art
a. Medieval Art – religious themes and darker colors
b. Renaissance Art – human themes, brighter colors, more perspective
Italian Artists
a. Leonardo da Vinci
i.
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 – Mona Lisa, Last Supper, “Renaissance Man”
a. Someone who excels at many different tasks
i. Art, engineering, science, art, helicopter?
ii.
Donatello 1386-1466 – “David” = first nude, bronze statue of Renaissance
a. Art based on human beings, not religious themes
iii. Raphael Santi 1483-1566 – “School of Athens”
a. Painting of great writers and philosophers, not Biblical people
iv.
Michelangelo 1475-1564 – Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica (US Capitol Building),
“David” a 17 foot statue
Renaissance Art
Medieval Art
Leonardo da Vinci
Donatello
Raphael Santi
Michelangelo
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Medieval vs. Renaissance Art – a more in-depth look: In Learning Goal 3, we looked at the similarities and differences between
Renaissance and Medieval art. Looking at the Medieval painting and the Mona Lisa, fill in the following table. Please underline each
point you make and provide a brief explanation of it. These do NOT need to be done in sentence form!
Medieval
Facial Expressions
Background
Use of Color
Use of Light & Shadow
Amount of Detail
Vague and generic; each looks the same
and not much attention paid to detail,
scale, or realism
Mona Lisa
Realistic and drawn to scale; the
painting looks like a photograph of a
human being with detailed facial
features that resemble a real person
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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Identify Dante and his most famous work
-Explain how and why language is spread
-Explain why Dante was so important
-Identify Niccolo Machiavelli and his most famous work
-Explain the adjective “Machiavellian”
-Summarize why Machiavelli was so important to European history and why he is important in this class
moving forward
I.
Italian Writers
a. Dante
i. 1265-1321 – Divine Comedy, Inferno most famous, story of journey through hell
ii. Most important Renaissance poet, called the “Father of the Italian language”
iii. What makes someone the “father of the language?
1. He is most responsible for spreading it and making it consistent
iv. Before, writings published in Latin, many people didn’t read or understand it. Publishing
in Italian meant more people read it, and spread the language.
v. Sign on the Gate of Hell in Inferno
1. through me you enter into the city of woes
through me you enter into eternal pain,
through me you enter the population of loss.
...
abandon all hope, you who enter here.
b. Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 – The Prince
i. Machiavelli’s writings
1. Better to be feared than loved
2. The end justifies the means
3. A prince never lacks legitimate reasons to break his promise
4. Before all else, be armed
5. If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need
not be feared.
6. Politics have no relation to morals.
ii. Machiavellian – adjective that describes someone who cares more about power than
morals
1. Will do anything to get power
iii. Important because…
1. He continued to promote the importance of power
2. His book was read by European princes and kings, many of whom we’ll study in
this course
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Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Identify Dante and his most famous work
-Explain how and why language is spread
-Explain why Dante was so important
-Identify Niccolo Machiavelli and his most famous work
-Explain the adjective “Machiavellian”
-Summarize why Machiavelli was so important to European history and why he is important in this class
moving forward
Dante
Machiavelli
Italian Writers
of the
Renaissance
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Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Summarize how the ideals of the Renaissance moved into northern Europe
-Define/Explain Christian humanism
-Identify William Shakespeare and Johan Gutenberg and explain the contribution(s) of each
-Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance
I.
Northern Renaissance
a. The Northern Renaissance
i. Renaissance ideas moved north
1. Hundred Years War ended
a. Societies now more stable, cities and populations grew rapidly
2. Printing Press invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1440
a. Easier to get ideas to universities which were plentiful in northern Europe.
i. Christian Humanists
1. Northern humanists critical of failure of the Church to inspire people to live the
Christian life.
2. Christian humanism born out of this criticism
3. Christian humanism focused on reforms to society, especially in education
4. Thomas More of England
a. Wrote Utopia – which means “ideal place”
i. Book about an imaginary land with no greed, corruption, war, or
need for money, but is it human nature?
ii. William Shakespeare 1564-1616
1. Almost 2,000 new words, led to standardization of English language
2. Invented new sayings
I’ve “seen better days.”
Things have come “full
circle.”
It’s “a foregone
conclusion.”
What “a sorry sight.”
“As dead as a doornail.”
Stuck “in a pickle.”
It hurts “like the Dickens.”
“The Devil incarnate.”
“Vanish into thin air.”
“high time”
“lie low”
That’s “much ado about
nothing.”
“wherefore art thou
Romeo?”
“Send him packing.”
“Wild goose chase.”
“mum’s the word”
“at one fell swoop.”
“neither here nor there.”
“foul play”
“the game is up.”
3. Conspiracy Theory – Was it him that wrote all those plays and sonnets?
a. Never in southern Europe, yet wrote about the themes debated there.
b. How many words did he use?
i. According to an article on the University of Denver website
1. Shakespeare’s works = 31,534 different words.
2. His vocabulary was estimated at 66,534
3. Average person knows 10,000-20,000 words
4. Not formally educated – how did he learn all these words?
5. Was it several different people writing these?
iii. Gutenberg & Shakespeare – Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1440) made it easier to
reproduce Shakespeare’s works.
iv. Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance
1. Common – New ways of thinking, focus on literature and the arts
2. Different – Northern Renaissance held on to religious ideals more & art more
focused on realistic lives of the people and less on classical ideas
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Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Summarize how the ideals of the Renaissance moved into northern Europe
-Define/Explain Christian humanism
-Identify William Shakespeare and Johan Gutenberg and explain the contribution(s) of each
-Compare and contrast the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance
How
Renaissance
ideals moved
into N. Europe
Define &
Explain
Christian
Humanism
William
Shakespeare
Johan
Gutenberg
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Northern Renaissance
Italian Renaissance
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Printing Press Assignment
1. Turn to page 39 in your textbook.
2. Copy every word by hand in your notebook – from “arts” to “release” AND the MAIN IDEA. Ignore
the Analyzing Primary Sources chart.
3. Time how long it took you. (It took me _____ m, _____s.) Now convert it to just seconds _________s
4. Multiply that by 2 (since what you copied is approximately ½ of a page). _________s.
5. Then multiply that by the number of pages in the textbook (804) to see how long it would take you to
copy the text of the book by hand. __________s.
6. Now, convert that number of seconds into minutes and seconds by dividing by 60. ____m _____s
7. The Orphis x9050 brags that it is the fastest color printer/copier in the world (150 sheets/minute). It
would take less than 6 minutes to print your entire textbook.
8. On a scale of 1-10 (10 being the most important invention in the history of the world, EVER) where
would you rate the printing press? List and explain three reasons why. Each explanation should be at
least 2 SENTENCES.
9. I would rate it a _____________________ because…
a. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Shakespearian saying
All that glitters is not gold
As good luck would have it
Bated breath
Be-all and the end-all
best foot forward"
Break the ice
Refuse to budge an inch
Come what may
Dead as a doornail
Dog will have his day
Devil incarnate
Elbow room
Faint hearted
Fancy-free
Fight till the last gasp
Forever and a day
For goodness' sake
Foregone conclusion
Heard it?
Meaning (in your own words)
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Full circle
The game is up
Give the devil his due
Good riddance
It was Greek to me
Heart of gold
Household words
In a pickle
In my heart of hearts
Kill with kindness
Laughing stock
Lie low
Live long day
Love is blind
Melted into thin air
Method to my madness
Much Ado About Nothing
Not slept one wink
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Out of the jaws of death
Parting is such sweet sorrow
A plague on both your
houses
Play fast and loose
Pound of flesh
Seen better days
Send packing
A sorry sight
Sound and fury
Spotless reputation
What's done is done
Wild-goose chase
The world's my oyster
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Unit 1 – Need to Know
Middle Ages
(definition/description,
years)
Crusades (definition, 3
effects on life in Middle
Ages)
Italian peninsula
Renaissance
Why began on Italian
peninsula
Humanism
Secularism
Renaissance Man
Renaissance Art vs.
Medieval Art
Leonardo da Vinci
Donatello
Michelangelo
Raphael Santi
Dante
Niccolo Machiavelli
Northern Renaissance
Christian Humanists
Utopia
William Shakespeare
Johan Gutenberg
Italian vs. Northern
Renaissance
Why this time period was
so important.
1. Means “rebirth”
2. Renaissance was a rebirth of science, art, and literature in Europe
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Review Pages – All Learning Goals & Bullet Points
Learning Goal 1 – I
will be able to:
-Define Middle Ages
-Define Crusades
-Locate Jerusalem on a
map and explain why
the city was important
to all three major world
religions
-Summarize how the
Crusades brought
Europe out of the
Middle Ages by
explaining the social,
political, and economic
effects they had on
Europe.
Learning Goal 2 – I
will be able to:
-Define Renaissance
-Locate the Italian
Peninsula
-Explain the three
reasons why the
Renaissance began on
the Italian Peninsula
-Define and explain the
two new ways of
thinking that emerged
during the Renaissance
Learning Goal 3: I will
be able to explain the
differences between
Medieval &
Renaissance art and
identify the
contributions of Italian
artists Leonardo,
Donatello, Raphael, and
Michelangelo.
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Learning Goal 4 – I
will be able to:
-Identify Dante and his
most famous work
-Explain how and why
language is spread
-Explain why Dante
was so important
-Identify Niccolo
Machiavelli and his
most famous work
-Explain the adjective
“Machiavellian”
-Summarize why
Machiavelli was so
important to European
history and why he is
important in this class
moving forward
Learning Goal 5 – I
will be able to:
-Summarize how the
ideals of the
Renaissance moved
into northern Europe
-Define/Explain
Christian humanism
-Identify William
Shakespeare and Johan
Gutenberg and explain
the contribution(s) of
each
-Compare and contrast
the Northern
Renaissance and the
Italian Renaissance
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