The Islamic World
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Section 1 The Roots of Islam
Essential Question:
How were the
Muslim leaders able
to spread Islam and
create an empire?
The Big Idea:
In the harsh desert climate of Arabia, Muhammad, a
merchant from Mecca, introduced a major world religion
called Islam.
If you were there…You live in a town in Arabia, in a large
merchant family. Your family has grown from selling goods brought by
traders crossing the desert. Your house is larger than most others in town,
and you have servants to wait on you. Although many townspeople are
poor, you have always have taken such differences for granted. Now you
hear that some people are saying the rich should give money to the poor.
How might your family react to this idea?
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• Arabia is mostly a desert land, where two ways of life,
nomadic and sedentary, developed.
• A new religion called Islam, founded by Muhammad
spread throughout Arabia in the 600’s.
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Building Background For thousands of years, traders have
crossed the deserts of Arabia to bring goods to market. Scorching
temperatures and lack of water have made the journey difficult.
But Arabia not only developed into a thriving trade center, it also
became the birthplace of a new religion that challenged old ideas.
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Movement-Why do
you think Arabia is
called “the
crossroads”?
Place- What bodies
of water border
Arabia to the east
and west?
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Arabia lies in a region with
hot and dry air. Summer
temperatures reach 100
degrees daily. This climate has
created deserts and sand
dunes.
Life in a Desert Land
Physical Features and
Climate
There is a limited amount of water in
Arabia’s deserts. Water is found on
scattered oases.
An Oasis is a wet
fertile land in a desert.
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Life in a Desert Land
Two Ways of Life
Two ways of life developed in Arabia. Nomads lived in tents and raised
herds of sheep, goats, and camels. Animals provided milk, meat, wool, and
leather.
Arabs lived a sedentary, or settled life. These people made their home on
oases where they could farm. These settlements eventually became towns.
Many craftsmen traveled together from
town to town in the caravan trade.
Many craftsmen traveled together from
town to town in the caravan trade.
A caravan is a group of
traders that travel together.
What two ways of life were common in
Arabia?
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A New Religion
In the past, Arabs worshiped many gods until a man named
Muhammed brought a new religion to Arabia.
Muhammad Prophet of Islam
Muhammed was born around 570. He was unhappy with
how only a few people had all the wealth in Arabia. One
day when Muhammed was about 40 years old, he went to
the hills to meditate. Their he met an angel that spoke to
him and made him a prophet. Muhammed.
The messages Muhammed received formed the
basis of the religion called Islam. A follower of
Islam is called a Muslim.
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Muhammad’s Teachings
In 613 Muhammed talked about his messages and teachings with the people. He
taught their was only one god. They had one god, Allah, like Christianity and
Judaism, but their beliefs were not the same.
Muhammad stressed that the people must
travel on a pilgrimage, or journey to a
sacred place.
Muhammed believed that people should
help the poor, his religion was a threat to the
few people in Arabia that were rich. They
didn’t like the belief that everyone should be
equal.
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Islam Spreads to Arabia
As Muhammed’s ideas influenced the people, the Arabian rulers
became worried. They threatened to kill Muhammed. The people
invited Muhammed to move to Medina , or “prophet’s city.”
Muhammed’s journey to Medina was a journey known as the hegira.
to the city called Mecca.
Muhammad became a religious and
spiritual leader in medina. His house
became the first mosque, or building
of Muslim prayer.
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Islam Spreads to Arabia
As Muhammed talked about his messages and teachings with the people.
He taught their was only one god. They had one god, Allah, like
Christianity and Judaism, but their beliefs were not the same.
Muhammad stressed that the people must
travel on a pilgrimage, or journey to a
sacred place.
Muhammed believed that people should help
the poor, his religion was a threat to the few
people in Arabia that were rich. They didn’t
like the belief that everyone should be equal.
How did Islam spread in Arabia?
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THE COURSE OF THE TEXT, INCLUDING ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUPPORTING IDEAS; PROVIDE AN OBJECTIVE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT.
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Essential Question:
How were the
Muslim leaders able
to spread Islam and
create an empire?
Section 2 Islamic Beliefs and Practices
The Big Idea:
Sacred texts called the Qur’an and the Sunnah guide
Muslims in their religion, daily life, and laws.
If you were there… Your family owns an inn in Mecca.
Usually business is pretty calm, but this week your Inn is packed.
Travelers come from all over the world to visit your city. One
morning you leave the inn and you are swept up by a huge crowd
of these visitors. They speak many different languages, but
everyone is wearing the same white robes. They are headed for
the mosque.
What might draw so many people to your city?
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• The Qur’an guides Muslim’s lives.
• The Sunnah tells Muslims of important duties
expected of them.
• Islamic law is based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
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Building Background One basic Islamic belief is that
everyone who can must make a trip to Mecca sometime
during his or her lifetime. More Islamic teachings can be
found in Islam’s holy books- the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
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The Qur’an
During Muhammad's life his teachings and deeds were memorized
by his followers and later wrote down to form a book called the
Qur’an
The central belief of the Qur'an is the belief in
one god, Allah- and Muhammad is his prophet.
Beliefs
Islam teaches that the world has a definite beginning and will end one day.
Muhammad says on the final day god will judge all people and grant
paradise to all that obeyed his orders.
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Guides for Behavior
Muslims look at the Qur’an as a guidelines for moral behavior. The
book describes how to prepare for worship and the rules for social life.
The Qur’an also describes the things Muslims should eat
and can’t eat. Muslims are not allowed to eat pork or drink
alcohol. They are not allowed to own slaves. Men had a
right to own property and have an education, the Qur’an
denied these rights to women.
The Qur’an mentioned about the inner struggle, or jihad, that
people had to go through in their efforts to obey god and behave
according to Islamic ways.
Why was the Qur’an important to Muslims?
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The Sunnah
Muslims studied the hadith (huh-DEETH), or written record of
Muhammad. These records became the Sunnah (SOOH-nuh) or
the record of the original way Muhammad lived.
The Sunnah provided an
example of how Muslims should
live their daily lives.
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The Five Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars of Worship are five acts of
worship that is required by all Muslims.
The Five Pillars are:
 There is no god but Allah and Muhamad is the prophet.
 Daily prayer-Muslims must pray five times a day.
 A yearly donation to charity.
 Fasting during the month of Ramadan
 A hajj-or a pilgrimage to Mecca.
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The Sunnah and Daily Life
The Sunnah’s teachings stressed that people should treat other
people with generosity. The Sunnah said it was bad to owe people
money. The Sunnah said people should obey their leaders.
Reading Check- Generalizing- What do Muslims learn from the Sunnah?
Islamic Law
The Qur’an and Sunnah’s provided the basis for Islamic law, or Shariah
(shuh-REE-uh). Shariah sets rewards for good behaviors and punishments
for crimes. It also describes the limits of authority. Most Muslim countries
today combine Islamic law with modern European or western systems of
government.
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Section 3 Islamic Empires
Essential Question:
The Big Idea:
How were the
After
the
early
spread
of
Islam,
three
large
Muslim leaders able
to spread Islam and Islamic empires formed-the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal.
create an empire?
If you were there… You are a farmer living in a village on
the coast of India. For centuries, your people have raised cotton
and spun its fibers into soft fabric. One day a ship arrives in the
harbor carrying Muslim traders from far away. They bring
interesting goods you have never seen before. They also bring new
ideas.
What ideas might you learn from the traders?
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• Muslim armies conquered many lands
into which Islam slowly spread.
• Trade helped Islam spread into new
areas.
• Three Muslim empires ruled large areas of
Asia and Africa and parts of Europe from
the 1400s to the 1800s.
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Building Background You
know that for years traders
traveled through Arabia to
markets far away. Along the way,
they picked up new goods and
ideas, and they introduced these to
the people they met. Some of the
new ideas the traders spread were
Islamic ideas.
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Muslim Armies Conquer Many Lands
After Muhammad died, Abu Bakr was chosen to
be the new leader of Islam.
Abu Bakr was the first caliph (KAY-luhf), a title that
Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam.
Beginnings of an Empire
In a series of battles, Bakr united Arabia and made it a Muslim
state. Abu Bakr’s armies defeated the Persian and Byzantine
empires. Bakr did not force the Christians or Jews to convert to
Islam.
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Growth of an Empire
The Many early caliphs came from the Umayyad (oom-EYE-yhud) family. The
Umayyads moved to the city of Damascus which is known as Syria today.
They conquered over many lands in Central Asia, northern India, and parts
of North Africa. The Berbers, the native people of North Africa, resisted
Muslim rule, but after fighting many of them converted to Islam.
Reading Check- Analyzing- What role did armies play in the spreading of Islam?
Trade Helps Islam Spread
Islam spread throughout the areas Muslims conquered. Trade also helped spread
Islam. Arab merchants took Islamic beliefs to India, Africa, and southeast Asia.
Arabs learned from the Chinese how to make paper and use gunpowder. Many
Muslim merchants traveled to Africa for products such as ivory, cloves, and slaves.
Arab traders became wealthy from the trade between regions.
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A Mix of Cultures
As Islam spread the Muslims were tolerant, or accepted the people they
conquered. They allowed them to keep their religion and beliefs. The
Christians and Jews could not convert any new people to their religion
under Muslim law.
The Growth of Cities
With the growth of trade, Baghdad became the
capital of the Islamic Empire in Baghdad became
one of the richest cities in the world because of
farming and trade.
Reading Check- Main Idea- How did trade affect the spread of Islam?
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Three Muslim Empires
Three non-Arab Muslim groups built empires that ruled large
areas in Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe. They are :
 The Ottoman Empire- In the mid 1200’s Muslim Turkish warriors- They
used slave soldiers called Janissaries, converted to Islam and became
fierce warriors. In the 1400’s the Ottoman’s used canons to conquer
Constantinople.
 The Safavid Empire-Present day, Iran. They disagreed with the choosing
of the caliph. Split into two groups the Shia and Sunni. The Shia believed
only Muhammad's decedents can become caliphs.
 The Mughal Empire- Northern India, he ended the tax on Non-Muslims.
Allowed the Muslims and Hindu’s to live together in peace.
Reading Check- Analyzing-How did the Ottomans gain land for their empire?
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Essential Question:
How were the
Muslim leaders able
to spread Islam and
create an empire?
Section 4 Cultural Achievements
The Big Idea:
Muslim scholars and artists made important
contributions to science, art, and literature.
If you were there…You are a servant in the court of a
powerful Muslim ruler. Your life at court is comfortable, though
not one of luxury. Now the ruler is sending your master to explore
unknown lands and distant kingdoms. The dangerous journey will
take him across seas and deserts. He can only take a few servants
with him. He has not ordered you to come but has given you a
choice. Would you join your master’s expedition or stay home? Why?
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• Muslim scholars made lasting contributions to
the fields of science and philosophy.
• In literature and the arts, Muslim
achievements included beautiful
poetry, memorable short stories,
and splendid architecture.
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Building Background
Muslim explorers traveled far
and wide to learn about new
places. They used what they
learned to make maps. Their
contributions to geography
were just one way Muslim
scholars made advancements in
science and learning.
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Science and Philosophy
Astronomy
Muslims improved the astrolabe that the
Greeks invented. In enabled people to chart
the position of the stars.
Geography
Ibn Battuta traveled to Africa, India, China, and Spain in the
1320’s. Muslim geographers made more accurate maps.
Math
Muslim scholars combined the Indian number system, including
the use of the number zero, with the Greek science of
mathematics. They laid the foundation for modern algebra.
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Science and Philosophy
Medicine
Muslim scholars started the first pharmacy school. Doctors in
Bagdad found ways to treat smallpox. A Muslim doctor wrote
the first encyclopedia of medicine in the 1600’s.
Philosophy
Many Muslims studied Sufism (SOO-fi-zhum). They believed they
could find God’s love by having a personal relationship with
God.
Reading Check- Drawing Conclusions-How did Muslims influence the
fields of science and medicine?
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Literature and the Arts
Muslim scholars studied poetry and the arts. Omar
Khayya’m was one of the most famous Muslim poets. The
Thousand and One Nights was a famous collection of short
stories about legendary characters; Sinbad, Aladdin, and
Ali Baba.
Architecture
Many Muslims studied architecture. They designed many
beautiful mosques built in honor of God. Mosques had a
minaret, or narrow tower from where Muslims are called to
prayer. Muslim artists also turned to calligraphy, or
decorative writing, to decorate their mosques.
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The End
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