Mr. Winschel
European History
Western Civilization
Final Exam Study Guide
The final exam for this class consists entirely of multiple choice and matching questions. You should have a fair grasp on the
following items to ensure that you are amply prepared for the test. If anything is uncertain to you – ASK A FRIEND AND
THEN ASK ME. We will spend at least one day in review, but most of the preparation is up to you. Good luck!
Middle Ages
Approximate dates 400 or 500 – 1400 or 1500
4 foundations – Roman, Greek, Barbarian, Catholic
Clovis unites Franks, converts to Catholic Faith
Charlemagne and Carolingian Empire
Saints Patrick, Benedict and Boniface
*missionaries and spread of Catholicism
Prayers, fighters and workers
Power of Church in Middle Ages
Manorialism
Feudalism
Crusades – causes, effects
Black Death
Excommunication
Holy Inquisition
Lords, vassals, peasants, serfs
Oath of Fealty
Reconquista of Spain
Pope Urban II, Saladin
Rise of Italian city-states
Medieval Towns and Guilds
Hundred Years’ War
Renaissance
Approximate dates 1300-1600
Starts in Italy – why?
Humanism, naturalism, secularism
Michelangelo, da Vinci, Shakespeare, Raphael
Redirection of focus from Middle Ages from God to man
Reformation
Approximate dates 1517Long term causes
Christendom
North converts to Protestant, South stays Catholic
Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism
Martin Luther – actions and doctrines
John Calvin – actions and doctrines
King Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy
95 Theses
Indulgences
Heresy
30 Years’ War, 1618-1648 – HRE shattered
Edict of Nantes
Annulment
Council of Trent
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Ignatius of Loyola
Catholic Counterreformation
Huguenots, Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists
England – 17th Century
William the Conqueror, Battle of Hastings, 1066
War of the Roses
Tudor Monarchs
Stuart Monarchs
Parliament – House of Lords, House of Commons
Magna Carta
Henry VIII – divorce and Anglican Church
Elizabeth I – unmarried, long, powerful reign
James I – unifies thrones of Scotland and England
Divine Right of Kings (James I)
Charles I – troubles with Parliament
Nineteen Propositions
Puritans, Anglicans and Catholics
English Civil War 1642-1647
Oliver Cromwell - Interregnum
Restoration
Glorious Revolution – cause and effect
English Bill of Rights
Act of Settlement bars Catholic from becoming monarchs
Causes of the English Civil War
French Revolution
The Enlightenment – thinkers and thoughts
Dates of revolution 1789-1815
Bourbons, approximate dates,
Royal Absolutism
Estates General
Sun King – Louis XIV
Cardinal Richelieu
1614-1789 – no Estates General
3 estates – size and makeup, unfair taxation
Tennis Court Oath
Storming of the Bastille – July 14, 1789
Causes of the revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Louis XVI
Limited constitutional monarchy
Pendulum of the revolution
Opposed to revolution – King, Church, conservatives
Sans-culottes – the extreme lower class
Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte – dates of his reign 1799-1815
Battle of Waterloo, 1815
Invasion of Russia, Scorched Earth Policy
Spread of the spirit of revolution
Nationalism
Nineteenth Century Europe
Congress of Vienna – reaction to Napoleon
Two-headed beast – nationalism, liberalism
Balance of Power
Quadruple and Holy Alliances = UN of the day
German and Italian unification
Wars of German unification
Austria vs. Prussia
Zollverein
Realpolitik
Treaty of Frankfurt – punish France - revenge
1848 Liberal revolutions
Klemens von Metternich
Camillo di Cavour
Otto von Bismarck
Industrial Revolution – origins in England
Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
Factors of Production = land, labor, capital
Urbanization
Imperialism
Industrial Revolution – effects
Adam Smith – Laissez Faire
Karl Marx – Socialism (state owns factors of production)
World War I
Long-range causes – nationalism, militarism, alliances
Dates of war – 1914 - 1918
Balkans = powder keg
*European rivalries
*for empire, economic lead, etc.
*Nationalism
*in Balkans (Serbs in A-H)
*everyone is better than everyone else
*France vs. Germany
*Militarism
*huge military buildup and attitude
*Alliances
*gang attitude
Five Great Powers at turn of century
Splendid Isolation of Great Britain
By 1907:
*Triple Alliance – A-H, Germany, Italy
*Triple Entente – GB, France, Russia
Allied Powers – GB, Russia, Fr., USA
Central Powers – A-H, Germ., Ottoman Turks
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of A-H
Von Schlieffen Plan
Western, Eastern Fronts
Trench Warfare and the tank
Romanovs (Nicholas II) deposed and slaughtered
Alexander Kerensky
Treaty of Brest Litovsk, 1918
Zimmerman Note (from Germ. to Mexico) brings USA in
American intervention 1917 swings tide
Peace of Paris, Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Immediate effects of war – casualties, cost
Long-term effects – econ. depression, totalitarianism
Hitler, Mussolini, Lenin, Stalin - totalitarianism
Mein Kampf
Communism
Fascism