APA STYLE FOR STUDENTS
Katharine S. Adams & John H. Hummel
Dept. of Psychology and Counseling
Valdosta State University
Instructions
• View the materials presented on each slide and answer
the checkpoint questions.
• Navigate through the tutorial by using the mouse to click
on the center of the icons:
Arrow buttons allow you to move forward and back through the
slides.
Home button takes you to the main menu. From there, you may
use the hyperlinks to go directly to one of the three topical areas.
Yes and No buttons are used to select the checkpoint answer
YES
NO
choices.
Review button takes you to the materials in need of further
REVIEW
review after a question is answered incorrectly.
• Press ESC on your keyboard to exit the tutorial at any
time.
Introduction
In this tutorial, you will learn how to
make term papers conform to the
writing conventions of the 6th edition of
the American Psychological Association’s
style manual.
Main Menu
• There are three main areas addressed
in the tutorial:
–Typing & organization
–In-text citations
–Constructing references
You may click on one
of the hyperlinks to
go directly to the
topic of your choice.
TYPING REQUIREMENTS &
ORGANIZATION
• The first TWO pages of APA style
manuscripts are dedicated.
• Page one is ALWAYS the title page
• Page two is the manuscript’s
abstract
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are pages one and two of the manuscript
the title page and then the abstract
respectively?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
THE TITLE PAGE
• Pagination starts on the title page
– Running head is left justified on the last line of
type in the header.
• Abbreviated title, ALL CAPS, 50 characters of
less (includes spaces)
– The page number (e.g., 1) is right justified on the
same line in the header as the running head,
about .5” down from the top of the page.
Sample Title Page
Running head: APA STYLE, 6th EDITION
Using the 6th Edition of the APA manual: A
Guide for Students
John H. Hummel, Mark A. Whatley, David M. Monetti,
Deborah S. Briihl, and Katharine S. Adams
Valdosta State University
1
The Title Page Continued
• Center the title of the manuscript top-tobottom & left-right in the top half of the
page
• Capitalize the first letter of each word except
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
• The title should not be more than 12 words
– Title = 12 word SUMMARY of the paper
Sample Title Page
Running head: APA STYLE, 6th EDITION
Using the 6th Edition of the APA manual: A
Guide for Students
John H. Hummel, Mark A. Whatley, David M. Monetti,
Deborah S. Briihl, and Katharine S. Adams
Valdosta State University
1
The Title Page Continued
• Follow the title (new line) with the name (first,
middle initial, last) of each author and their
affiliation (or City & State if no professional
affiliation).
– Do not use titles (Ms., Dr., etc.).
• The order of the listing of each author’s name
denotes that person’s relative contribution to the
manuscript (i.e., the first or primary author did
more of the work than the others).
– If authors have different affiliations, list their
names and affiliations on separate lines
Sample Title Page
Running head: APA STYLE, 6th EDITION
Using the 6th Edition of the APA manual: A
Guide for Students
John H. Hummel, Mark A. Whatley, David M. Monetti,
Deborah S. Briihl, and Katharine S. Adams
Valdosta State University
1
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Does the type and organization of the
title page include left justification of the
running head, the page number right
justified, and the title centered in all
caps?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
Abstract
• Center the word Abstract on the 1st line of
the second page of the manuscript
• A single, blocked (i.e., no indentation)
paragraph that summarizes the content.
– Number of words varies by journal, but is
usually between 150-250 words.
– AVOID QUOTES & CITATIONS
Sample Abstract
APA STYLE, 6th EDITION
2
Abstract
As consumers of research information and authors of technical
reports, students should acquire familiarity with APA report
writing style. Among the ways to foster technical writing skills,
handouts which summarize and illustrate style and format
parameters can be provided. This article presents a handout
designed for students whose written assignments must adhere to
the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2010). Listed are guidelines and
examples for organization and writing style, typing, citing within
text, and referencing resources.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Is the length of the abstract typically one
paragraph that summarizes the content
of the paper?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
MANUSCRIPT HEADINGS
• Content sections of the paper use
hierarchical headings.
• They should be brief & descriptive
–Headings are like an outline of the
paper’s major sections.
–They should be short a description of the
section’s content, in (levels 1-4) bold
type.
MANUSCRIPT HEADINGS
Most APA style papers written by students will use only levels 1-3.
Level One
Level Two
Level three. In this section we
NOTE:
The Title (pages 1 and 3), Abstract (page 2), and
References of the paper are not bolded because they are not
considered content sections.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Should the font of hierarchical headings
1-3 be bold?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
Parts of a Technical Manuscript
• Your paper’s content starts on page 3
• On the first line, center your manuscript’s title
with each word except articles and conjunctions
capitalized.
– Don’t use the term Introduction as a heading
– Your title is the first line of the paper’s content.
Parts of a Technical Manuscript
• The paper’s topic is introduced by presenting a
review of related research, the study’s rationale,
necessary hypotheses, and often how the paper
is organized.
Parts of a Technical Paper
• The remaining sections of manuscripts
reporting data are, in order:
– Method
• With level 2 and 3 subheadings for Participants*, Materials, &
Procedures
– Results
– Discussion
– References
*Humans are usually referred to as
participants but may also be called
subjects; animals are always subjects.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Should the sections of manuscripts reporting data be
labeled in the following order?
- Introduction
- Method
- Results
- Discussion
- References
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
Parts of a Technical Paper
• Other types of reports use different heading
labels to identify each section’s content.
Sample Headings for a Data-based Research Report
The Manuscript’s Complete Title (Level 1)
[the title is on pg. 1 and pg. 3]
Method (L 1)
Participants (L 2)
Materials (L 2)
Behavioral indicators. (L 3) xxxxx
Standardized instruments. (L 3) xxxx
Procedures (L 2)
Results (L 1)
Discussion (L 1)
References (L 1)
Sample Headings for a Paper Not Reporting Data
Diagraming Operant Processes:
An Alternative System (L 1)
Entry Level Requirements (L 2)
Nomenclature and Diagrams (L 2)
Possible variations. (L 3) xxxxx
Discussion (L 1)
References (L 1)
TYPING POINTS
• Proper English is assumed
–Single space after commas, colons, semicolons
–Double space after end punctuation (i.e.,
period, question mark, and exclamation
point)
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Is it correct APA style to single space after
commas, colons, semi-colons, and after
end punctuation?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• 1” margins on all side of the page
• Use Times New Roman typeface, 12 pt. font
• Text is left justified on the page
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
• Are APA style papers formatted so that
there are 1” margins on all sides and the
font is left justified 12 pt Times New
Roman?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• All pages should be numbered and have the
same Running head (in the manuscript’s
header, left justified without the label
Running head)
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
• Should pages be numbered and include a
Running head?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• ALL lines of text are DOUBLE SPACED
• Use only DOUBLE SPACING
–No single or 1 ½ spacing between lines
See pg. 229 of the Manual for exceptions
(triple or double-double spacing)
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
• Should all lines of the text should be
single spaced?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• Indent all paragraphs consistently ½”
–use the default tab on the WP program for
indenting paragraphs, etc.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
• Should paragraphs be indented ½” by
using the tab key on the WP program?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• Do not mechanically emphasize words:
–Do not use all CAPITALIZATIONS
–Do not use bold except for level 1-4
headings
–Do not underline
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
• When writing in APA style, should you
use all capitalizations, bold, and
underline?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• Do not mechanically emphasize words:
– Avoid using double (“) or single (‘) quote marks
– The 1st time you introduce a new term/phrase
(or when using a term differently than it’s used
normally) you can italicize it when originally
introduced in the manuscript.
For other occasions where italics are
acceptable, see section 4.21 of the
Manual.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Is it appropriate to italicize the first time you
introduce a new term/phrase and when using
a term differently than it is used normally?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• APA style uses the Oxford comma (a comma
precedes the conjunction) for in-text listing.
– for example, Jill, Jane, and Ginny.
• If you label items in a list, use parentheses with
lowercase letters.
– for example, three areas will be covered in this
program: (a) typing, (b) citations, and (c) references.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are these examples written in correct APA
style?
- Jill, Jane and Ginny participated in the program.
- The three areas covered in this program: 1) typing,
2) citations, and 3) references.
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
TYPING POINTS
• Single space (using the space bar) after commas,
colons, and semicolons.
• Double space after end punctuation (i.e.,
exclamation point, question mark, and periods).
• No orphans (i.e., a single line of text) at the
bottom or top of pages.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Does APA style specify that a single space be
used after commas, colons, semicolons, but
double spaces should be used after all
punctuation (i.e., exclamation point, question
mark, and periods)?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• Citations are done in text (no footnotes)
• Citations are required when you:
– paraphrase information from a source, or
directly quote from another source
• Using ideas or actual words from a source without
a citation is PLAGIARISM.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
It is plagiarism if you use exact words from a
source without in text citations, but is it
considered plagiarism if one paraphrases or
uses ideas from a source without in-text
citations?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
CITATIONS
• Cite sources as soon as you can in each paragraph
(don’t wait until the end)
– If you cite a source in a paragraph
parenthetically (i.e., name, date), later citations
to that source in the same paragraph require the
date of the source.
– If you cite the author(s) in text with the date
given parenthetically, later citations to that
source (in the same paragraph) do not require
that you provide the date parenthetically.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Should you wait until the end of the
paragraph to cite a source?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
CITATIONS
• You must re-cite sources in each new
paragraph.
• Once you cite a source, the reader assumes
everything that follows the citation (in that
paragraph) is attributable to that source or
YOU.
Your writing should indicate to the reader when you are
reacting to the info from the source.
Example: This is important to the present study because…
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
After you cite the source within a
paragraph, is it important to distinguish
the source’s information from your own
ideas or reactions to the source’s
information?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
CITATIONS
• Citations should give the last name of the author(s)
[no first names or initials] and a year (copyright,
date presented at a conference, etc.)
• Never change the ordering of the names in one of
your sources
• Dates are normally cited in parentheses instead of
in plain text.
– Ex.: (1993) vs. 1993
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are these correct examples of citations?
In Text Citation: Research by Adams and Proctor (2010)
suggested a significant difference between students with and
without disabilities.
Parenthetical Citation: (Adams & Proctor, 2010)
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
AUTHOR CITATIONS
• Sources with MORE than 5 authors, require, in the first
citation, you to give the primary (i.e., the 1st’s) author’s
last name followed by et al. (which substitutes for the
others’ names) followed by the (date) (i.e., if 6 or more
authors use the primary author’s surname and et al. for all
citations).
AUTHOR CITATIONS EXAMPLES
Example for 6 or more authors:
In their provocative paper, Smith et al. (2005)
point out that...
OR
The authors (Smith et al., 2005) point out
that...
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
In the first citation of a source with
MORE than 5 authors, do you use the
primary author’s last name followed by
et al. and the date?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
AUTHOR CITATIONS
• If a source has 3-5 authors, list their
surnames in the 1st citation.
Thereafter, use the primary author’s
last name and et al. (date)
AUTHOR CITATIONS EXAMPLES
Example for 3-5 authors: First Citation
Hummel, Kaeck, Whatley, & Monetti, (2004).
found that...
OR
It was found that...(Hummel, Kaeck,
Whatley, & Monetti, 2004).
AUTHOR CITATIONS EXAMPLES
Example for 3-5 authors: Later Citation
Hummel et al. (1994) found that...
OR
It was found that...(Hummel et al., 1994).
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
If a source has 3-5 authors, should you
list their surnames in all citations?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
AUTHOR CITATIONS
• If the source has 2 authors, list both
authors’ names in each citation.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
If a source has 2 authors, should you list
both surnames in each citation?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
AUTHOR CITATIONS
• When connecting authors in an in-text citation,
connect the last name with the others with the
conjunction “and”.
• If the entire citation is given parenthetically,
connect the names using an ampersand (&)
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are these correct examples of citations?
In Text Citation: Research by Adams and Proctor (2010)
suggested a significant difference between students with and
without disabilities.
Parenthetical Citation: (Adams & Proctor, 2010)
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
MULTIPLE SOURCES IN A
SINGLE CITATION
• If several different sources all support a point made in a paper, you
should list all of them in the parenthetical citation.
• In the citation, order the sources alphabetically according to the
surnames of the primary authors. Connect each source using
semicolons.
Example:
The use of medication such as Ritalin is becoming
increasingly common (Barr, 1983; James & Allen, 1991;
Smith et al., 1989).
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Is this a correct citation of multiple sources that
all support a main point?
The use of medication such as Ritalin is becoming
increasingly common (James & Allen, 1991, Smith et
al., 1989, Barr, 1983).
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
PAGE NUMBER CITATIONS
• Citations for paraphrasing do not require that you give
page numbers, but it is encouraged that one do so (and
some journals require it).
• Quoted work must specify the page(s) (e.g., p. 12; pp. 2223) in the source where the quote originated.
– the page number(s), in parentheses, ALWAYS follows
the quotation.
PARAPHRASING EXAMPLES
Hummel and Huitt (1994) state that less than 20%
of the assessments used in education require
critical thinking.
OR
Less than 20% of the assessments used in
education require critical thinking (Hummel &
Huitt, 1994, p. 12).
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Quoted and closely paraphrased work
should specify the page number where
the work originated?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
QUOTING RULES
• THE 5-WORD RULE
• Verbatim accuracy
– Avoid quoting (a) parts of a sentence and (b)
taking information out of its context (also
applies to paraphrasing)
• Avoid quoting work that cites or quotes
If you MUST, see section 6.17, p.
other sources
178 of the Manual
SHORT QUOTATIONS
• Short quotes (i.e., < 40 words) are done in text.
• Start and end the quote with “”marks.
• The page number(s) for a short quote always
follows the quote and is given parenthetically.
– The citation may also contain the author and date.
• In a short quote, the end punctuation follows the
parenthetical citation.
SHORT QUOTE EXAMPLES
Assessment practices need improvement. Hummel and
Huitt (1994) state that, “over 80% of the test items
examined did not require critical thinking” (p. 4).
OR
Assessment practices need improvement because, “over
80% of the test items examined did not require critical
thinking” (Hummel & Huitt, 1994, p. 4).
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are short quotes done in text using
quotation marks followed by the page
number in parenthesis and then the
punctuation?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
LONG QUOTATIONS
• Long quotes (> 39 words) do not use quotation marks.
Instead, they are uniformly indented 5-7 spaces on just
the left margin.
Use the tab key or re-set the top and bottom triangles
on the ruler bar half-way to 1
• Use the end punctuation of the long quote.
• Follow the quote’s end punctuation with a parenthetical
citation giving the page(s). No punctuation follows the
citation.
LONG QUOTE EXAMPLE
Hummel et al. (1994) expected criticisms on how they used the term
negative reinforcer:
We stand by our use of the term for two reasons. First, negative
reinforcer has been used this way previously in our field.
Second, negative reinforcer is more complementary to our
proposed system’s other terms and symbols than either
punisher or aversive stimulus. (p. 5)
While the symbol for negative reinforcer fits their diagraming
system, . . .
**Had the introduction not given the authors and date, this
information would also be in the parenthetical citation.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Are long quotes indented 5-7 spaces
without quotation marks followed by the
page number in parenthesis and then the
punctuation?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
REFERENCES
• References are always begun on a new page.
• The word References (level 1 but no bold)
should be centered at the top of the page.
• Reference all (and only) works cited in the
manuscript.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Do references begin on a new page with
the word References centered at the top
of the page?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
REFERENCES
• The list of references should be
alphabetized using the surname of the
primary author.
• If there are more than 6 authors, list the
1st seven names followed by 3 ellipsis
points then the last author’s surname
and initials.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
If one reference was by Smith and Jones
(1999), and another was by Kennedy and
Johnson (2007), is Smith and Jones
(1999) referenced first on the page?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
REFERENCES
• The 1st line of each reference is flush
with the left margin; remaining lines of
the reference are indented.
See the next 2 slides to adjust Word rulers to do so
automatically.
Checkpoint
Select YES or NO:
Is the first line of each reference
intended and the remaining lines flush
with the left margin?
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
REFERENCES
• There are at least 77 different types of
references in APA style.
• This program will cover 4 of the most
commonly used by students:
– Books, journal articles, conference presentations,
and electronic media.
For other types of references, see pp. 193-224, chapter 7, of
the Manual.
BOOK REFERENCES
The generic form for a book reference is:
Surname, 1st and middle initials of authors*. (copyright
date). Title of book (ed.). City, ST: Publisher.
Example:
Tuckman, B. W., & Monetti, D. M. (2010). Educational psychology.
Boston, MA: Wadsworth Centage Learning.
*List all names if 7 or fewer; if more than 7 authors, list the first 6
followed by …and the last author’s surname and initials.
Checkpoint
Tuckman, B. W., & Monetti, D. M. (2010). Educational psychology.
Wadsworth Centage Learning: Boston, MA.
Select YES or NO:
• Is the above a correct APA reference for the following book?
– Title: Educational Psychology
– Authors: David M. Monetti, Ph.D. and B. W. Tuckman
– Copyrighted in 2010 by Wadsworth Centage Learning, Boston
Massachusetts
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
BOOK REFERENCES
Chapter in an edited book:
Surnames and initials of authors. (copyright). Title of
chapter. Editors’ names with initials before
surnames (Eds.), Title of book. City, ST: Publisher.
Example:
Huitt, W. G., Monetti, D. M., & Hummel, J. H. (2009). Designing
direct instruction. In C. Reigeluth & A. Carr-Chellman (Eds.),
Instructional-design theories and models: Volume III, building
a common knowledgebase (pp. 73-97). Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Checkpoint
Huitt, W. G., Monetti, D. M., & Hummel, J. H. (2009). Designing direct
instruction. In C. Reigeluth & A. Carr-Chellman (Eds.), Instructional-design
theories and models: Volume III, building a common knowledgebase (pp.
73-97). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Select YES or NO:
Is the above a correct APA reference for the following chapter?
Authors: Huitt, W. G., Monetti, D. M., & Hummel, J. H. (2009).
Chapter Title: Designing direct instruction.
Editors: C. Reigeluth & A. Carr-Chellman (Eds.)
Book Title: Instructional-design theories and models: Volume III, building a
common knowledgebase (pp. 73-97).
Publisher: Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
JOURNAL REFERENCES
• The generic form for journal articles is:
Surname, Initials. (publication date). Title of article.
Name of Journal, volume # (issue # if needed), xx-xx
(inclusive range of pages).
Example:
Barrett, B. H., Beck, R., Binder, C., Cook, D. A., Engelmann, S, Greer, R.
D., . . . Watkins, C. L. (1991). The right to effective education. The
Behavior Analyst, 14, 79-82.
JOURNAL REFERENCES
• Only provide an issue # (in parentheses, next to the vol. #
but not italicized) if each issue starts with page 1.
• If a source has 7 or fewer authors, list all seven in its
reference. If the work has more than 7 authors list the
names of the first 6, then use 3 ellipsis points and the last
author’s name and initials.
Example:
Barrett, B. H., Beck, R., Binder, C., Cook, D. A., Engelmann, S, Greer, R.
D., . . . Watkins, C. L. (1991). The right to effective education. The
Behavior Analyst, 14, 79-82.
JOURNAL REFERENCES
• If one uses an article downloaded from the Internet,
reference the article as you would any journal article.
• After the final period, add Retrieved from with the
article’s URL (do not use a period after the URL).
Example:
Reffel, J. A., Monetti, D. M., & Hummel, J. H. (2004). The impact
of interactive computer-based cases on motivation and
achievement. Georgia Educational Research Journal, 1 (1), 112. Retrieved from
http://coefaculty.valdosta.edu/lschmert/gera/current_issue.ht
m
JOURNAL REFERENCES
• If you download an article in pdf format, its
reference is done like a regular journal
reference (i.e., you do NOT need a “retrieved”
statement)
JOURNAL REFERENCES
• If an article is retrieved from the Internet and has a
Digital Object Identifier (DOI), the DOI # is used
INSTEAD of the article’s URL.
Example:
Briihl, D. S., & Wasieleski, D. T. (2004). A survey of master's-level
psychology programs: Admissions criteria and program
policies. Teaching of Psychology, 31, 252-256.
doi: 10.1207/s15328023top3104_5
Checkpoint
Figarola, P. M., Gunter, P. L., Reffel, J. M., Worth, S. R., Hummel, J. H., &
Gerber, B. (2008). Effects of students graphing their performance
data on calculations of math facts. Behavior Analysis and Practice,
1(2), 36-41.
Select YES or NO:
Is the above a correct APA reference for the following article?
– Title: “Effects of students graphing their performance data on calculations of
math facts”
– Authors: P. M. Figarola, Philip L. Gunter, Julie M. Reffel, Susan R. Worth, John
Howard Hummel, and Brian Gerber
– Published in 2008 in volume 1, issue two (pages 36-41) of Behavior Analysis
and Practice
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
CONFERENCE PAPER REFERENCE
• The generic form for a conference paper or
poster is:
Surname, Initials. (year, month). Title of paper.
Sentence describing the conference and the
City, ST where it was held.
CONFERENCE PAPER EXAMPLE
Example:
Hummel, J. H., Monetti, D. M., & Huitt, W. G. (2007, October).
Improving instruction using task analyses. A paper presented
at the annual meeting of the Georgia Educational Research
Association, Savannah.
Notice that no state abbreviation was given
because it is understood
.
Checkpoint
Monetti, D. M., & Hummel, J. H. (2001, November). The Midas touch:
Transforming lesson plans using the direct instruction model. A
paper presented at the annual meeting of the Georgia
Educational Research Association, Clayton State College and
University, Morrow, GA.
Select YES or NO:
Is the above a correct APA reference for the following convention paper?
– Title: The Midas touch: Transforming lesson plans using the Direct Instruction
Model
– Authors: David M. Monetti and John H. Hummel
– Presented in November of 2001, Georgia Educational Research Association’s
meeting at Clayton State College and University in Morrow, GA.
YES
NO
Incorrect Answer
You are incorrect.
Please REVIEW the previous information.
REVIEW
Correct Answer
You are correct. Proceed to the next slide.
INTERNET SOURCES
• Set the reference up like an on-line source and
provide a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) address
in the Available section when using information
from sites on the World Wide Web (Internet).
Example:
Hummel, J. H., Huitt, W. G., & Kaeck, D. J. (1995, June). Research,
validity, and reliability. Retrieved from
http://www.valdosta.peachnet.edu/~whuitt
Internet Resource for APA Style
• APA has a website devoted to the 6th edition of the
manual. Consumers are encouraged to use the site
for additional information.
http://www.apastyle.org
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APA Style for Students!
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