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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Totalitarianism
-Identify Benito Mussolini
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Italy and the problems it presented
-Identify Adolf Hitler
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Germany and the problems it presented
-Identify Josef Stalin
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in the USSR and the problems it presented
-Identify the role of the military in Japan
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Japan and the problems it presented
-Compare Totalitarianism in Italy, Germany, the USSR, and Japan
I.
World War II
a. The War Begins
i. The Rise of Totalitarianism – political system in which government controls every aspect
of a citizen’s life, T emerges during bad times b/c promise of quick change (for better?)
1. Italy
a. Italian people suffered greatly after WWI
i. Economic depression, unemployment, strikes, riots
ii. People looked for a strong leader to save the country
b. Benito Mussolini
i. Gained complete control of Italy in 1922
ii. Set up fascist government – needs of the state greater than the
needs of the individual
iii. Italy’s economy improved, but fascist government crushed
opposition and stripped freedom of speech from the people
iv. Invaded Ethiopia to add colony to Italy
2. Germany
a. German people also suffering after WWI
b. Livid that Treaty of Versailles made them pay reparations
c. Adolf Hitler
i. Took advantage of the anger to gain power with fiery speeches
ii. Promised German people he’d restore prosperity
iii. Made Jews the scapegoat
1. Only by ridding itself of Jews would Germany rise
iv. National Socialist Party (Nazi) gained large following
1. 1933, Hitler seized all government power
3. Soviet Union
a. 1928, dictator Joseph Stalin, totalitarian Communist government
4. Japan
a. Military leaders who took complete control over government
b. Wanted to build Japanese empire in East Asia
i. Invasion of China – US protested, but most Americans did not
want another war, cut off Japan’s oil shipments instead
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Totalitarianism
-Identify Benito Mussolini
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Italy and the problems it presented
-Identify Adolf Hitler
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Germany and the problems it presented
-Identify Josef Stalin
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in the USSR and the problems it presented
-Identify the role of the military in Japan
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Japan and the problems it presented
-Compare Totalitarianism in Italy, Germany, the USSR, and Japan
Totalitarianism = ___________________________________________________________________________
ITALY
GERMANY
USSR
JAPAN
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Cartoon Analysis Worksheet
Level 1: Visuals
List the objects or people you see in the cartoon
Identify the cartoon caption/title
Any important dates that appear in the cartoon? If so,
why are they important?
Level 2: Visuals
What objects in the cartoon symbolize something
deeper and what do they mean?
Which words/phrases in the cartoon are the most
significant and why?
Level 3: Understanding
Describe the action that is taking place in this cartoon.
Explain the message of the cartoon.
Who would agree with the message of the cartoon? Who would disagree? Why?
267
Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Explain why Hitler tried to expand Germany’s borders
-Define appeasement
-List and explain examples of the world appeasing Hitler
-Summarize and explain why appeasement doesn’t work
-Apply appeasement to modern times
-Summarize how Germany brought on WWII and how it progressed before American involvement
b. Germany Expands
i. Hitler =wherever German speaking people, that should be part of German Empire
1. Violated Treaty of Versailles by building military (Treaty of Versailles limited
Germany to no more than 100,000 men)
a. Invaded Rhineland, land lost during WWI
2. Formed Axis Powers with Italy and Japan
3. 1938, Germany annexed Austria
4. 1938, demanded part of Czechoslovakia be given to Germany
5. March 1938, Munich Pact gave Hitler the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) if
he promised not to take more land
a. Appeasement = giving in to small demands to avoid a larger
conflict…does not work!
b. British Admiral Winston Churchill convinced this would not work
i. “The government had to choose between shame and war. They
have chosen shame. They will get war.”
6. March 1939, Hitler’s troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
7. British and French pledged that if Germany invaded Poland next, they’d defend
Poland
a. To keep Soviets out, Hitler and Stalin signed a nonaggression pact
i. If USSR (Soviet Union) stayed out, G would split P with them
8. September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland
a. Blitzkrieg (lightning war) moved to conquer as quickly as possible
9. September 3, 1939, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany
a. Formed Allied Powers
10. Spring 1940, Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, and
the Netherlands, then invaded France
11. June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Germany
a. Many French escaped, continued to fight with Allies
12. After fall of France, Germany prepared to conquer Great Britain
a. Needed to take out British Air Force (RAF) in order to move across
English Channel
13. July, 1940, German air force (Luftwaffe) carried out air strikes against British
planes and airfields – called Battle of Britain
14. August, 1940, Luftwaffe began attacking English cities, British held on, (used
radar to find and shoot down German planes) and Hitler canceled invasion of
Britain
268
Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Explain why Hitler tried to expand Germany’s borders
-Define appeasement
-List and explain examples of the world appeasing Hitler
-Summarize and explain why appeasement doesn’t work
-Apply appeasement to modern times
-Summarize how Germany brought on WWII and how it progressed before American involvement
HITLER
Why he tried to
expand
Germany’s
borders
Define
Appeasement
and provide
examples of the
strategy
employed with
Hitler while
commenting on
its effectiveness
How Hitler and
Germany
brought on
WWII
269
A nation in an unstable part of the world, ravaged by war and poverty continues its quest for nuclear
technology. The nation’s leadership continues its claim that these developments will be used for nuclear power
plants to provide electricity to its people, but many world leaders contend that this nation is trying to build
nuclear weapons to use on its enemies in the region.
As a world leader, which strategy would you pursue?
1. Get the world together to stand up to this nation, using war if necessary to prevent the development of a
weapon.
2. Ignore the problem; it’s their country, not yours’.
3. Strike a deal with them that they only get to build a certain number of nuclear weapons (1, or 2, or 5,
whatever)
I chose strategy number __________ for two reasons:
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
270
Hitler watercolor sold for $162,000 at auction
11/22/2014
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273
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275
Cartoon Analysis Worksheet
Level 1: Visuals
List the objects or people you see in the cartoon
Identify the cartoon caption/title
Any important dates that appear in the cartoon? If so,
why are they important?
Level 2: Visuals
What objects in the cartoon symbolize something
deeper and what do they mean?
Which words/phrases in the cartoon are the most
significant and why?
Level 3: Understanding
Describe the action that is taking place in this cartoon.
Explain the message of the cartoon.
Who would agree with the message of the cartoon? Who would disagree? Why?
276
Learning Goal 3 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the Pearl Harbor attack
-Summarize America’s involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor
-Explain why the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
-Summarize the attack
-Summarize the conspiracy theories that FDR knew about the attack in advance
-List and explain the 4 MAIN causes of World War I (and II)
c. The United States joins the war
i. Most Americans opposed Hitler, but did not support going to war to stop him
ii. March 1941, Congress passed Lend Lease Act, allowing FDR to aid any nation he
believed was vital to national security
1. US sent billions of dollars worth of weapons, tanks, airplanes, and food to British
and Chinese
iii. June 1941, Hitler invaded Soviet Union
1. Lend Lease extended to USSR
iv. Pearl Harbor
1. December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor
a. Came in from the east to get cover from the sunrise
b. Japanese did not know planes expected from the mainland that morning,
so not much attention paid to large mass of planes on the radar helped
them
c. Sunday morning, so many soldiers sleeping in since Sundays were light,
US fired first shot
d. 2,400 Americans killed, 200 planes lost, attack b/c US cut off oil after
Japanese invasion of China
2. December 8, 1941, United States declares war on Japan
3. Did FDR know?
a. Recently moved Pacific fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor
b. Aircraft carriers (MOST IMPORTANT SHIPS) not at Pearl
c. New Deal programs not ending Great Depression, but a war would create
millions of jobs in factories
d. Americans didn’t want war now, but would if attacked
e. Evidence circumstantial, nothing ironclad
4. World War I was supposed to be the war to end all wars, yet less than 25 years
after WWI ended, WWII began
a. Many of the same causes
i. Militarism – countries still building better weapons
ii. Alliances – Axis Powers, Allied Powers, nonaggression pact
iii. Imperialism – Italy invading Ethiopia, Germany on the move in
Europe
iv. Nationalism – Hitler’s desire for all German speaking people to be
part of German empire
277
Learning Goal 3 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the Pearl Harbor attack
-Summarize America’s involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor
-Explain why the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
-Summarize the attack
-Summarize the conspiracy theories that FDR knew about the attack in advance
-List and explain the 4 MAIN causes of World War I (and II)
Date of attack
Involvement before PH
Reasons for attack
The attack
Conspiracy?
M___________________________________________
A___________________________________________
I___________________________________________
N___________________________________________
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280
Journal notes kept by George Macartney Hunter, an officer with the U.S. Naval Reserve assigned to the USS West
Virginia stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
"Pearl Harbor was a devastating sight. Forward of the West Virginia the Oklahoma lay bottom up."
P.H.- December 7, 1941 Sunday
Awoke this morning at 0730. Moe, Heavy, York, and myself had a golf
match scheduled and planned to leave the ship at 0930. I lay sleepy-eyed in my bunk for some time.
At 07:45 the General Alarm sounded followed by "Away Fire and Rescue Party". I cussed a bit about having to turn-to;
these alarms usually secured before one was able to dress and reach his station. Consequently, I was in no particular hurry
to get dressed.
Suddenly the General Alarm sounded again; and, simultaneously, a terrific explosion rocked the ship. Vail, Hine, and I
looked at each other; "This is war!", said Pete and started topsides on the double. I headed for Sky Control but it was
tough going as the ship listed heavily to port almost immediately. On reaching the second level in the mast, I met several
of the men coming down. All communications and transmission to the guns had been lost with the first explosion (later
reports stated that the West Virginia had taken four torpedoes to port).
We abandoned Sky Control and went down to the boat deck. Extra hands were needed to convey the shells to the
starboard guns; the entire port battery had been put out of the commission by the "fish". There was no air pressure and all
ramming was done by hand. In the excitement the shells were fired without setting fuses.
Pearl Harbor was a devastating sight. Forward of theWest Virginia the Oklahoma lay bottom up. Inboard of her
the Maryland was putting up a tremendous volume of fire. I wondered what the "rump-rump" noise was and suddenly
realized it to be the Maryland's 1.1" guns which proved extremely effective. Astern of us the Arizona was a mass of
flame. The sky was rapidly filling with AA fire, but high altitude Jap bombers flew directly overhead in perfect formation.
They came in waves, five to each formation. We counted at least ten of these groups.
Our 5" guns were firing on these bombers as they came in on the starboard bow. As ammunition started to run out I went
forward to the starboard hoist. It was inoperative and Nolen, our Chief Gunner's Mate, was futilely attempting to contact
"Supply" on the sound powered phone. I started back on the boat deck and was knocked down by the muzzle blast of our
own #3 gun going off. Unhurt, however, and I continued to the ship's service phone on the after bulkhead of the foremast.
It was dead when I picked it up.
During this time Hank, Freddy White, and Mr. Johnson had been directing the guns. When we fired the last of our 30
rounds everyone left the boat deck, and, on orders from Mr. Ricketts, went over the side to aid in manning
the Tennessee batteries which were doing a splendid job. Word came down about this time that the Captain had been
killed by strafing on the bridge. Mr. Ricketts and Mr. White tried unsuccessfully to bring him down; it didn't matter
anyhow. Several of these officers were trapped by the fire on the bridge and rescued by Hank Graham. He climbed up on
the starboard crane and threw them a line attached to a fire hose. This they secured to the bridge while Hank secured the
other end to the crane; they all came down hand-over-hand.
We had been under attack for 15 minutes at this time and the harbor was a living hell. Astern of us the Arizona's forward
magazine had blown up; the Vestal alongside of her had been hit squarely amidships. Smoke was spreading rapidly over
the harbor. Very shortly the day became black as night; it was terrifying beyond means of description.
We had scarcely left the boat-deck when a large bomb hit the foremast, glanced off, and came down on the boat-deck. We
would all have been killed had there been any ammunition left for the guns. Learned later that a dud had hit directly on the
top of Turret III. It killed several men but Archie, Turret JO, escaped uninjured. Still, those yellow bastards were bombing
with hairline accuracy.
281
Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Explain how WWII affected the Great Depression
-Define and explain mobilization
-Define War Production Board & Selective Service and Training Act and explain how each helped the war
effort
-Summarize and explain how the war was financed (paid for)
-Explain how women and minorities helped the war effort and why that was so important
-Define and explain internment
d. The Home Front
i. Preparing for War – mobilization = preparing for war
1. WWII brought Great Depression to an end
a. Factories came back to life making products for war effort – jobs!
b. American daily production doubled Axis Powers combined
c. Unemployment reached 25% during the Depression, down to 1% in 1944
2. War Production Board – government agency to oversee war production
a. Synthetic rubber to save for war, stopped producing cars in US factories
b. Stopped making pleated pants and skirts to save fabric
3. Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 – first peacetime draft – (why a
peacetime draft?) Men ages 21-35 (later 38), 16 million Americans served
4. Financing the war – Raised taxes, Liberty bonds, Conserved metal, gasoline, food
5. Women worked in factories – Rosie the Riveter
6. African Americans – worked in factories, but paid less, served in military
a. Dorie Miller – cook who manned machine gun at PH (Cuba Gooding, Jr.)
b. Tuskegee Airmen – Pilots, fought in N. Africa and Italy
ii. Japanese American Internment
1. Fear Japanese Americans would serve as secret agents for Japan
2. Without evidence, FDR signed Executive Order 9066, began internment
a. Forced relocation and imprisonment of 115,000 Japanese Americans
b. 1988, Ronald Reagan signed Civil Liberties Act of 1988 which paid
$20,000 to each surviving detainee
282
Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Explain how WWII affected the Great Depression
-Define and explain mobilization
-Define War Production Board & Selective Service and Training Act and explain how each helped the war
effort
-Summarize and explain how the war was financed (paid for)
-Explain how women and minorities helped the war effort and why that was so important
-Define and explain internment
WWII & Great Depression
Mobilization
WPB, Selective Service
How financed?
Women/minorities
Internment
283
284
Rosie the Riveter:
•
The likeness of Rosie the Riveter was put on
posters to be displayed around the country
encouraging women to get factory jobs to support
the war effort. From 1940-1944, the number of
working American women shot up by about 60%,
thanks in part to Rosie the Riveter.
Win With Tin:
•
Anything that could be conserved was in order to
help the war effort. This poster was designed to
empower housewives to help the war effort by
making it simple to conserve tin, a material used
to package many products women purchased.
Courage:
•
This poster was designed not only to encourage
young men to enlist and be viewed as heroes as
those in the picture were, but also to motivate
those on the homefront to do everything possible
to help our brave soldiers.
285
This is Your War:
•
Demonizing the enemy was a strategy used
in both World Wars. Here, the bloodthirsty
German and Japanese monsters are
attacking the Statue of Liberty, which
became a symbol for the US during this
time. Folks working in factories were
encouraged to keep working during the war,
not resting more than necessary or taking
time off, since their production was so
important.
Remember December 7th:
•
Much like “Remember the Maine” became
the rally cry for the Spanish American War,
Pearl Harbor was to be remembered as
folks sacrificed to help the war effort. The
American flag still flying despite the hole
through its heart symbolized that even after
the devastating attack at Pearl Harbor,
America was still flying.
A Needless Loss:
•
Fears of spies persisted throughout the war,
and given America’s immigrant population,
many were fearful of news reaching
America’s enemies and used to harm
soldiers.
286
Save Waste:
•
Seemingly everything could be reused or
conserved to help the war effort.
Something as simple as saving grease
from pans used to cook dinners
empowered Americans to feel like they
were helping.
I’m Proud of You Folks Too:
•
Here, an American soldier is thanking an
average American couple for their work
on the war effort. It helps put a face on
the soldier and on the average American
who will work together to win the war.
Victory Garden:
•
People were encouraged to plant small
gardens in their yards to help produce
more food. Every item in your garden
meant one less that would be purchased,
meaning more could be sent to the
soldiers. It was yet another way people
could help the war effort.
287
WAVES:
•
WAVES was an all female volunteer
organization organized through the US
Navy. It gave women a chance to
contribute in the armed forces for those
who wished to do so.
China: First to Fight:
•
China was invaded by Japan even before
Pearl Harbor was attacked, and they were
an important ally in the Pacific. Our
nation had a lengthy history of
discrimination of the Chinese
(Remember, the Chinese Exclusion Act of
1882 banned immigration from China. It
was the first time Congress banned
immigration from a foreign country. It
may or may not but definitely will be on
an upcoming Learning Celebration!) This
poster encouraged Americans to change
their thinking because of the importance
of Chinese Americans in the army and
China in WWII.
Filipinos:
•
On the same day as the attack on Pearl
Harbor, Japan attacked the American
holdings in the Philippines and its capital
of Manila. This poster encouraged
Americans to put aside any harsh feelings
towards the Filipinos and support them as
a necessary ally in the war in the Pacific.
288
CATEGORY
MOST EFFECTIVE
OVERALL IN THE
COUNTRY AT THE
TIME
MOST EFFECTIVE
TO MOTIVATE
ME PERSONALLY
WINNER
BECAUSE
LEAST EFFECTIVE
OVERALL IN THE
COUNTRY AT THE
TIME
LEAST EFFECTIVE
TO ME
PERSONALLY
IF YOU WERE
GOING TO TAKE
A LINE FROM
FDR’S “DAY OF
INFAMY” SPEECH
AND USE IT TO
MAKE A POSTER
LIKE THE ONES
YOU’VE LOOKED
AT, WHICH LINE
WOULD YOU
CHOOSE?
Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: Yesterday, December
7th, 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by
naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of
Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the
Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the
Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a
recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic
negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii
from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the
intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements
and expressions of hope for continued peace. The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe
damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In
addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.
Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night, Japanese forces attacked
Hong Kong. Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.
Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. And this morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island. Japan has,
therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today
speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the
implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed
that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught
against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their
righteous might will win through to absolute victory. I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the
people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make it very certain that this
form of treachery shall never again endanger us. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our
territory, and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding
determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph -- so help us God. I ask that the Congress declare
that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, a state of war has existed
between the United States and the Japanese empire.
289
290
Japanese Internment Camps:
A Personal Account
My name is Reiko Oshima Komoto. I was born in San Lorenzo, California in 1932.
Regarding my internment years, my recollections of fifty-five years ago are fragmentary. It may be
subconsciously on purpose: it was not a good experience.
The family consisted of Father, Mother, four boys, and three girls; and we lived in Oakland,
California. Father and Mother were residents of California for twenty-one years at the time. Most
of the children were attending school when the order to relocate all Japanese Americans from the
West Coast was issued on March 1942. We were sent to Tanforan Race Track (an assembly center)
in San Bruno, California with only what we could carry in clothing and personal possessions. All
radios and cameras were confiscated. Furniture and household goods were stored in our next door
neighbor's basement and never retrieved.
Our sleeping quarters consisted of two white washed horse stalls. All bathrooms, dining hall, and
similar rooms were located in other buildings. School was held in the dining room with all grades
and dining tables in place of desks. We stayed at Tanforan Race Track for probably about six
months before we were sent by train (only a few seats were available) to Topaz, Utah. Topaz was
located in the Sevier Desert, near the small town of Delta, Utah. As a consequence I missed the
flowers, trees, and green plants that grew so abundantly in California. Can you imagine being
thrilled to see a living, green tree?!
Topaz consisted of blocks; how many I don't recall, but the total number of people was
approximately 8,300. Each block contained two rows of eight, tar-papered barracks, one-story,
twenty by one hundred feet. An H-shaped building in the middle of the block that contained a
laundry room, separate bathrooms for males and females. All shower and toilet stalls were without
doors or curtains. Each block also had a separate building for meals. I remember waiting in line to
receive our food and lots of organ meats (kidney, liver and heart) being served. Food on the most
part was not good depending on the cook's culinary skills and groceries allotted. Our sleeping
quarters consisted of two large rooms (approximately 20' x 25'); metal cots, and army blankets.
There was a pot-bellied stove for heating. I saw snow for the first time but don't remember it
collecting on the ground for any length of time. I remember sand covering the room after storms
(resembling miniature tornadoes).
One barrack for the whole camp was used as a store; another as a movie theater, and one as a
library. The library was quite a distance from our block, but walking was the only alternative since
cars were not allowed. The neighbor across the street somehow managed to make a pool with local
fish swimming in it. How he obtained the cement and fish, I have no clue. Somehow I acquired a
horned toad as a pet. I don't believe pets were allowed, though an elderly man was shot trying to
retrieve his dog that got too close to the fence.
291
In the beginning, guards with questionable intelligence manned the towers around the fenced camp.
However, even if one could escape there was no place to go in the desert, in Utah, on foot, with an
Asian face. Eventually, the guards were gone but no one tried to escape. A person could
legitimately leave the camp if a person relocated to any place but the West Coast.
Jobs in the camp paid from twelve (for women) to nineteen dollars per month. Your occupational
status before being interned had no bearing on your pay. Medical doctors were paid nineteen
dollars, while my Father received sixteen dollars for inspecting the camps bathrooms.
School was held in designated barracks. I learned formation marching, volleyball, and basketball,
but I have no recollection of being taught the three R's; therefore, I have gaps in my formal
education. One of my teachers had an eighth grade educational background. I have fond memories
of one teacher who stressed initiative, and her parties were memorable. I'll always remember the
punch she made from grape jam. All my teachers were Caucasian though I'm sure there must have
been Japanese teachers with teaching degrees. The teachers at Tanforan Race Track were Japanese
who were probably college students. Piano lessons were available but after several lessons I quit
since I could not practice on a piano. Only a few pianos were available in the whole camp. A table
wasn't a very acceptable substitute. I did have a few vocal lessons. I managed to win a talent contest
and sang solos at church services while in camp. The one life-long activity I acquired in camp was
the love of reading. Consequently, I became a voracious reader as a child and hope to renew that
activity when I retire.
My oldest brother left camp to work in a factory in Cleveland, Ohio. My two sisters moved to St.
Paul, Minnesota to work as maids in a private home. All my brothers eventually moved
to Minneapolis, Minnesota. The rest of us joined them when the camp was closed in 1945.
Remarkably my oldest brother was able to purchase a home.
Out of camp, school was foreign in many ways, including the usual things a student encounters
going from elementary to junior high school. I also had the difficulty of entering after the school
year had already started, and I missed many of the subjects that should have been presented from
3rd to 6th grade. I was afraid someone would create a scene and hatefully call me a Jap!!!
I recall trying to walk on ice and hitting my head after a fall and falling down a few more times
before arriving at school. I still have a scar on my head as a reminder. Adjustment to life outside
the camp was difficult. I was afraid a great deal of the time. I didn't want to encounter incidents of
prejudice. I became a timid and introverted person, which I've overcome as I've aged.
Hopefully, people will learn from this unfortunate episode in our history. People are people; judge
them as individuals, not by race, color, or creed. No Japanese American was ever tried for
espionage.
Written by Reiko Oshima Komoto in March 1997.
292
Cartoon Analysis Worksheet
Level 1: Visuals
List the objects or people you see in the cartoon
Identify the cartoon caption/title
Any important dates that appear in the cartoon? If so,
why are they important?
Level 2: Visuals
What objects in the cartoon symbolize something
deeper and what do they mean?
Which words/phrases in the cartoon are the most
significant and why?
293
Level 3: Understanding
Describe the action that is taking place in this cartoon.
Explain the message of the cartoon.
Who would agree with the message of the cartoon? Who would disagree? Why?
294
Cartoon Analysis Worksheet
Level 1: Visuals
List the objects or people you see in the cartoon
Identify the cartoon caption/title
Any important dates that appear in the cartoon? If so,
why are they important?
Level 2: Visuals
What objects in the cartoon symbolize something
deeper and what do they mean?
Which words/phrases in the cartoon are the most
significant and why?
Level 3: Understanding
Describe the action that is taking place in this cartoon.
Explain the message of the cartoon.
Who would agree with the message of the cartoon? Who would disagree? Why?
295
Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Locate North Africa on a blank world map
-Explain the strategic advantage of North Africa
-Explain the Battle of Stalingrad
-Summarize why Stalin wanted an Allied invasion of Europe
-Explain why the Allies invaded North Africa
e. War in Europe and North Africa
i. The Allies Fight Back - “Europe First” plan – FDR
1. Buildup troops in Britain to eventually invade France
2. Attack German defenses in North Africa
a. Germans led by Erwin Rommel, Americans by George Patton, British by
Bernard Montgomery
b. North Africa important to travel Mediterranean Sea and Suez Canal oil
routes, victory in N. Africa provided launching pad for invasion of Italy
from Tunisia
c. Atlantic Wall defenses of Europe too strong for Allied attack in
November, 1942 (WWII less than a year old for US)
i. N. Africa the “soft underbelly” of the German Empire
d. Italy – Italian and German troops defeated June 5, 1944, Mussolini killed
3. Battle of Stalingrad
a. After Hitler violated nonaggression pact and sent troops into Soviet
Union, tough fighting ensued.
b. German troops moved into Stalingrad, street by street fighting for months
c. Stalin requests Allied invasion of Europe
i. Like in WWI, would pull German troops to the west, Germany
would be fighting a two front war and fewer soldiers left to fight
the Soviets
ii. Allied forces too weak to conquer Atlantic Wall
d. German supplies running low, did not get to Stalingrad before thousands
of Germans froze and/or starved to death, January 1943, Hitler’s troops
surrendered despite his orders not to… Turning point of war in the east
4. Italy
a. Rome liberated from Nazi control on June 5, 1944
i. Tuskegee Airmen, all black pilot regimen, of great importance and
necessity in freeing Italy, helped move military toward
desegregation
ii. Can’t invade Germany from south b/c of the Alps
iii. Sets up D-Day invasion, most important military event of WWII in
Europe
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Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Locate North Africa on a blank world map
-Explain the strategic advantage of North Africa
-Explain the Battle of Stalingrad
-Summarize why Stalin wanted an Allied invasion of Europe
-Explain why the Allies invaded North Africa
Strategic Advantage of North Africa
Battle of Stalingrad
Why Stalin Wanted Allied Invasion of Europe
Why Allies Invaded North Africa
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General Dwight Eisenhower (USA, on right) and Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander (Great Britain, left)
oversaw the operations in North Africa that resulted in Allied control of Tunisia from which the invasion of
Italy would launch.
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Cartoon Analysis Worksheet
Level 1: Visuals
List the objects or people you see in the cartoon
Identify the cartoon caption/title
Any important dates that appear in the cartoon? If so,
why are they important?
Level 2: Visuals
What objects in the cartoon symbolize something
deeper and what do they mean?
Which words/phrases in the cartoon are the most
significant and why?
Level 3: Understanding
Describe the action that is taking place in this cartoon.
Explain the message of the cartoon.
Who would agree with the message of the cartoon? Who would disagree? Why?
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Learning Goal 6 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the D-Day invasion
-Locate Normandy on a map of France
-Explain the plan for the invasion
-Compare the plan to the invasion itself
-Define Operation Fortitude and explain how it helped the operation
-Explain why D-Day was so important
f. D-Day – June 6, 1944 (memorize this date)
i. First step was to invade France and move in to Germany from the west
ii. Largest amphibious invasion (invasion of beaches from the sea) in history
1. Under direction and leadership of General Dwight Eisenhower
2. Codenamed Operation Overlord
iii. Landed on Utah and Omaha beaches
1. Plan to launch paratroopers the night before to take out machine gun nests, secure
bridges, etc.
a. Did not work, high winds blew men off course, others jumped early and
ended up miles from their targets
2. On some Higgins boats, none of the men made it out alive
iv. Operation Fortitude – Deception plan
1. Dummies laced with firecrackers to divert German attention north
2. Inflatable tanks, cardboard planes, Double Agents (Garbo) – awarded medals of
honor by both the British and the Germans
v. Why so important?
1. Paris liberated (freed from German occupation) 8 weeks later
2. In position to move towards Germany from the west
3. If failed, another attempt months away
a. More lives would have been lost
b. More money would have been spent
c. More supplies used
d. No guarantee of success
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Learning Goal 6 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the D-Day invasion
-Locate Normandy on a map of France
-Explain the plan for the invasion
-Compare the plan to the invasion itself
-Define Operation Fortitude and explain how it helped the operation
-Explain why D-Day was so important
D-Day
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Voices of D-Day: Allen W. Stephens
We awakened at two o'clock in the morning on June 6th. This was my
twenty-first mission, and take-off was at 4:20 in the morning. It was still
dark. A steady rain was falling and we could hardly see to taxi, much less
fly. But there was no holding back and we poured on the coals, taking off
at twenty-second intervals between shifts.
By the time we cleared the end of the runway, we could barely see the lights of the airplane
ahead of us. We climbed on instruments, and when we broke out on top of the cloud bank, we
could see B-26s and all kinds of other airplanes circling around, and it was really a beautiful
sight.
By following prearranged signals, we tacked onto our squadron leader and subsequently were
on our way across the Channel. We were part of the spearhead of the invasion, entering the
coast of France near Cherbourg over Utah Beach. Our targets were coastal guns and
blockhouses along the beach, which we were to hit in collaboration with shelling by naval
vessels. We were among the very first aircraft to hit the invasion target.
As we moved in toward the beaches, we could see an armada of invasion vessels in the channel
below us, their courses converging toward the several invasion beaches. I had the surging
feeling that I was sitting in on the greatest show ever staged -- one that would make world
history. As we flew nearer to the target, that feeling increased to exhilaration and excitement,
for it was truly a magnificent operation. We saw hundreds upon hundreds of ships below,
moving toward the coast of France, and when we approached the target area, we could see the
big naval guns shelling the coast. The Germans were not idle, however, as they threw heavy
barrages at the landing craft. I saw one large ship going down but still throwing shells at the
coast. We saw hundreds of discarded parachutes that had been thrown off by paratroopers who
had landed simultaneously with the other attacks. These were quite a ways inland from the
beachhead. I saw one B-26 Marauder explode in midair near the target area.
We went through the heaviest concentration on antiaircraft fire I had yet seen. Tracers and flak
explosions were so thick that it looked impossible to get through without being hit, especially
knowing that for every tracer there were six other rounds. The barrage literally filled the air all
around us, and the flak explosions made the air alive with fire.
On the beachhead, there was a tremendous wall of smoke all along the shore where the bombs
and the shells were exploding. The landing craft were moving up as we turned off the target
area after dropping our bombs. Every move was timed to the split second. We went in at 4,500
feet on this first mission. Our bombs went away at 6:30 a.m., the precise time planned.
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Voices of D-Day: Thomas Valence
We proceeded toward the beach, and many of the fellows got sick. The
water was quite rough. It was a choppy ride in, and we received a lot of
spray.
Our boat was one of six of A Company in the first wave, and when we got
to the beach, or close to it, the obstacles erected by the Germans to prevent the landing were
fully in view, as we were told they would be, which meant the tide was low.
I was the rifle sergeant and followed Lieutenant Anderson off the boat, and we did what we
could rather than what we had practiced doing for so many months in England. There was a
rather wide expanse of beach, and the Germans were not to be seen at all, but they were firing at
us, rapidly, with a great deal of small-arm fire.
As we came down the ramp, we were in water about knee high, and we started to do what we
were trained to do -- move forward, and then crouch and fire. One of the problems was we
didn't quite know what to fire at. I saw some tracers coming from a concrete emplacement
which to me looked mammoth. I never anticipated any gun emplacements being that big. I
attempted to fire back at that, but I had no concept of what was going on behind me. There was
not much to see in front of me except a few houses, and the water kept coming in so rapidly,
and the fellows I was with were being hit and put out of action so quickly that it become a
struggle to stay on one's feet. I abandoned my equipment, which was very heavy.
I floundered in the water and had my hand up in the air, trying to get my balance, when I was
first shot. I was shot through the left hand, which broke a knuckle, and then through the palm of
the hand. I felt nothing but a little sting at the time, but I was aware that I was shot. Next to me
in the water, Private Henry G. Witt was rolling over towards me. "Sergeant, they're leaving us
here to die like rats. Just to die like rats." I certainly wasn't thinking the same thing, nor did I
share that opinion. I didn't know whether we were being left or not.
I made my way forward as best I could. My rifle jammed, so I picked up a carbine and got off a
couple of rounds. We were shooting at something that seemed inconsequential. There was no
way I was going to knock out a German concrete emplacement with a .30-caliber rifle. I was hit
again, once in the left thigh, which broke my hip bone, and a couple of times in my pack, and
then my chin strap on my helmet was severed by a bullet. I worked my way up onto the beach,
and staggered up against a wall, and collapsed there. The bodies of the other guys washed
ashore, and I was one live body amongst many of my friends who were dead and, in many
cases, blown to pieces.
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Voices of D-Day: Bob Slaughter
I was really keyed up and so were my buddies, and we went around. I know I took my General
Eisenhower message that was issued to all of us, and I got autographs of all my buddies and
everybody I could get to autograph it.
As our teams were called, we assembled on the landing craft and were lowered into the water,
and it was tremendously rough and the spray from the sea was cold, and it came over the sides
of the landing craft and nearly everybody got soaked. We were taking water from the rough sea
over the bow, and we were bailing to try to keep afloat. Some of the landing craft sank before
they got in because of the rough sea. In fact, we picked up some of our buddies who had
floundered eight or nine miles from shore, and we had taken them on as extra cargo; and some
that we should have picked up or would have liked to have picked, we left because we didn't
have room. We hoped somebody else would.
It was a terrible ride to the beach. Over to our right, the battleship Texas was firing into the
cliffs, and every time that big fourteen inch gun went off, a tremendous tsunami swamped our
boat, and the water would come over the side and just soak us and make our seasickness worse.
As we got in to one thousand yards offshore, we started taking some mortar shells and some
artillery. They were just over our bow and exploding off to our side, and we could also hear the
small arms as we got in a little closer -- the small arms were firing at us.
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Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to
embark upon a great crusade, toward which we have striven these many months.
The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty loving
people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and
brothers in arms on other fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the
German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed
peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.
Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and
battle hardened, he will fight savagely.
But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 194041. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open
battle, man to man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the
air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our home fronts have given us
an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our
disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free
men of the world are marching together to victory!
I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will
accept nothing less than full victory! Good Luck! And let us all beseech the
blessings of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking.
-- Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Learning Goal 7 – I will be able to:
-Summarize Germany’s last ditch efforts to save their war effort
-Locate the Battle of the Bulge on a map
-Summarize why the Germans attacked in December 1944
-Explain why the Battle of the Bulge was so important
-Explain why Hitler took such drastic action against the Jews and other minority groups
-Explain why Germany finally surrendered in May 1945
g. Victory and Consequences
i. Germany Surrenders
1. Americans and French moving in from the west, Soviets from the east
2. Germans drafted every man between 16-60 for one last attack
3. Battle of the Bulge
a. December 16, 1944 in Belgium
b. Largest land battle of the war
c. Incredible cold
i. Allied men short on supplies and warm clothing, stuffed
newspapers and magazines down clothing for warmth
d. Got name from daily battle track
e. Early January, Germans driven back
f. 70,000-80,000 Americans dead, Germans lost almost twice as many
4. Civilian Casualties
a. London – 30,000 killed in German air raids
b. Dresden – Allies firebombed city and killed more than 35,000
5. VE Day (Victory in Europe) – May 8, 1945
a. Hitler suicide in April
b. FDR dead of stroke April 12
i. Harry S Truman now president
ii. Horrors of the Holocaust
1. Final Solution – extermination of Jews in concentration camps
2. Most children, elderly, and sick killed immediately
a. Men killed when too weak
3. Human experiments
4. 6 million Jews killed (2/3 of European Jewish population)
5. “We Will Not Forget”
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Learning Goal 7 – I will be able to:
-Summarize Germany’s last ditch efforts to save their war effort
-Locate the Battle of the Bulge on a map
-Summarize why the Germans attacked in December 1944
-Explain why the Battle of the Bulge was so important
-Explain why Hitler took such drastic action against the Jews and other minority groups
-Explain why Germany finally surrendered in May 1945
Battle of
the Bulge
www.tinyurl.com/LammBulge
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“HE IS TO BLAME FOR THE WAR”
“BEHIND THE ENEMY POWERS, THE JEW”
“THE ETERNAL JEW” – NAZI PROPAGANDA
“THE JEW WARMONGERS”
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“LONG LIVE GERMANY”
“JEWS ARE OUR MISFORTUNE”
“THE ETERNAL JEW” – NAZI PROPAGANDA
“NAZI SUNRISE”
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Learning Goal 8 – I will be able to:
-Locate Japan and Midway on a world map
-Summarize the Doolittle Raid and the Battle of Midway
-Explain why these events in 1942 were so important
h. First Battles in the Pacific
i. Doolittle Raid
1. April 1942
2. America had to respond to the Pearl Harbor attack
3. Used Army planes taking off from Navy ships
a. Had to drastically reduce the weight of the planes
b. 16 planes used total, all but one crashed in China, the other crashed in the
Soviet Union
i. 80 crewmen
1. 8 captured in China, 3 executed by Japanese
2. 1 died in the bailout from a damaged plane
3. 2 drowned, 1 died of disease
4. Plan – Get 400 miles from Japan, take off planes, bomb Japan at night, land safely
in China
5. Actuality
a. Fleet spotted by Japanese boat, location radioed to mainland
b. Attack launched 12 hours early, in daylight, from 700 miles out
c. None of the planes landed safely in China
d. Some shot down, some crashed in ocean, some crashed in China
6. Very little damage done, HUGE morale boost
a. Japanese promised their people their homeland would never be attacked
b. 4 months after Pearl Harbor, the US is attacking Japan
ii. Battle of the Coral Sea – May 1942
1. Cracked naval code and used it to attack Japanese at New Guinea and keep them
from invading Australia
2. Neither won clear victory, but proved US could compete with Japanese
iii. Midway – June 1942
1. Turning point in the Pacific
2. Lucky win!
a. Cracked naval code, so knew the Japanese were coming and from where
(Japanese never able to crack American naval code – used Navajo
Indians!)
b. Knew where to hide US aircraft carriers and knew the Japanese fleet
moving towards the Aleutian islands (just south of Alaska) was a
diversion
c. Japanese scout plane – mechanical problems, 30 minute delay, gave US
Navy an extra 30 minutes to maneuver undetected
3. Four Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed
4. A loss at Midway gives Japanese total control of the Pacific
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Learning Goal 8 – I will be able to:
-Locate Japan and Midway on a world map
-Summarize the Doolittle Raid and the Battle of Midway
-Explain why these events in 1942 were so important
DOOLITTLE
RAID
BATTLE
OF MIDWAY
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The Doolittle Raid, 1942 America Strikes Back
Once the shock of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor subsided, the focus
of American military planners turned to retaliation - even if it was only
symbolic. A few weeks after the attack, Lt. Colonel James H. Doolittle
presented his superiors with a daring and unorthodox plan. B-25 bombers,
normally land-based, would be transported by an aircraft carrier to
within striking-distance of the Japanese mainland and launched to attack
a number of cities.
A top-secret training program began immediately. The major problem was to
learn how to force the bomber, which normally required a minimum of 1200
feet of runway for takeoff, to get airborne using the 450 feet of a
carrier deck. After weeks of training, the volunteer crews flew to San
Francisco where they boarded the USS Hornet and joined a small flotilla
of ships headed for Japan.
1. After the shock of Pearl Harbor, the focus of American planners turned to what?
a. Retaliation
b. Victory
c. Planning
d. Bombing
2. According to the reading, which best describes the training program?
a. Difficult
b. Important c. Normal
d. Top-secret
3. From which US aircraft carrier did the planes take off?
a. Yorktown
b. Hornet
c. Arizona
d. Oklahoma
The attack was launched on the morning of April 18, 1942, 150 miles
further from Japan than planned out of fear that the task force had been
spotted by the Japanese. Doolittle gunned the lead plane and lumbered
successfully off the carrier's flight deck. Fifteen planes followed, each
one skimming just above the waves and carrying a payload of four bombs.
Thirteen bombers targeted Tokyo; the others struck Nagoya, Osaka and
Kobe. Flying low, the planes were cheered by civilians who thought they
were Japanese.
After dropping their bomb-loads on their assigned targets, the attackers
flew on until they ran out of fuel. Fifteen of the crews landed in
Japanese-occupied China and made it to friendly territory with the aid of
Chinese peasants. One crew landed in the Soviet Union and was immediately
interned. Eight airmen were captured by the Japanese, four of whom were
later executed.
Although the raid was materially but a pin prick, its psychological
impact was monumental. It elevated the flagging American morale and
destroyed the Japanese conviction that they were invulnerable to air
attack. The humiliated Japanese command hastily planned an attack on the
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American outpost at Midway - an attack whose failure would become the
turning point of the war in the Pacific.
4. Why was the attack launched from more than 150 miles further than planned?
a. Fear they’d been spotted by the Japanese
b. Confidence that the larger fuel tanks could handle the longer distance
c. Change of plans and targets
d. Possibility of the Japanese attacking first
5. How many men were executed by the Japanese?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
6. What is meant by the term pin prick?
a. Small, barely noticeable damage
b. Sharp, painful event
c. Unimportant failure
d. The last of something
Takeoff:
Lt. Ted Lawson piloted one of the attacking bombers. We join his story as
he watches the strike leader, Colonel James H. Doolittle, gun the engines
of his B-25 and attempt to take off from the carrier deck:
"A Navy man stood at the bow of the ship, and off to the left, with a
checkered flag in his hand. He gave Doolittle, who was at the controls,
the signal to begin racing his engines again. He did it by swinging the
flag in a circle and making it go faster and faster. Doolittle gave his
engines more and more throttle until I was afraid that he'd burn them up.
A wave crashed heavily at the bow and sprayed the deck.
Then I saw that the man with the flag was waiting, timing the dipping of
the ship so that Doolittle's plane would get the benefit of a rising deck
for its take-off. Then the man gave a new signal. Navy boys pulled the
blocks from under Doolittle's wheels. Another signal and Doolittle
released his brakes and the bomber moved forward.
With full flaps, engines at full throttle and his left wing far out over
the port side of the Hornet, Doolittle's plane waddled and then lunged
slowly into the teeth of the gale that swept down the deck. His left
wheel stuck on the white line as if it were a track. His right wing,
which had barely cleared the wall of the island as he taxied and was
guided up to the starting line, extended nearly to the edge of the
starboard side.
We watched him like hawks, wondering what the wind would do to him, and
whether we could get off in that little run toward the bow. If he
couldn't, we couldn't.
Doolittle picked up more speed and held to his line, and, just as
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the Hornet lifted itself up on the top of a wave and cut through it at
full speed, Doolittle's plane took off. He had yards to spare. He hung
his ship almost straight up on its props, until we could see the whole
top of his B-25. Then he leveled off and I watched him come around in a
tight circle and shoot low over our heads-straight down the line painted
on the deck."
The Attack:
We rejoin Lawson's story as he pilot's his plane towards its bomb target
in Tokyo:
"I was almost on the first of our objectives before I saw it. I gave the
engines full throttle as Davenport [co-pilot]adjusted the prop pitch to
get a better grip on the air. We climbed as quickly as possible to 1,500
feet, in the manner which we had practiced for a month and had discussed
for three additional weeks.
There was just time to get up there, level off, attend to the routine of
opening the bomb bay, make a short run and let fly with the first bomb.
The red light blinked on my instrument board, and I knew the first 500pounder had gone.
Our speed was picking up. The red light blinked again, and I knew
Clever [bombardier] had let the second bomb go. Just as the light
blinked, a black cloud appeared about 100 yards or so in front of us and
rushed past at great speed. Two more appeared ahead of us, on about the
line of our wingtips, and they too swept past. They had our altitude
perfectly, but they were leading us too much.
The third red light flickered, and, since we were now over a flimsy area
in the southern part of the city, the fourth light blinked. That was the
incendiary, which I knew would separate as soon as it hit the wind and
that dozens of small fire bombs would molt from it.
The moment the fourth red light showed I put the nose of the Ruptured
Duck into a deep dive. I had changed the course somewhat for the short
run leading up to the dropping of the incendiary. Now, as I dived, I
looked back and out I got a quick, indelible vision of one of our 500pounders as it hit our steel-smelter target. The plant seemed to puff out
its walls and then subside and dissolve in a black-and-red cloud. . .
Our actual bombing operation, from the time the first one went until the
dive, consumed not more than thirty seconds."
Crash Landing:
About 6 1/2 hours later, Lawson's plane is low on fuel as the crew spots
the Chinese mainland and Lawson attempts to land on a beach in a driving
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rain:
"So I spoke into the inter-phone and told the boys we were going down. I
told them to take off their chutes, but didn't have time to take off
mine, and to be sure their life jackets were on, as mine was. I put the
flaps down and also the landing wheels, and I remember thinking
momentarily that if this was Japanese occupied land we could make a
pretty good fight of it while we lasted. Our front machine gun was
detachable.
. . . Davenport was calling off the airspeed. He had just said, 'One
hundred and ten,' when, for some reason I'll never understand, both
engines coughed and lost their power.
In the next split second my hands punched forward and with one motion I
hit both throttles, trying to force life back into the engines, and both
prop pitch controls. And I tried to pull back the stick to keep the nose
up, so we could squash in. We were about a quarter of a mile off shore
when we hit.
The two main landing wheels caught the top of a wave as the plane sagged.
And the curse of desperation and disappointment that I instinctively
uttered was drowned out by the most terrifying noise I ever heard.
It was as if some great hand had reached down through the storm, seized
the plane and crunched it in a closing fist.
Then nothing. Nothing but peace. A strange, strange, peaceful feeling.
There wasn't any pain. A great, restful quiet surrounded me.
Then I must have swallowed some water, or perhaps the initial shock was
wearing off, for I realized vaguely but inescapably that I was sitting in
my pilot's seat on the sand, under water.
I was in about ten or fifteen feet of water, I sensed remotely. I
remember thinking: I'm dead. Then: No, I'm just hurt. Hurt bad. I
couldn't move, but there was no feeling of being trapped, or of fighting
for air.
I thought then of Ellen [Cpt. Lawson's wife] - strange thoughts filled
with vague reasoning but little torment. A growing uneasiness came
through my numb body. I wished I had left Ellen some money. I thought of
money for my mother, too, in those disembodied seconds that seemed to
have no beginning or end.
I guess I must have taken in more water, for suddenly I knew that the
silence, the peace and the reverie were things to fight against. I could
not feel my arms, yet I knew I reached down and unbuckled the seat strap
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that was holding me to the chair. I told myself that my guts were loose.
I came up into the driving rain that beat down out of the blackening sky.
I couldn't swim. I was paralyzed. I couldn't think clearly, but I undid
my chute.
The waves lifted me and dropped me. One wave washed me against a solid
object, and, after I had stared at it in the gloom for a while, I
realized that it was one of the wings of the plane. I noticed that the
engine had been ripped off the wing, leaving only a tangle of broken wire
and cable. And with the recognition came a surge of nausea and despair,
for only now did I connect my condition with the condition of the plane.
Another wave took me away from the wing and when it turned me around I
saw behind me the two tail rudders of the ship, sticking up out of the
water like twin tombstones."
References:
This eyewitness account appears in: Lawson, Ted W., Thirty Seconds
Over Tokyo (1943, reprinted 1953); Glines, Carroll V., The Doolittle
Raid: America's Daring First Strike Against Japan (1988).
7. Why was the flag man timing the dipping of the ship?
a. To make sure the planes didn’t get wet
b. So the deck of the ship would be rising as the plane was taking off
c. To better time the takeoff into better weather
d. So all the planes would take off together
8. How long did Lawson say his portion of the attack lasted?
a. 30 seconds
b. 2 minutes
c. 10 minutes
d. 6.5 hours
9. Which best describes Lawson’s attempt to land his plane?
a. Low on fuel, he landed in a field in China
b. With plenty of fuel, Lawson landed his plane safely on a secure runway
c. With no fuel left, Lawson crashed his plane in the Pacific Ocean just off the coast
d. Lawson did not have a chance to try to land the plane because it was shot out of the sky
10. To what did Lawson compare the two tail rudders of his plane sticking up out of the water?
a. Two buildings
b. Two trees
c. Two men
d. Two tombstones
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Chicago Tribune Reporter Targeted After World War II Scoop on Japanese Navy Codes
By JESS BRAVIN
WASHINGTON— Newly released documents provide a road map of how the government tried
to mount a no-holds-barred legal attack against journalists suspected of leaking military secrets.
Theycame after a disclosure 71 years ago about World War II's Battle of Midway and show the
U.S. has long wrestled with how to square national security and press freedom.
The Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, which advises the executive branch on the
extent of its own powers, published in late July a selection of previously secret legal
opinions spanning from 1933 to 1977. Among them were memos about a June 7, 1942, scoop in
the Chicago Tribune by correspondent Stanley Johnston, who saw a naval intelligence file while
traveling with the Pacific Fleet.
Pentagon officials were stunned by the headline, "U.S. Navy Knew in Advance All About Jap
Fleet," when they saw the story, which also ran in the Washington Times-Herald. The article all
but revealed one of the war's greatest secrets: that the U.S. had cracked the Japanese navy's
code. It reported that Japanese fleet strength "was well known in American naval circles," that
the U.S. Navy knew the Japanese were likely to stage a feint against the Aleutian Islands, and
that "the advance information enabled the American Navy to make full use of air attacks on the
approaching Japanese ships."
Navy Secretary Frank Knox wrote to Attorney General Francis Biddle, demanding indictments.
The headline alone "discloses secret and confidential information to the detriment of our
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national defense," Mr. Knox wrote. Mr. Biddle then asked staff for advice, resulting in the justreleased memos.
Although the Tribune article didn't disclose U.S. troop movements, which would be a clearer
violation—government lawyers concluded on June 16, 1942, that they could still find a way to
convict Mr. Johnston. "The reporter's conduct ... is characterized by real turpitude and disregard
of his obligations as a citizen. It is hard to believe that any judge or jury would take a
sympathetic view of his case, or seek to free him on any narrow view of the facts of the law,"
Assistant Solicitor General Oscar S. Cox wrote.
Even so, he cautioned, it would be tough to nail Mr. Johnston for aiding the enemy, which
carried a potential death penalty. Conviction only was possible if Mr. Johnston "intended his
story to reach the enemy, and had reason to believe that the enemy would be aided or the United
States injured," Mr. Cox wrote.
More intriguing to the 1942 Justice Department was whether others at the Tribune also could be
punished. If the editor "directed the reporter to obtain information in every possible way—
including the taking or copying of secret documents—without permission," then "he might
perhaps be indicted for conspiracy," Mr. Cox wrote. And "the corporation's liability would seem
to depend on the criminality of the managing editor; if he can be convicted, so can the
company." The same went for the publisher, he wrote.
The memos didn't mention the First Amendment, but Mr. Cox noted that punishing journalists
"might raise a nationwide outcry from the press, and prevent the public from reaching an
understanding of the merits of the case."
During the Battle of Midway, a Japanese heavy cruiser of the Mogami class lies low in the water after being bombed by U.S. naval
aircraft, in May 1942.Associated Press
327
The memos are noticeably silent on one possibly pertinent point: Tribune's publisher, Col.
Robert R. McCormick, was an incendiary antagonist of the New Deal and, before Pearl Harbor
at least, a vociferous opponent of intervention in World War II. Navy Secretary Knox,
meanwhile, had been publisher of the Chicago Daily News and a fierce rival of the Colonel and
his paper.
In the wake of the memo, a special prosecutor was appointed, who sought indictments of Mr.
Johnston and the Tribune's managing editor before a federal grand jury in Chicago.
According to "The Colonel," a 1997 biography of Mr. McCormick by Richard Norton Smith,
the government's case was hobbled by disarray within the administration and legal flaws. The
Navy refused to specify how the Johnston story had damaged the war effort, and witnesses
indicated there were other sources for the information. In a stunning rebuke to prosecutors, the
grand jury dismissed all charges.
Mr. Smith says the documents buttress his account and suggest the government analysis relied
on triggering an emotional response from jurors rather than outlining specific legal violations.
"I'm struck by how weak the government case appears," he said, even "to those whose job it is
to tell their superiors what they want to hear." Mr. Johnston died in 1963, according to a 2009
death notice for his widow. A Tribune spokeswoman said the paper had no comment on the
World War II case.
The incident shows "the government has gone considerably further in the past and was even
willing to contemplate indictments of a reporter, editor and publisher," said Steven Aftergood,
who directs the government secrecy project at the Federation of American Scientists. "That
seems unthinkable today," in part because 1960s and 1970s Supreme Court decisions reinforced
the press's constitutional protections.
History has shown that despite the tip from the article, Japan didn't scrap its codes, giving the
U.S. invaluable intelligence for the remainder of the war.
***How did politics play a role in the reporting of this information?***
328
Learning Goal 9 – I will be able to:
-Locate Guadalcanal and the Philippines on a map
-Summarize what happened to the US troops in the Philippines in March 1942
-Explain the Bataan Death March and how it affected the US troops
-Summarize and explain the reasons the United States invaded Guadalcanal
-Explain why Guadalcanal was so important
-Summarize and explain the reasons for the strategy that emerged after Guadalcanal
-Explain 3 reasons the Battle of Leyte Gulf was important
i. War in the Pacific
i. Japan Advances
1. After Pearl Harbor, Japan conquered Thailand, Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines
a. March 1942, Douglas MacArthur driven from Philippines, vowed to return
b. More than 70,000 American and Filipino soldiers surrendered
i. Bataan Death March – 60 mile march to prison camps
1. 10,000 Filipinos and 600 Americans dead
2. Guadalcanal – August 1942
a. First US offensive of WWII in Pacific
b. Attacked at Solomon Islands b/c Japanese building airfield to attack
Australia
3. Island Hopping
a. Attack every Japanese stronghold or hop to just the important ones?
i. Benefits
1. Save time/money/supplies
2. Element of surprise
3. Prevent Japanese buildup close to mainland
4. Battle of Leyte Gulf – reclaiming the Philippines from Japan
a. October 1944
b. Biggest naval battle in history
c. Important
i. kamikaze – Japanese suicide pilots, showed desperation
ii. Japan’s navy crippled for the rest of the war
iii. US wins back control of Philippines
329
Learning Goal 9 – I will be able to:
-Locate Guadalcanal and the Philippines on a map
-Summarize what happened to the US troops in the Philippines in March 1942
-Explain the Bataan Death March and how it affected the US troops
-Summarize and explain the reasons the United States invaded Guadalcanal
-Explain why Guadalcanal was so important
-Summarize and explain the reasons for the strategy that emerged after Guadalcanal
-Explain 3 reasons the Battle of Leyte Gulf was important
March 1942
Bataan Death
March
Guadalcanal
Importance of
Guadalcanal
Strategy
Importance of
Battle of Leyte Gulf
330
331
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The Bataan Death March
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You and your group began the march on April 12, 1942?
Yes. We began walking the next morning. It was about eighty
miles from where we started to where we ended up. It doesn't
seem very far, but we were in such awful condition that eighty
miles was a heck of a long way to walk. It took six days to get
to San Fernando. There, the march ended and we got on
board a train. But in that six days, a lot happened.
On the first day, I saw two things I will never forget. A
Filipino man had been beheaded. His body lay on the
ground with blood everywhere. His head was a short
distance away. Also, there was a dead Filipino woman with her legs spread apart
and her dress pulled up over her. She obviously had been raped. These are
instances I would like to forget.
I'm sure. How awful! So, you started marching at Mariveles
and walked eighty miles to San Fernando, a railroad terminal.
Did everyone take that road?
No, but most prisoners did. The captured soldiers on the West Side walked partially up
the West Side, came across the peninsula, and went up the East Coast like we did.
What was the typical day like on the march?
We walked all day. At night, the Japanese took us to a field to sleep. You would lie
down and pass out right there.
You started at sunup and walked all day until night. Did you
stop along the way?
You just kept walking.
What would you do if you had to go to the bathroom?
If anyone had to, they went right in their drawers as they
walked. If you stopped or got off to the side, you would
have been bayoneted or shot. I didn't go to the bathroom
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because I had nothing to pass. Body fluid came out in sweat. I don't recall going to the
bathroom until we got up to Camp O'Donnell. The first time I urinated, I thought I was
going to die. It burned like sin.
You just kept walking. There was no food or water during the day. At the end of the day
you were escorted to a field, or wherever they wanted you to sleep. The next morning it
would start all over again?
Yes. In the morning, we would get up and start walking. That went on for six days.
The Bataan Death March
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What was the Oriental Sun Treatment?
During the day, at some point, the Japanese would call a halt.
We would go to an open field and sit down. We just sat there,
the hot sun beating down on us like mad.
After an hour or so, they would get us up and we would start
walking again.
Was there any shade?
If there was any shade, the Japanese found it. Guards still
walked around where we were. You could have slipped away
any time, but where would you have gone?
The Japanese probably wanted to rest. Did you have anything
to keep the sun off you?
We had no shade whatsoever! I was fortunate because I had
my helmet on.
They let you wear it?
Yes. Some other soldiers had helmets but many others were bareheaded.
Didn't everybody get terribly sunburned?
334
We were used to it. If you didn't have a hat on, though, it was tough.
Did the Japanese issue different clothing?
We wore the same clothes we had on when we were captured.
As you walked, were the Japanese constantly yelling and pushing or did they just walk
along with everyone else?
It depended on us. If we got below a certain walking speed, they would start hollering.
As long as you kept a fairly decent pace, they didn't say or do anything. It wasn't a fast
pace, just kind of shuffling along. The last two days we walked in close formation.
The Japanese weren't too keen on a forced march?
No. They had to walk along with us.
The Bataan Death March
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Did you walk on the blacktop highway?
Yes. We had been starved for such a long time we were
really run down. We looked like a bunch of stragglers. We
didn't get anything to eat for four days.
Along the way, Filipinos would try to give us food. The
Japanese shot some of them.
Finally, the last two days, everyone got one rice ball each day to eat.
How large were the rice balls?
They were about the size of the amount of rice you could get in a coffee cup.
You didn't eat a thing for four days and you were already starved when you were
captured.
That's right. We weren't given any water either. There was good water all around
us. Artesian wells flowing everywhere! They would not let us go and get it. Men
335
went stark raving mad! Soldiers broke ranks and ran towards the water.
They went completely insane because they had to get it. They never got it! Of course,
you know what happened to them.
Our soldiers were shot before they reached water?
That's right.
Did you ever drink stagnant water?
If you were lucky, that's just what you got. We drank foul
smelling and stagnant water from the ditches. Some guys got
terrible diarrhea. Fortunately, I didn't get any ill effects from drinking it.
There were clean artesian wells nearby but you had to drink stagnant water?
Yes. You scooped it up as you walked. We were not allowed to go to the artesian
wells, which were about half a block from the road. We were able to get water at
night by collecting canteens. You didn't dare get too many or they would rattle. We
would handle them very carefully and quietly sneak off to an artesian well. You held a
canteen under water and filled two or three of them. Then we came back and passed
them around. If the Japanese had caught us, that would have been it! We would
have been shot. Fortunately, I was never caught.
Did they ever cook food in front of you but not serve it?
During the day, the Japs would tell us we would get rice balls when we got to our
nighttime destination. When we got to the field where we were going to spend the
night, you could see and smell food cooking across the road.
They would give some excuse why we couldn't have any. I don't remember exactly
what the excuses were. They usually had to do with some phony rule infraction on our
part. Anyway, they would eat the food in front of us but we wouldn't get any. I
remember this happened two nights out of five on the march.
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Were you injured in any way on the march?
I don't remember what day it was because things were kind of hazy on the trip. On the
march out of Bataan, a Japanese cavalryman was standing in the middle of the road
swinging a baseball bat. He didn't care who he hit. He just kept swinging that bat!
When I walked by, that bat caught me across my upper left leg. Boy, did it hurt! I kept
going because I didn't let that son-of-a-gun - I could use stronger language - know he
had hurt me. That was the only bad thing that happened to me personally on the
march.
The Japanese showed no mercy to anyone did they?
No. If people would fall down and couldn't go any further,
the Japanese would either bayonet or shoot them. They
also would bayonet prisoners who couldn't keep up.
Those who stepped out of line or had fallen out of ranks were
beaten with clubs and/or rifle butts. Some American
prisoners who couldn't keep up were run over by
Japanese vehicles. I saw the remains of an American soldier who had been run
over by a tank. I didn't see the actual event but the Japanese just left his remains
in the middle of the road. We could see them as we walked by.
Once you were put in a field for the night, did you ever have to get up and march
again?
Yes. They would make us march anytime! For example, we were put in the field at the
end of the day.
Just after we got comfortable and settled down, they would come and tell us to get up.
We would start out marching again. If they got us up in the middle of the night, we
would march the rest of the night and all the next day until night. Then, we were
put in a field again.
What about wounded American soldiers?
They were expected to keep up like everyone else, regardless of their condition.
But, some wounded prisoners just couldn't go on. They were either bayoneted,
beat with clubs, rifle butts, or shot. Some soldiers had diarrhea so bad that they
couldn't keep up and the Japanese shot them.
Did you ever see the "Buzzard Squads?"
No, I didn't see them because they were behind us. We heard them, though. It was
their job to "take care of" or "finish off" any stragglers or those who fell out and
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couldn't continue. Each separate group on the march had their own so-called
"Buzzard Squad."
They would "clean up," i.e. murder anyone who fell behind?
Yes.
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One of the most horrifying aspects of this march was that some of our American
soldiers were even buried alive?
Yes. They were buried alive in slit trenches, which we used for bathroom
facilities.
When the trenches were almost full, the Japanese would take a detail of prisoners to
fill them up with dirt. On one occasion I saw a soldier who had diarrhea really bad and
went to the bathroom. After he finished, he could barely get up. He slipped and fell
backwards into the trench. The Japanese ordered the prisoner detail to cover him
up right there, which they did. They had no choice!
The Japanese were brutal and cruel to American soldiers?
I'll tell you, everything you have read or heard about those little yellow slant-eyes
happened on the march! After the march was over, I didn't see any men buried alive.
What did the Japanese do with the bodies of soldiers who died or were killed along the
way or in the concentration camps?
On the march, they took their dog tags off and left them along the roadside. I
didn't actually see this, but found out about it later. It was probably the only
humanitarian thing they did. As we walked along, we could see the bodies of
decomposing American soldiers and Filipino women who had been mutilated
and obviously raped. I'm sure the dogs in the area got fat! In the prison camps the
bodies were cremated.
They could have taken the dog tags off for insensitive reasons. If the bodies were
ever found, they couldn't be identified. Or, they could have kept them for
identification purposes. Did you see the Japanese driving American-made vehicles,
Fords, Chevrolets, and GMC's?
338
Yes. They would drive along the road in captured American equipment, hauling troops,
etc. The trucks had our big star on them with US Army and USA insignias. They also
had some captured P-40s. Later, when we got to Clark Field, some "quislings" or
"turncoat" American soldiers from our camp helped the Japanese fix them up.
What were you feeling and thinking about as you were walking along?
Once the march started, everything just sort of froze in my mind. I was pretty
numb the whole time. I didn't think and I didn't feel. I was like a robot and just
kept moving. Other than daylight or dark, I lost all track of time. I had to blank
everything out and focus straight ahead. I lived from day to day, in fact, hour by
hour. The only thing I thought about was the moment and, "The good Lord
willing, I'll get through the day."
Were there any women on the march? (Jane)
No. There were quite a few of nurses working at field hospitals
in the Philippines. They were imprisoned, but I don't know the
circumstances. They might have been trucked or taken by
ferry to Bilibid Prison or Santo Tomas University. There
weren't any women marching in our group.
There were a number of marches. It wasn't just one long continuous march, right?
Yes. We weren't one close-knit group by any means. When the Japanese got a bunch
together, say one hundred or so, that group would start walking. You might get the
impression it was one long line, but it wasn't. One group would start and then a couple
of days later, another one came along. When we got to our destination, Camp
O'Donnell, soldiers kept coming in. For how long or how many had passed before and
after us, I don't know. On the sixth day, we got to Balanga and were fed a second rice
ball. From Balanga, we walked to San Fernando.
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Learning Goal 10 – I will be able to:
-Locate Iwo Jima and Okinawa on a map
-Summarize why Iwo Jima was so important
-Explain why the fighting was much heavier than expected
-Explain the famous photograph taken and what it is used for today
-Summarize and explain why Okinawa was so important
j. Marching Towards Japan
i. Bombing of Tokyo began in November
1. Destroyed factories, over 1 million homeless, Japanese refused to surrender
ii. Iwo Jima – February 1945
1. Island important b/c of airfield to carry out potential invasion of Japan
2. US thought a 3-5 day battle – lasted over a month
a. Japanese built underground tunnels, bunkers, and gutted Mt. Suribachi and
turned it into a fortress
b. 6,800 Americans killed – 20,000 Japanese killed
iii. Okinawa – April 1945
1. 100,000 Japanese killed, 12,000 Allies killed
2. Fought over airfields, needed for potential invasion of Japan
340
Learning Goal 10 – I will be able to:
-Locate Iwo Jima and Okinawa on a map
-Summarize why Iwo Jima was so important
-Explain why the fighting was much heavier than expected
-Explain the famous photograph taken and what it is used for today
-Summarize and explain why Okinawa was so important
Iwo Jima &
Okinawa in
relationship to
Japanese
mainland
Why Iwo Jima
so important
Why fighting
on Iwo Jima
much heavier
than expected
Describe
famous
photograph and
importance
today
Why Okinawa
so important
Irony…
341
Iwo Jima survivor in Southwest Greensburg shares story
By Joe Napsha
Published: Saturday, Feb. 22, 2014, 6:59 p.m. Pittsburgh Tribune Review
From a makeshift hospital on the volcanic sands of Iwo Jima in February 1945, Raymond Goron
cheered as he watched a group of Marines raise a small U.S. flag atop Mt. Suribachi, four days after
the invasion started.
“When it went up, the men acted like a bunch of kids — celebrating like the war's over. We were
jumping up like a bunch of girls. But it (battle) was just starting,” said Goron, a Navy corpsman
attached to a Marine platoon fighting the Japanese in World War II.
That first flag was replaced by a much larger one — immortalized in a photograph and a statue at the
Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Va.
In his Southwest Greensburg home 69 years later, 90-year-old Goron pointed out that the flag raising
didn't signify an end to the fighting on Iwo Jima. The brutal battles went on for five more weeks,
leaving about 6,820 Americans dead and 19,000 wounded.
The 70,000 Marines who attacked the tiny island were deployed as part of an island-hopping strategy
the United States used to move the war closer to Japan. The Japanese-held island had three air
strips the United States could use to launch B-29 raids across the Pacific Ocean against Tokyo, 660
miles away.
1. In the first sentence of the reading, what does the word “makeshift” mean?
a. Build on volcanic sands
b. To help soldiers
c. Temporary
d. Military
2. According to the reading, what was the reaction of the American soldiers to the raising of the flag on Mt.
Suribachi?
a. Questioning why it was so small
b. Upset it was raised before the end of the battle
c. Celebration
d. Fear it could get them killed
3. When Goron states that “the men acted like a bunch of kids” what was he intending to communicate to the
reader?
a. That the men refused to listen to orders and instead did what they wanted
b. They were happy and cheerful like children often are
c. That the soldiers feared punishment and did what was commanded
d. They were afraid of the dark and what could happen at night
4. Approximately how many casualties did the US suffer at Iwo Jima? (Casualties means dead + wounded)
a. Close to 26,000
c. Close to 50,000
b. Close to 40,000
d. Close to 100,000
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5. In the reading, it is stated that the attack on Iwo Jima was part of the island hopping strategy. What was island
hopping? (This is from your notes, not the reading)
a. Attacking only the most important Japanese islands
b. Attacking each island the Japanese held
c. Attacking each island on which Japanese soldiers were located
d. Attacking only Japan and ignoring the islands
Goron and his fellow corpsmen aboard the USS Sandoval landed on Iwo Jima on Feb. 19, the first
day of the battle, following the Marines, who were in the first wave of the invasion that morning.
Goron experienced combat for the first time on Iwo Jima, landing on the rugged island in a small boat
that took corpsmen to shore to provide emergency medical care in the battle zone.
“We could see the battle (from the ship). I was a little scared going in,” he said. “We were in a sea of
ships in the harbor.”
In a hospital hastily built just off the beach, “19-year-olds took care of 19-year-old boys,” Goron said.
6. Why did Raymond Goron and his fellow corpsman attack Iwo Jima?
a. The Japanese used Iwo Jima as a launching pad for their attacks
b. Iwo Jima had three air strips to use to bomb Tokyo
c. Iwo Jima had previously belonged to the United States
d. Iwo Jima was important to liberate or free China
7. When you read, “In a hospital hastily built just off the beach” hastily meant what?
a. Necessary and very important
b. Medically necessary to treat victims
c. Quickly and without attention to much detail
Regretfully now looking back
The corpsmen were ordered to take the Red Cross emblems off their uniforms because they were
easy targets for Japanese snipers, Goron said.
“We would be the first ones to be shot,” he said, leafing through photographs he has kept for nearly
seven decades.
He recalls one Marine who was coming to help them was felled by a bullet to the head just before he
reached the hospital. He died instantly, Goron said.
As they bandaged and stabilized the wounded before putting them on small boats that ferried them to
the ships in the harbor, the ships were lobbing shells overhead, aiming at Japanese positions inland.
“Even to this day, I can hear those 16-inch shells going over my head and exploding into the volcano
(on Mt. Suribachi),” Goron said.
The Japanese returned fire with rockets. One landed just below the hospital, killing eight men. Sparks
from a rocket caught Goron's blanket on fire.
When night fell, he slept with his rifle pointing out of the foxhole, ready at a moment's notice. They
would hear Japanese soldiers calling out for corpsmen, pretending “in perfect English” to be wounded
Americans.
343
Despite warnings not to leave the foxhole to search for wounded soldiers at night, some medics did
and never came back, Goron said. Tending to the wounded “is the first thing on your mind. It's bred
into us,” he said.
When he saw the first flag raised atop Mt. Suribachi come down, he was disappointed, not realizing
that another flag, twice the size, would replace it.
The second flag raising on Feb. 23 is most remembered because of photographer Joseph
Rosenthal's famous picture of Marines hoisting it. Goron is saddened that those who raised the first
flag have been largely forgotten in history.
“I am disappointed they did not put a plaque up for the first flag raising,” he said.
8. Why were corpsman instructed to take the Red Cross emblems off their uniforms?
a. Because all men were expected to fight
b. No one was allowed to wear them
c. The Red Cross is anti-war
d. They were easy targets for the Japanese
9. According to the reading, how did Goron’s blanket catch on fire?
a. An accident in the hospital
c. Japanese rocket
b. A cigarette given to him
d. Flamethrower
10. Why did the Japanese pretend to be wounded Americans?
a. To get help in American hospitals
b. To get the Red Cross to give them assistance
c. They were eager to surrender
d. Tending to the wounded is something Americans take seriously
11. Why was Goron disappointed in the second flag raising on Mt. Suribachi?
a. Many have forgotten the first soldiers to raise the flag
b. He was not invited to be a part of the ceremony which is why he went to Iwo Jima in the first place
c. The flag was too small and difficult to see
d. The plaque placed there was inadequate
On the fifth day of the battle, Goron left the harbor aboard the USS Sandoval to take the wounded to
hospitals on other islands.
“I was damn lucky to get out of there alive,” he said.
Goron was a student at Connellsville High School when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec.
7, 1941, plunging the nation into the world war that had been raging in Europe and Asia since
September 1939. Goron had played tackle on the school's football team and blocked for future Notre
Dame star and Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lujack.
After graduating in 1943, Goron joined his father at Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad, working at the
Dickerson Run rail yard outside Connellsville. His father wanted him to apply for an exemption from
military service, since railway workers were vital to the war effort on the home front — moving men
and materiel like coal and steel.
344
But Goron listened to his buddies who had joined the military and enlisted in the Navy without telling
his father.
“I wanted to see the world,” Goron said.
Instead, he saw the tragedy of war before he saw the world. While training in Cape May, N.J., 80
sailors were killed on a cold winter day when their ship was accidentally rammed by another.
“It was an awful experience. There were 80 frozen bodies. It hardened me,” Goron said.
For his military service, Goron last month received a certificate of special Congressional recognition
from the U.S. House of Representatives and received a commendation from the state House of
Representatives.
After the war, Goron returned to his job at P&LE, then worked at a former Westinghouse Electric Co.
plant in Youngwood. He and his wife, Catherine, have been married since 1955 and have three sons,
Michael, Francis and Patrick Goron.
Goron said he never returned to Iwo Jima.
“I can't forget it. ... I would love to go back if I could. In my younger days, I would have jumped at the
chance.”
12. For what reason could Goron have received a military exemption?
a. He had an injury from his football career
b. He worked on the railroads
c. He was still in high school
d. His father was in World War I
13. For what reason did Goron enlist in the Navy?
a. He wanted revenge from Pearl Harbor
b. He wanted to help the men who were injured at Cape May
c. He wanted to see the world
d. He wanted an adventure
14. What commendations did Goron receive?
a. Silver Cross
b. Purple Heart
c. Medal of Honor
d. Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition
15. What does Goron say about the island of Iwo Jima?
a. As a nightmarish place to which no one should ever go
b. As a place that should be cherished by all Americans
c. As a place he can never forget
d. As a place where he grew up.
345
Learning Goal 11 – I will be able to:
-Define Manhattan Project
-Identify J. Robert Oppenheimer
-Explain what the atom bomb was
-Summarize why Truman was hesitant to use the bomb
-Explain why Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets
-Summarize the effects of the bomb
-Explain how the atomic bomb led to Japan’s surrender and end of WWII
k. Victory in the Pacific
i. Manhattan Project
a. Plan to build a nuclear weapon (atomic bomb)
b. Led by Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer
c. July 16, 1945 detonated in New Mexico – Many scientists who worked on project
urged Truman not to authorize its use
d. Truman hesitant to use bomb against Japanese people
e. When Japanese refused to surrender, Hiroshima leveled on August 6, 1945, almost
80,000 killed instantly
f. Japanese ordered to surrender or face another one, refused, and Nagasaki leveled on
August 9, 1945, almost 30,000 killed instantly
g. Japanese announced surrender on August 15, 1945, VJ Day (Victory in Japan)
h. WWII over – 50 million killed, over ½ civilians
a. US lost 300,000
346
Learning Goal 11 – I will be able to:
-Define Manhattan Project
-Identify J. Robert Oppenheimer
-Explain what the atom bomb was
-Summarize why Truman was hesitant to use the bomb
-Explain why Hiroshima and Nagasaki were chosen as targets
-Summarize the effects of the bomb
-Explain how the atomic bomb led to Japan’s surrender and end of WWII
The Manhattan Project was…
J. Robert Oppenheimer…
What was the atomic bomb?
Why Truman was hesitant to use
the bomb?
Two reasons Hiroshima &
Nagasaki chosen as targets and
explain them…
Effects of the bomb…
How the bomb’s use led to
conclusion of WWII
In your opinion, should the US
have used it? Write a paragraph
with at least two underlined
reasons
ON SEPARATE PIECE OF NOTEBOOK PAPER OR TYPED
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348
Interview with Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay that dropped “the bomb” on Hiroshima
Studs Terkel: We're seated here, two old gaffers. Me and Paul Tibbets, 89 years old, brigadiergeneral retired, in his home town of Columbus, Ohio, where he has lived for many
years.
Paul Tibbets: Hey, you've got to correct that. I'm only 87. You said 89.
Studs Terkel: I know. See, I'm 90. So I got you beat by three years.
Studs Terkel: Now we've had a nice lunch, you and I and your companion. I noticed as we sat in
that restaurant, people passed by. They didn't know who you were. But once upon a
time, you flew a plane called the Enola Gay over the city of Hiroshima, in Japan, on
a Sunday morning - August 6 1945 - and a bomb fell. It was the atomic bomb, the
first ever. And that particular moment changed the whole world around. You were
the pilot of that plane.
Paul Tibbets: Yes, I was the pilot.
Studs Terkel: And the Enola Gay was named after...
Paul Tibbets: My mother. She was Enola Gay Haggard before she married my dad, and my dad
never supported me with the flying - he hated airplanes and motorcycles. When I
told them I was going to leave college and go fly planes in the army air corps, my
dad said, "Well, I've sent you through school, bought you automobiles, given you
money to run around with the girls, but from here on, you're on your own. If you want
to go kill yourself, go ahead, I don't give a damn." Then Mom just quietly said, "Paul,
if you want to go fly airplanes, you're going to be all right." And that was that.
Studs Terkel: Now by 1944 you were a pilot - a test pilot on the program to develop the B-29
bomber. When did you get word that you had a special assignment?
Paul Tibbets: One day [in September 1944] I'm running a test on a B-29, I land, a man meets me.
He says he just got a call from General Uzal Ent [commander of the second air
force] at Colorado Springs, he wants me in his office the next morning at nine
o'clock. He said, "Bring your clothing - your B4 bag - because you're not coming
back." Well, I didn't know what it was and didn't pay any attention to it - it was just
another assignment. I got to Colorado Springs the next morning perfectly on time. A
man named Lansdale met me, walked me to General Ent's office and closed the
door behind me. With him was a man wearing a blue suit, a US Navy captain - that
was William Parsons, who flew with me to Hiroshima - and Dr Norman Ramsey,
Columbia University professor in nuclear physics. And Norman said: "OK, we've got
what we call the Manhattan Project. What we're doing is trying to develop an atomic
bomb. We've gotten to the point now where we can't go much further till we have
airplanes to work with." He gave me an explanation which probably lasted 45, 50
minutes, and they left. General Ent looked at me and said, "The other day, General
Arnold [commander general of the army air corps] offered me three names. "Both of
the others were full colonels; I was a lieutenant-colonel. He said that when General
Arnold asked which of them could do this atomic weapons deal, he replied without
hesitation, "Paul Tibbets is the man to do it." I said, "Well, thank you, sir." Then he
laid out what was going on and it was up to me now to put together an organization
and train them to drop atomic weapons on both Europe and the Pacific - Tokyo.
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Studs Terkel: Interesting that they would have dropped it on Europe as well. We didn't know that.
Paul Tibbets: My edict was as clear as could be. Drop simultaneously in Europe and the Pacific
because of the secrecy problem - you couldn't drop it in one part of the world without
dropping it in the other. And so he said, "I don't know what to tell you, but I know you
happen to have B-29's to start with. I've got a squadron in training in Nebraska - they
have the best record so far of anybody we've got. I want you to go visit them, look at
them, talk to them, do whatever you want. If they don't suit you, we'll get you some
more." He said: "There's nobody could tell you what you have to do because nobody
knows. If we can do anything to help you, ask me." I said thank you very much. He
said, "Paul, be careful how you treat this responsibility, because if you're successful
you'll probably be called a hero. And if you're unsuccessful, you might wind up in
prison."
Studs Terkel: Did you know the power of an atomic bomb? Were you told about that?
Paul Tibbets: No, I didn't know anything at that time. But I knew how to put an organization
together. He said, "Go take a look at the bases, and call me back and tell me which
one you want." I wanted to get back to Grand Island, Nebraska; that's where my wife
and two kids were, where my laundry was done, and all that stuff. But I thought,
"Well, I'll go to Wendover [army airfield, in Utah] first and see what they've got." As I
came in over the hills I saw it was a beautiful spot. It had been a final staging place
for units that were going through combat crew training, and the guys ahead of me
were the last P-47 fighter outfit. This lieutenant- colonel in charge said, "We've just
been advised to stop here and I don't know what you want to do...but if it has
anything to do with this base, it's the most perfect base I've ever been on. You've got
full machine shops, everybody's qualified, they know what they want to do. It's a
good place."
Studs Terkel: Did Oppenheimer tell you about the destructive nature of the bomb?
Paul Tibbets: No.
Studs Terkel: How did you know about that?
Paul Tibbets: From Dr Ramsey. He said the only thing we can tell you about it is, it's going to
explode with the force of 20,000 tons of TNT. I'd never seen 1 lb of TNT blow up. I'd
never heard of anybody who'd seen 100 lbs of TNT blow up. All I felt was that this
was gonna be one hell of a big bang.
Studs Terkel: Twenty thousand tons - that's equivalent to how many planes full of bombs?
Paul Tibbets: Well, I think the two bombs that we used [at Hiroshima and Nagasaki] had more
power than all the bombs the air force had used during the war in Europe.
Studs Terkel: So Ramsey told you about the possibilities.
Paul Tibbets: Even though it was still theory, whatever those guys told me, that's what happened.
So I was ready to say I wanted to go to war, but I wanted to ask Oppenheimer how
to get away from the bomb after we dropped it. I told him that when we had dropped
bombs in Europe and North Africa, we'd flown straight ahead after dropping them which is also the trajectory of the bomb. But what should we do this time? He said,
"You can't fly straight ahead because you'd be right over the top when it blows up
and nobody would ever know you were there." He said I had to turn tangent to the
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expanding shock wave. I said, "Well, I've had some trigonometry, some physics.
What is tangency in this case?" He said it was 159 degrees in either direction. "Turn
159 degrees as fast as you can and you'll be able to put yourself the greatest
distance from where the bomb exploded."
Studs Terkel: How many seconds did you have to make that turn?
Paul Tibbets: I had dropped enough practice bombs to realize that the charges would blow around
1,500 ft in the air, so I would have 40 to 42 seconds to turn 159 degrees. I went back
to Wendover as quick as I could and took the airplane up. I got myself to 25,000 ft
and I practiced turning, steeper, steeper, steeper and I got it where I could pull it
round in 40 seconds. The tail was shaking dramatically and I was afraid of it
breaking off, but I didn't quit. That was my goal. And I practiced and practiced until,
without even thinking about it, I could do it in between 40 and 42, all the time. So,
when that day came....
Studs Terkel: You got the go-ahead on August 5.
Paul Tibbets: Yeah. We were in Tinian [the US island base in the Pacific] at the time we got the
OK. They had sent this Norwegian to the weather station out on Guam [the US's
westernmost territory] and I had a copy of his report. We said that, based on his
forecast, the sixth day of August would be the best day that we could get over
Honshu [the island on which Hiroshima stands]. So we did everything that had to be
done to get the crews ready to go: airplane loaded, crews briefed, all of the things
checked that you have to check before you can fly over enemy territory. General
Groves had a brigadier-general who was connected back to Washington DC by a
special teletype machine. He stayed close to that thing all the time, notifying people
back there, all by code, that we were preparing these airplanes to go any time me
after midnight on the sixth. And that's the way it worked out. We were ready to go at
about four o'clock in the afternoon on the fifth and we got word from the president
that we were free to go: "Use me as you wish." They give you a time you're
supposed to drop your bomb on target and that was 9:15 in the morning , but that
was Tinian time, one hour later than Japanese time. I told Dutch, "You figure it out
what time we have to start after midnight to be over the target at 9 a.m."
Studs Terkel: That'd be Sunday morning.
Paul Tibbets: Well, we got going down the runway at right about 2:15 a.m. and we took off, we met
our rendezvous guys, we made our flight up to what we call the initial point, that
would be a geographic position that you could not mistake. Well, of course we had
the best one in the world with the rivers and bridges and that big shrine. There was
no mistaking what it was.
Studs Terkel: So you had to have the right navigator to get it on the button.
Paul Tibbets: The airplane has a bomb sight connected to the autopilot and the bombardier puts
figures in there for where he wants to be when he drops the weapon, and that's
transmitted to the airplane. We always took into account what would happen if we
had a failure and the bomb bay doors didn't open; we had a manual release put in
each airplane so it was right down by the bombardier and he could pull on that. And
the guys in the airplanes that followed us to drop the instruments needed to know
when it was going to go. We were told not to use the radio, but, hell, I had to. I told
them I would say, "One minute out," "Thirty seconds out," "Twenty seconds" and
351
"Ten" and then I'd count, "Nine, eight, seven, six, five, four seconds", which would
give them a time to drop their cargo. They knew what was going on because they
knew where we were. And that's exactly the way it worked; it was absolutely perfect.
After we got the airplanes in formation I crawled into the tunnel and went back to tell
the men, I said, "You know what we're doing today?" They said, "Well, yeah, we're
going on a bombing mission." I said, "Yeah, we're going on a bombing mission, but
it's a little bit special." My tail gunner, Bob Caron, was pretty alert. He said, "Colonel,
we wouldn't be playing with atoms today, would we?" I said, "Bob, you've got it just
exactly right." So I went back up in the front end and I told the navigator, bombardier,
flight engineer, in turn. I said, "OK, this is an atom bomb we're dropping." They
listened intently but I didn't see any change in their faces or anything else. Those
guys were no idiots. We'd been fiddling round with the most peculiar-shaped things
we'd ever seen. So we're coming down. We get to that point where I say "one
second" and by the time I'd got that second out of my mouth the airplane had
lurched, because 10,000 lbs had come out of the front. I'm in this turn now, tight as I
can get it,that helps me hold my altitude and helps me hold my airspeed and
everything else all the way round. When I level out, the nose is a little bit high and as
I look up there the whole sky is lit up in the prettiest blues and pinks I've ever seen in
my life. It was just great. I tell people I tasted it. "Well," they say, "what do you
mean?" When I was a child, if you had a cavity in your tooth the dentist put some
mixture of some cotton or whatever it was and lead into your teeth and pounded
them in with a hammer. I learned that if I had a spoon of ice-cream and touched one
of those teeth I got this electrolysis and I got the taste of lead out of it. And I knew
right away what it was. OK, we're all going. We had been briefed to stay off the
radios: "Don't say a damn word, what we do is we make this turn, we're going to get
out of here as fast as we can." I want to get out over the sea of Japan because I
know they can't find me over there. With that done we're home free. Then Tom
Ferebee has to fill out his bombardier's report and Dutch, the navigator, has to fill out
a log. Tom is working on his log and says, "Dutch, what time were we over the
target?" And Dutch says, "Nine-fifteen plus 15 seconds." Ferebee says: "What lousy
navigating. Fifteen seconds off!"
Studs Terkel: Did you hear an explosion?
Paul Tibbets: Oh yeah. The shockwave was coming up at us after we turned. And the tail gunner
said, "Here it comes." About the time he said that, we got this kick in the ass. I had
accelerometers installed in all airplanes to record the magnitude of the bomb. It hit
us with two and a half G. Next day, when we got figures from the scientists on what
they had learned from all the things, they said, "When that bomb exploded, your
airplane was 10 and half miles away from it."
Studs Terkel: Did you see that mushroom cloud?
Paul Tibbets: You see all kinds of mushroom clouds, but they were made with different types of
bombs. The Hiroshima bomb did not make a mushroom. It was what I call a stringer.
It just came up. It was black as hell and it had light and colors and white in it and
grey color in it and the top was like a folded-up Christmas tree.
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Studs Terkel: Do you have any idea what happened down below?
Paul Tibbets: Pandemonium! I think it's best stated by one of the historians, who said: "In one
micro-second, the city of Hiroshima didn't exist."
Studs Terkel: You came back and you visited President Truman.
Paul Tibbets: We're talking 1948 now. I'm back in the Pentagon and I get notice from the chief of
staff, Carl Spaatz, the first chief of staff of the air force. When we got to General
Spaatz's office, General Doolittle was there and a colonel named Dave Shillen.
Spaatz said, "Gentlemen, I just got word from the president he wants us to go over
to his office immediately." On the way over, Doolittle and Spaatz were doing some
talking; I wasn't saying very much. When we got out of the car we were escorted
right quick to the Oval Office. There was a black man there who always took care of
Truman's needs and he said, "General Spaatz, will you please be facing the desk?"
And now, facing the desk, Spaatz is on the right, Doolittle and Shillen. Of course,
militarily speaking, that's the correct order, because Spaatz is senior, Doolittle has to
sit to his left. Then I was taken by this man and put in the chair that was right beside
the president's desk, beside his left hand. Anyway, we got a cup of coffee and we
got most of it consumed when Truman walked in and everybody stood on their feet.
He said, "Sit down, please," and he had a big smile on his face and he said,
"General Spaatz, I want to congratulate you on being first chief of the Air Force,"
because it was no longer the air corps. Spaatz said, "Thank you, sir, it's a great
honor and I appreciate it." And he said to Doolittle: "That was a magnificent thing
you pulled flying off of that carrier," and Doolittle said, "All in a day's work, Mr.
President." And he looked at Dave Shillen and said, "Colonel Shillen, I want to
congratulate you on having the foresight to recognize the potential in aerial refueling.
We're gonna need it bad someday." And he said, "Thank you very much." Then he
looked at me for 10 seconds and he didn't say anything. And when he finally did, he
said, "What do you think?" I said, "Mr. President, I think I did what I was told." He
slapped his hand on the table and said: "You're damn right you did, and I'm the guy
who sent you. If anybody gives you a hard time about it, refer them to me."
Studs Terkel: Anybody ever give you a hard time?
Paul Tibbets: Nobody gave me a hard time.
Studs Terkel: Do you ever have any second thoughts about the bomb?
Paul Tibbets: Second thoughts? No. Studs, look. Number one, I got into the air corps to defend the
United States to the best of my ability. That's what I believe in and that's what I work
for. Number two, I'd had so much experience with airplanes. I'd had jobs where there
was no particular direction about how you do it and then of course I put this thing
together with my own thoughts on how it should be because when I got the directive
I was to be self-supporting at all times. On the way to the target I was thinking: I can't
think of any mistakes I've made. Maybe I did make a mistake: maybe I was too
damned assured. At 29 years of age I was so shot in the ass with confidence I didn't
think there was anything I couldn't do. Of course, that applied to airplanes and
people. So, no, I had no problem with it. I knew we did the right thing because when
I knew we'd be doing that I thought, yes, we're going to kill a lot of people, but by
God we're going to save a lot of lives. We won't have to invade [Japan].
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Studs Terkel: Why did they drop the second one, the Bockscar [bomb] on Nagasaki?
Paul Tibbets: Unknown to anybody else - I knew it, but nobody else knew - there was a third one.
See, the first bomb went off and they didn't hear anything out of the Japanese for
two or three days. The second bomb was dropped and again they were silent for
another couple of days. Then I got a phone call from General Curtis LeMay [chief of
staff of the strategic air forces in the Pacific]. He said, "You got another one of those
damn things?" I said, "Yes sir." He said, "Where is it?" I said, "Over in Utah." He
said, "Get it out here. You and your crew are going to fly it." I said, "Yes sir." I sent
word back and the crew loaded it on an airplane and we headed back to bring it right
on out to Tinian and when they got it to California debarkation point, the war was
over.
Studs Terkel: What did General LeMay have in mind with the third one?
Paul Tibbets: Nobody knows.
Studs Terkel: What about the bomb? Einstein said the world has changed since the atom was
split.
Paul Tibbets: That's right. It has changed.
Studs Terkel: And Oppenheimer knew that.
Paul Tibbets: Oppenheimer is dead. He did something for the world and people don't understand.
And it is a free world.
Studs Terkel: One last thing, when you hear people say, "Let's nuke 'em," "Let's nuke these
people," what do you think?
Paul Tibbets: Oh, I wouldn't hesitate if I had the choice. I'd wipe 'em out. You're gonna kill innocent
people at the same time, but we've never fought a damn war anywhere in the world
where they didn't kill innocent people. If the newspapers would just cut out the s---:
"You've killed so many civilians." That's their tough luck for being there.
354
355
Terms you “Need to Know”
D-Day
Midway
Totalitarianism
Guadalcanal
Benito Mussolini
Island Hopping
Adolf Hitler
Leyte Gulf
Joseph Stalin
Iwo Jima
Treaty of Versailles
Okinawa
Munich Pact
Kamikaze
Appeasement
Douglas MacArthur
Pearl Harbor
Battle of the Bulge
War Production Board
VE Day
Selective Training and Service
Act of 1940
Holocaust
Rosie the Riveter
Tuskegee Airmen
Japanese American Internment
Erwin Rommel
George Patton
Stalingrad
Manhattan Project
Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer
Harry Truman
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Learning Goal 1 – I will be able to:
-Define Totalitarianism
-Identify Benito Mussolini
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Italy
and the problems it presented
-Identify Adolf Hitler
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in
Germany and the problems it presented
-Identify Josef Stalin
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in the
USSR and the problems it presented
-Identify the role of the military in Japan
-Summarize how Totalitarianism rose in Japan
and the problems it presented
-Compare Totalitarianism in Italy, Germany,
the USSR, and Japan
Learning Goal 2 – I will be able to:
-Explain why Hitler tried to expand Germany’s
borders
-Define appeasement
-List and explain examples of the world
appeasing Hitler
-Summarize and explain why appeasement
doesn’t work
-Apply appeasement to modern times
-Summarize how Germany brought on WWII
and how it progressed before American
involvement
Learning Goal 3 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the Pearl Harbor attack
-Summarize America’s involvement in WWII
before Pearl Harbor
-Explain why the Japanese attacked Pearl
Harbor
-Summarize the attack
-Summarize the conspiracy theories that FDR
knew about the attack in advance
-List and explain the 4 MAIN causes of World
War I (and II)
Learning Goal 4 – I will be able to:
-Explain how WWII affected the Great
Depression
-Define and explain mobilization
-Define War Production Board & Selective
Service and Training Act and explain how each
helped the war effort
-Summarize and explain how the war was
financed (paid for)
-Explain how women and minorities helped the
war effort and why that was so important
-Define and explain internment
Learning Goal 5 – I will be able to:
-Locate North Africa on a blank world map
-Explain the strategic advantage of North
Africa
-Explain the Battle of Stalingrad
-Summarize why Stalin wanted an Allied
invasion of Europe
-Explain why the Allies invaded North Africa
357
Learning Goal 6 – I will be able to:
-Memorize the date of the D-Day invasion
-Locate Normandy on a map of France
-Explain the plan for the invasion
-Compare the plan to the invasion itself
-Define Operation Fortitude and explain how it
helped the operation
-Explain why D-Day was so important
Learning Goal 7 – I will be able to:
-Summarize Germany’s last ditch efforts to
save their war effort
-Locate the Battle of the Bulge on a map
-Summarize why the Germans attacked in
December 1944
-Explain why the Battle of the Bulge was so
important
-Explain why Hitler took such drastic action
against the Jews and other minority groups
-Explain why Germany finally surrendered in
May 1945
Learning Goal 8 – I will be able to:
-Locate Japan and Midway on a world map
-Summarize the Doolittle Raid and the Battle of
Midway
-Explain why these events in 1942 were so
important
Learning Goal 9 – I will be able to:
-Locate Guadalcanal & Philippines on a map
-Summarize what happened to the US troops in
the Philippines in March 1942
-Explain the Bataan Death March and how it
affected the US troops
-Summarize and explain the reasons the United
States invaded Guadalcanal
-Explain why Guadalcanal was so important
-Summarize and explain the reasons for the
strategy that emerged after Guadalcanal
-Explain 3 reasons the Battle of Leyte Gulf was
important
Learning Goal 10 – I will be able to:
-Locate Iwo Jima and Okinawa on a map
-Summarize why Iwo Jima was so important
-Explain why the fighting was much heavier
than expected
-Explain the famous photograph taken and what
it is used for today
-Summarize and explain why Okinawa was so
important
Learning Goal 11 – I will be able to:
-Define Manhattan Project
-Identify J. Robert Oppenheimer
-Explain what the atom bomb was
-Summarize why Truman was hesitant to use
the bomb
-Explain why Hiroshima and Nagasaki were
chosen as targets
-Summarize the effects of the bomb
-Explain how the atomic bomb led to Japan’s
surrender and end of WWII
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