Industry and Urban Growth
(1865-1915)
American Nation textbook, pages 604-632
Powerpoint by Mr. Zindman
1
1. A New Industrial Revolution
What conditions spurred
the growth of industry?
3-Alexander Graham Bell
Shows off his invention called
the telephone in 1876
How has the telephone
changed since Bell’s creation?
The telephone uses
wireless connections.
1-In 1876 the United States
celebrated its one-hundredth
birthday.
America held a giant exhibition
showing off its industrial progress.
In the past industrial growth
lagged behind the Europeans.
2-By 1900, things would
change and Americans would
produce more goods than any
other country in the world.
Today’s
Telephone
1st Telephone
2
Workers celebrate the completion
of the Transcontinental Railroad
Click on the picture to learn more
4-In the Civil War railroads helped move troops and
equipment to the battlefronts.
It showed the importance of railroads. Most railroad lines ran only
50 miles and were not connected with each other.
5-Trains ran on tracks of different sizes or gages. In 1866, the
railroads of the south decided to adopt the same gage.
That mans that 13,000 miles of track had to be changed so
all the trains can run on the same track.
3
6-Once the tracks were all connected they formed a network or a
system of connected railroad lines.
Other improvements in the railroad included:
7-1. Railroad trains could travel faster. A six-week trip on
wagon would take six days on a train.
7-2.Sleeping and dining cars were added on trains.
7-3. Individual rail car brakes would avoid train car
accidents.
4
Railroad Abuses
As railroads grew, they looked for other ways
to become more efficient.
8-Many railroad companies consolidated, or
combined.
9-Cornelius Vanderbilt, a son of a poor farmer,
earned his fortune in the steamship lines.
He then began buying up railroad lines.
Soon afterwards Vanderbilt bought the New
York Central Railroad.
Click on the mansion to
learn more
10-At the time of Vanderbilt’s death, he owned
4,500 miles of track and linked New York with
the Great Lakes region.
By the time of his death he controlled 4,500
miles of track connecting New York City
5
and the Great Lakes Region.
Soon there were too many railroad lines in some parts of the
country. There were not enough people to use the trains so the
companies could not make a profit. This created a cutthroat
competition for passengers to ride railroad lines.
12-Cutthroat competition meant that the railroad owners would
create programs to try to get people to ride their railroad line ,
exclusively!
Some railroad companies had to consolidate, or combine to
stay in business.
13-To win business, railroads offered rebates, or discounts to
their largest number of customers. They forced small railroad
companies to go out of business.
2 tickets
to Penn
Station
What is the name
of this railroad
station? 6
Railroad owners soon realized that cutthroat
competition was hurting even larger lines. They
looked for ways to end the competition. One method
was pooling.
14-In a pool, several railroad companies agreed to divide up
the business in one area. They then fixed the prices at a high
level.
7
Click on the picture to learn more
Here is a political cartoon taken from a
newspaper in 1879. This cartoon shows
Vanderbilt towering over his railroad empire.
Cornelius Vanderbilt once said,
“What do I care about the law?
Hadn’t I got the power?”
What did Vanderbilt mean
by his statement?
Vanderbilt has to power
over the law.
Click on the picture to see another
political cartoon
8
Railroads Fuel the Economy
15-Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for
tracks and engines. Railroads helped the lumber industry
because lumberjacks cut down whole forests to supply the
wood for railroad ties.
Miners sweated in mine shafts digging up coal to be used by
the railroad engines. New towns grew where the railroad lines
crossed.
16-Railroads opened every corner of the country to settlement
and growth. It brought people together, especially in the West.
9
Inventors and Inventions
The Patent Office had
never seen a year like 1897.
Averages of nearly 60
patents, or licenses for new
inventions, were being
generated every day. The
United States had become
the land of invention.
These inventions made life
easier in American homes.
There were inventions and
improvements in every
area.
10
Speeding up Communication
Better communication was important to American businesses.
The telegraph helped quicken communication.
17-Samuel Morse invented the telegraph.
Morse's invention speeded up communication in the United
States.
18-It took weeks to get a message to Europe to arrive by boat.
In 1858, Cyrus Field completed the layout for an underwater
telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean.
It wasn't until 1866, that the cable was completed and the 11
first message was sent to Europe.
The Telephone
19-In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, a teacher
of the death, invented the first telephone.
20-Bell started the company called the Bell
Telephone Company and made millions with
his invention of the telephone.
People no longer had to go to a telegraph office
to send a message. Now they can talk on a
telephone in their own home.
12
Electric Power
In 1876, Thomas Edison opened a laboratory in New
Jersey. Edison has a new approach to inventing. He
turned inventing into a system. He had teams of
people refine his ideas and come up with an invention.
21-Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, the
phonograph, the movie projector, and batteries.
13
One of Edison's most important inventions
was the creation of and electric power plant
in 1882. Within a year Edison's invention
was supplying electric power to homes and
more power plants were built. Steam
powered engines were soon replaced with
safer electric motors.
22- It provided
electricity for
everyone.
14
African American Inventors
Many African Americans contributed to the flood of inventions.
23-Elijah McCoy created a special device that oiled
engines automatically in 1872. This device was
widely used on railroad engines.
15
24-Granville T. Woods found a way to send
telegraph messages between moving trains.
16
25-Jan Matzeliger invented a machine that made shoes by
machine.
26-When an inventor created a new invention he
registered it with the American government so no
one else could create the same machine. This was
called a patent, or a license for a new invention.
17
Because of racial prejudice, many African Americans
had trouble getting patents for their inventions.
27-When an inventor created a new invention he
registered it with the American government so no one
else could create the same machine. This was called a
patent.
18
Other inventions were created for everyday use. Here are a few of
them:
28-Christopher Sholes perfected the typewriter in 1868.
29-George Eastman invented the lightweight Kodak Camera in
1888.
30-Gustavus Swift introduced refrigeration to the meat
industry in the 1880's. As a result meat could be shipped across
the country. Americans now ate more meat now.
19
The Automobile
No single person invented the automobile.
Europeans produced motorized vehicles as easily
back as the 1860's. Americans began building cars
in the 1890's. However, only the wealthy could
afford them.
20
31-Henry Ford revolutionized auto making.
He wanted to build an automobile that everyone could
afford. In 1913 he introduced the assembly line.
32-On the assembly line car frames edged along a moving belt.
Workers added the parts as the cars passed by. Soon other
industries adopted his idea.
21
Henry Ford's assembly line allowed the mass production of
cars.
33-Mass production means making large quantities of a
product quickly and cheaply.
Because of mass production, Ford could sell his cars at a
lower price than the other automakers could.
22
34-Cars became very popular. Slowly attitudes changed
and “horseless carriages” or cars were accepted by the
American people.
In 1900, only 8,000 Americans owned cars. By 1917,
more than 4.5 million autos were chugging along
American roads.
23
The Airplane
35-In Ohio, two bicycle mechanics, Orville and Wilbur Wright
were experimenting with another new method of
transportation, flying.
The Wright brothers tested hundreds of designs. Finally, on
December 17, 1903, they were ready to test their first “flying
machine.”
36-At Kitty Hawk, North Carolina a plane powered by a small
engine stayed in the air for 12 seconds and 120 feet. Soon
afterwards, pioneers built better planes and made longer
flights.
We can
fly!
24
2. Big Business and Organized Labor
How did big business change
the workplace and give rise
to labor unions?
New Ways of Doing
Business
Business expansion was led by bold entrepreneurs.
37-An entrepreneur is someone who sets up a new
business to make a profit.
38-Many businesses became corporations or
businesses owned by many investors.
Many entrepreneurs formed giant monopolies.
39-A monopoly is a company that controls most f the
business in a particular industry.
25
In the late 1850's William Kelly and Henry Bessemer
discovered a new way to make steel. It was called the
Bessemer Process.
40-It enabled steel makers to produce strong steel at a
very low cost.
As a result railroads laid lines of steel that would not
rust easily and would last a long time.
I love
steel
26
I am hot
in here!
Click on the picture to learn more
With this development of
the Bessemer process, steel
mills sprang up all over the
country.
41-Pittsburgh became the
steel capital of the country.
The steel mills brought jobs
and prosperity to
Pittsburgh. It also brought
thick black smoke that
covered the land called soot.
The steel production made
the rivers turn yellow from
the pollution.
27
With this development, steel mills sprang up all over
the country. Pittsburgh became the steel capital of the
country.
42-The steel mills brought jobs and prosperity
to Pittsburgh. It also brought thick black smoke
that covered the land called soot.
28
43-Andrew Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry.
In the 1870's he became familiar with the Bessemer Process.
After borrowing money he built a steel mill in his hometown
in Pennsylvania. Within a short time, Carnegie was earning
huge profits from his steel mill.
With the money he made, or profits, he bought out the rival
iron mines, which provided the iron to make steel. He improved
the process of turning raw materials into steel.
44-This process of changing raw
materials into a finished product is
known as, vertical integration.
29
Carnegie also bought out
steamship lines and
warehouses. Soon Carnegie
controlled all the steamship
lines and warehouses. By
1900, Carnegie produced
more steel then any country
in the world.
Carnegie
45-Carnegie was a
philanthropist; A philanthropist
Madame C.J. Walker
believed the rich had the duty
was also a great
to improve society so he gave
philanthropist. Click
$60 million dollars to build
on the picture of her
to learn more.
public libraries. He donated
millions of dollars to other
charities.
46-Many people considered Carnegie a robber baron. A
Robber Baron was a person that became rich through an
30
unethical means.
As railroads enabled big factories to produce items cheaper,
many small local factories closed. When many local factories
closed, big factories increased their products or output.
47-Companies such as Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck
sold products to western farmers by mail order in a catalog.
31
Many expanding businesses became corporations. A
corporation is a business that is owned by investors. A
corporation sells stock, or shares in the business to investors,
who are known as stockholders to build a new factory or buy
new machines. In return for their investment,
48-stockholders hope to receive dividends, or
shares in the corporation’s profit.
The stock market
32
Oil Boom
49-In 1859, Americans discovered a valuable
resource called oil in Pennsylvania.
This product called oil could be used to power railroad
trains and machines.
50-It the age of 23, David D. Rockefeller purchased his first oil
refinery. He used his profits to buy other oil refineries. In 1865,
Rockefeller purchased a company called the Standard Oil
Trust.
A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of
directors.
His company dominated the oil industry. He
lowered his prices on oil to drive other oil
companies out of business. When he drove other oil
companies out of the business he created a
monopoly. A monopoly is a company that controls
all or nearly all the business of an industry.
33
Many Americans argued that the great leaders of giant
corporations were abusing the free enterprise system.
51-In a free enterprise system, businesses are owned by private
citizens.
Congress answered this argument by passing the Sherman Antitrust
Act. The Sherman Antitrust Act banned the creation of a monopoly.
The act did not work.
34
Changes in the Workplace
The factories of 1800 drew workers from
many different backgrounds.
52-Millions of immigrants coming to the
United States from Europe and Asia in the
late 1800's also found job and factories.
During the 1870's to 1880's, the friendly
relationship between the worker and boss
declined. In giant factories workers did
not chat with their employers.
African American, immigrants, women, and children
were paid less than native-born white men were.
35
53-Factories in the 1870’s were filled with dangerous conditions.
Owners spent little time to improve the safety and comfort of
workers. Some workers were killed or seriously injured on their
jobs in factories. Here are some of the problems workers faced:
•Textile workers inhaled dangerous lung-damaging dust and fibers.
•Coal miners had “cave ins” that buried workers.
•Steelworkers were injured by red-hot vats of steel.
I would
rather
be in
school
36
In 1900, two million children under the age of 15
worked throughout the country.
54-Many factory owners hired children to work for
lower wages, or pay.
Children did many hazardous jobs. They worked in
textile mills, coalmines, tobacco factories, and garment
workshops. Working children could not attend school.
37
Workers Organize
Low wages, long hours, and unsafe and unhealthy
conditions threatened a worker’s well being.
55-Workers tried to band together to win better conditions. In
1869,
56-workers formed a union called the Knights of Labor.
They held secret meetings because employers fired
workers that met and joined unions. In 1879, the union
let women, blacks, immigrants, and unskilled workers
join the union.
57-The goals of the Knights of Labor
included a shorter workday, an end
to child labor, and equal pay for
women and men.
38
There were a number of riots against the McCormick Harvester
Company for their terrible conditions against workers. The
Knights of Labor did not believe in strikes. On May 3, in a riot
police killed 4 people. The next day in protest a bomb exploded
killing a police officer.
58-Police then shot bullets into a crowd and killed 10 more
people. Membership in the Knights of Labor dropped sharply
39
because of these violent strikes.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The Knights of Labor failed in trying to help workers, but this did
not stop the labor movement. In 1886,
59-Samuel Gompers formed a new union called The American
Federation of Labor.
Workers did not join the AFL directly. You first had to have your
own union, then you could join the AFL.
60-The AFL used collective bargaining to achieve its goals.
Collective bargaining is when unions would negotiate with the
management for workers as a group.
40
The AFL collected money from its member unions.
Some of the money they collected provided for the
families that went on strike. They were provided
with paid so they could buy food.
41
The AFL's practical
approach was very
successful. In 1886 it was
the most powerful union. In
their first year they had 150,000
members. African
Americans, immigrants,
and unskilled workers were
not allowed to join the
AFL. Many women
protested the poor working
conditions for workers.
61-Mother Jones led the way for
women.
42
The Pullman Strike
Starting in the 1870's many workers went on strike. Owner felt
free to crush unions in any way they could.
62-The biggest strike was called the Pullman Strike.
A strike is when workers walk off their jobs in support of better
working conditions. 1894 George Pullman cut the pay workers at
his railroad factory. He did not lower rents for people paid for
company owned houses.
43
Workers walked off the job in protest. The
federal judge issued an injunction to the workers
walking off the job.
63-An injunction is a court order to do something.
Leaders of the Pullman Strike were jailed for
violating the injunction.
44
What were the causes
and effects of the rapid
growth of cities
3. Cities Grow and Change
64-Many people moved from farms to
the cities.
This move and was called urbanization. As industrialization
continued cities grew more rapidly.
By 1860 one out of every five Americans lived in a city. Jobs drew
people to the city. People worked in steel mills, meatpacking
plants, and garment factories.
45
46
African Americans moved to the cities to improve their
lives. Most African Americans lived in the rural south.
65-When hard times hit or racism lead to violence,
some African Americans headed to northern cities.
By the 1890’s, the south side of Chicago has a thriving
African-American community. Detroit, New York,
Philadelphia, and other northern cities also had growing
African American neighborhoods.
47
City Life
66-Many poor families crowded into the cities oldest sections.
Middle-class people lived father out in row houses or new
apartment buildings. Beyond them, the rich built fine homes with
green lawns and trees.
48
67-Poor families struggled to survive in poor crowded called
areas called slums.
The streets were jammed with people, horses, pushcarts, and
garbage. Living space was very limited so builders devised a
new kind of house to hold more people. They put up buildings
six or seven stories high.
68-The divided the buildings into small apartments, call
tenements.
Many tenements had no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms.
Typhoid and cholera and raged for the tenants. Tuberculosis,
a long disease was the biggest killer.
49
69-In the1880’s
reformers asked
for changes.
Building codes
were established
that provided
standards of
safety.
Fire escapes were
added to buildings.
50
Just beyond the slums stood the homes of the new middle
class people. These people were the doctors, lawyers, and
business managers, skilled machinists, and office
workers. These people lived in rows of neat houses lined
with three shaded streets. Here diseases broke out less
frequently.
51
Many religious organizations helped the poor. The
Protestant ministers began preaching Social Gospel.
They called upon their church members to do what is
needed to help the poor.
70-In 1865 William Booth, a minister,
established the Salvation Army in
London to help the poor.
He later expanded it to the
United States.
52
71-The first Young Men’s Hebrew Association, or
YMHA, provided help and social activates for many
Jewish Americans.
Later these places were called the JCC or Jewish
Community Centers.
53
Settlement Houses, or community
centers, were also started to help
the poor. Jane Addams became
famous in organizing settlement
houses in America. A settlement
house was a center to help the
urban poor.
72-Addams opened a
settlement house called the
Hull House
in 1869. In the Hull house
teachers taught the English
language and classes on
American government.
54
The Excitement of City Life
A building boom changed the face of
American cities in the late eighteen
hundreds. Cities like New York ran out of
space in their downtown areas.
Resourceful city planners and architects
decided to build up instead of out.
73-Using new technology, the designed tall
buildings with many floors called sky
scrapers.
Newly invented elevators carried people
two upper floors. As more people moved
into the cities, traffic jams developed.
74-Downtown streets were choked with crowded streets
with horse drawn buses, carriages and carts.
55
75-Because of the traffic many people moved
to the outskirts of the city called suburbs.
Electricity offered a new solution to many of the
cities problems.
76-Electric’s street cars were used on the streets.
Trolleys are also used. Many cities such as New York
built steam driven passenger trains on tracks. In 1897,
Boston led the way in building the first American
subway, or underground electric railway.
57
Shopping areas that a new look. In the late
1800’s, department stores sprang up. A
department store sold all kinds of items in
different sections or departments.
77-R.H. Macy opened a nine story department store
in New York.
Soon other cities have department stores.
58
By the late 1800’s, American
cities supported a wide variety
of cultural activities. Many
contributions were made to the
world of music and theater by
immigrants. Music and other
kinds of entertainment brought
Americans together.
Many vaudeville houses
opened in the cities.
78-Vaudeville was a
variety show that
included comedians,
song and dance
routines and acrobats.
59
Songwriters produced
many popular tunes
such as Shine On, and
Harvest Moon.
79-Ragtime was a new kind of
music with lively, rhythmic sounds.
80-Scott Joplin, an African
American composer helped
make ragtime music
popular.
His Maple Leaf Rag was
a nationwide hit.
60
John Philip Sousa wrote
more than 100 marches.
81-John Philip Sousa wrote
The Stars And Stripes
His
Marches became
Forever.
favorites at Fourth of July
celebrations.
61
Sports
82-Baseball became the most popular sport in the
nation.
The game was first played in New York in the 1840’s
during the Civil War. By the 1870’s there was many
professional baseball teams.
In the 1880’s, African Americans were barred from
professional baseball.
83-In 1885, Frank Thompson organized a group of waiters in one
of the first African-American professional teams, the Cuban
Giants of Long Island
62
84-Football also
became popular.
In colonial times,
players did not
wear helmets and
are often hurt.
Some colleges
banned the sport
or drew up
stricter rules to
play the game.
63
85-1891, James Naismith invented a new sport called
basketball.
Naismith was the teaching physical education class at the
YMCA. He wanted to find a sport that could be played
indoors in winter. He had two bushel baskets mailed to the
gym walls. Players tried to throw a soccer ball into the
baskets. Basketball caught on quickly. It spread to other
schools and colleges around the country.
64
4. The New Immigrants
Between 1866 and 1915, more than 25 million immigrants
poured into the United States. Both push factors and pull factors
played a part in the vast global migration.
86-Push factors are conditions that attract people from their
homes.
87-Pull factors are conditions that attract immigrants to new areas.
65
66
67
Political and religious
persecution pushed
many people to leave
their homes.
88-Persecution was the
mistreatment of a
group of people
because of their
religious beliefs.
In the late eighteen hundreds, the Russian
government supported programs, organized attacks
on Jewish villages. Millions of Jews fled Russia and
Eastern Europe to settle in American cities.
68
Starting a New Life
Leaving their homes required great courage. The voyage across the
Atlantic and Pacific was often miserable. Most immigrants could
afford only the cheapest seats on boats traveling to the Americas.
Ship owners jammed up to 2000 people in steerage compartments in
crowded spots on their ships.
In these close quarters, disease is spread rapidly.
89-Diseases such as the measles infected many immigrants.
69
90-For most European immigrants, the voyage ended in New
York City.
91-There, after 1886, they saw the giant Statue of Liberty in
the harbor.
The statue of liberty became a symbol of a hope
and freedom offered by the United States.
70
92-After 1892, ships entering New York harbor stopped at
the new receiving station on Ellis Island.
Here, immigrants faced a last hurdle, the dreaded medical
inspection.
93-Doctors examined eyes, ears and throats.
The sick had to stay on Ellis Island until I got well. With
hundreds of immigrants to process each day, officials had
only minutes to check each new arrival. To save time they
often changed names that they found difficult to spell.
71
Ellis Island
In the late 1800’s, the patterns of
immigration changed.
94-Large numbers of people arrived
from the Southern Eastern Europe.
Millions of Italians, Polish, Greeks, Russians, and
Greeks and landed in the Eastern United States.
Stopped at Ellis Island before arriving in New York
City.
72
95-Many immigrants have
heard stories that the streets of
the United States were paved
with gold.
Once in the United States, the
newcomers had to adjust their
dreams to reality. They
immediately set out to find
work. Through friends,
relatives, labor contractors, and
employment agencies they found
jobs.
73
Immigrants adjusted to their new lives by settling in
neighborhoods with their own ethnic group.
96-An ethnic group is a group of people who share a
common culture. Within these ethnic neighborhoods,
newcomers spoke of their own language and celebrated
special holidays with food prepared as in the old country.
74
97-Religion stood at the
center of immigrant family
life.
Houses of worship sprang
up in most neighborhoods.
They brought at the groups
together.
In their effort to adapt, many immigrants
sometimes blended their native tongues with
English. They became part of a new culture.
98-The process of becoming part of
another culture is called assimilation.
75
99-Many Americans opposed the increase in
immigration.
They felt the newcomers were too different.
They wanted to limit immigration and preserve
the country
100-for native born white Protestants. These
people were called nativists.
Many nativists resented the new immigrants
because they took jobs for low pay away from
working Americans.
76
One of the cultures that the nativists targeted
was the Chinese. The Chinese immigrants
helped build the railroads. Most Chinese
people lived in cities in an area called
Chinatown. Most Americans didn’t
understand why the Chinese would learn
American ways. As the numbers of Chinese
moved into the United States. Prejudice and
violence against them began to increase.
Congress responded to the violence aimed
at the Chinese by passing the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882. Under it,
101-no Chinese laborer could enter the United
States. In addition, no Chinese living in the
United States could return once they left of the
country.
77
What were the
causes and effects
of an expanded
educational system?
5. Education and Culture
Before 1870, fewer than half of the American children went to
school. Many who did attend went to one room schoolhouses with
only one teacher. Oftentimes, several students shared a single
book.
102-As industry grew after the Civil War, the nation
needed an educated work force.
As a result, state’s improve public schools at all levels. By 1900,
they were 4,000 programs serving children between the ages of
three and seven across the nation.
78
In the North, most states have laws that require
children to attend school, usually through the sixth
grade.
103-In the south, the Freedman’s Bureau built grade schools
for both African Americans and white students.
104-However, most schools in the south were segregated,
or separate.
79
105-The typical school day lesson from 8:00
AM to 4:00 PM. Students learn the three R’s
which were reading writing and arithmetic.
Schools emphasized obedience to and discipline. After
1870, many cities and towns build public high schools.
The 1900, the United States had 6,000 high schools.
Higher education also expanded.
80
Both men and women and went to school. Many states
built universities that offered free and low cost
education. However, for women, African Americans
and others, opportunity for college of education will
often limited.
106-George Lewis Ruffin
1st African American to
graduate Harvard Law School
81
As many more Americans learn to read in the late 1880’s eighties,
they read not only newspapers but books and magazines.
Magazines such as the Ladies Home Journal appealed to the
middle class women articles about famous people in stores are
well known authors.
107-Paperback books became popular in
the 1800’s. Best-selling novels were often
called Dime Novels.
Horatio Alger, a popular writer, produced
more than 100 dime novels for children.
Most told the story of a poor boy who
becomes rich and respected through hard
work, look, and honesty.
These low price paperbacks offered the related ensure
stories. These novels offered Hope that even the poorest
person could become rich as successful in the United States.
82
As cities grew, the numbers of newspapers grew
dramatically. People were very much interested in
reading newspapers. The newspapers reported the
major events of the day. If reported government,
business, fashion, and sports.
108-Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were the
most famous two writers of this period of time.
They wrote for a newspaper called The World.
109-People coined the phrase the
term yellow journalism for the
sensational reporting style of The
World . Hearst presented
scandals, crime stories, and
gossip with yellow journalism.
Joseph Pulitzer and
William Hearst
83
110-Women also
became journalists.
Nellie Bly pretended
to be insane in order
to find out about
treatment of the
mentally ill.
Her articles about
cruelty in mental
hospitals lead to changes
or reforms in these
hospitals.
84
The most famous and popular author of this
period was Samuel Clemens, better known by his
pen name, Mark Twain. Like many other
American writers, Mark Twain used to local
color to make his store is more realistic. Local
color refers to the speech and habits of a
particular region.
115-Mark Twain wrote novels like The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of
Huckleberry
Twain filled hisFinn.
novel with humor and adventure to
entertain his readers.
At the same time, he made a series point. In the
beginning of the novel, Huck Finn except slavery.
During this novel, Huck comes to respect him and
then decides that their friendship is more important
than in the unjust laws that enslaved Jim. Tom
Sawyer was a realist. A realist was a writer that
wanted to show the harsh side of life as it was.
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This is
the end!
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