OECD INDICATORS OF
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION
by Thomas Hatzichronoglou, STI/SPD
Table of Contents
A.
GLOBALISATION AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS
B.
DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT
C.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
D.
PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
E.
THE ACTIVITY OF MULTINATIONALS IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
F.
THE ACTIVITY OF MULTINATIONALS IN THE SERVICE SECTOR
G.
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY OF AFFILIATES UNDER FOREIGN CONTROL, AND OF PARENT COMPANIES IN
THE HOST COUNTRY AND ABROAD
H.
THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF INDUSTRIAL R&D
I.
THE INTERNATIONAL DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY
J.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF HIGH-SKILLED PERSONS
K.
TRENDS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF GOODS AND SERVICES
L.
INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE
M.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF MULTINATIONALS
N.
OTHER ASPECTS OF TRADE GLOBALISATION
O.
ASPECTS OF GLOBALISATION LINKED TO ENVIRONMENT
K. TRENDS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE
OF GOODS AND SERVICES
K.1
TRADE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP
K.2
TRADE BALANCE AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP
K.3
TOTAL EXPORT MARKET SHARES
K.4
WORLD EXPORT MARKET SHARES IN GOODS AND SERVICES
K.5
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORT SHARES IN GOODS IN OECD, ACCESSION
COUNTRIES AND ENHANCED ENGAGEMENT COUNTRIES (2007 VERSUS 2000)
K.6
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXPORT SHARES IN SERVICES IN AVAILABLE OECD
COUNTRIES (2005 vs 2000)
K.7
IMPORT PENETRATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES
K.8
MERCHANDISE TRADE WITH PARTNERS CHINA AND HONG KONG (CHINA)
K.9
TRADE IN GOODS WITH THE REST OF THE WORLD
K.10 INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE
K.11 INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF GOODS BY TECHNOLOGY INTENSITY
K.12 SENSITIVITY OF TRADE FLOWS TO PRICE AND INCOME CHANGES
World export market shares
in goods and services
%
Unites States 14%(2000)
2000
2007
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Source: OECD Trade Indicators, September 2009 and UNSD National Accounts Main Aggregates database.
OECD
Accession
Countries
OECD
Enhanced
Engagement
Countries
World export market shares in goods of OECD
countries at current prices, in per cent
2007
2000
Germany
United States
Japan
France
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Belgium
Canada
Korea
Mexico
Spain
Switzerland
Sweden
Austria
Australia
Poland
Norway
Ireland
Czech Republic
Turkey
Denmark
Hungary
Finland
Slovak Republic
Portugal
New Zealand
Greece
Luxembourg
Iceland
USA 2000 (12.5)
0
2
Source: OECD Trade Indicators, September 2009.
4
6
8
10 %
World export market shares in services of OECD
countries at current prices, in per cent
2007
2000
USA 2007 (14,6 ) 2000 (19,5)
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Japan
Spain
Italy
Netherlands
Ireland
Belgium
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Sweden
Korea
Canada
Denmark
Austria
Greece
Norway
Australia
Turkey
Poland
Portugal
Finland
Mexico
Czech Republic
Hungary
New Zealand
Slovak Republic
Iceland
0
2
Source: OECD Trade Indicators, September 2009.
4
6
8
10
%
20 highest exports shares of goods into EU25 among
OECD+, in percentage, current prices
2007
2000
Germany
Netherlands
France
Belgium
Italy
United Kingdom
United States
> China
Spain
> Russian Federation
Poland
Norway
Switzerland
Japan
Austria
Sweden
Czech Republic
Ireland
Hungary
Denmark
0
5
10
15
Note: OECD+ groups OECD, accession countries and enhanced engagement countries (40 countries).
Source: OECD ITCS database, and UN Comtrade for non-OECD countries.
20
%
20 highest exports shares of goods into the United
States among OECD+, in percentage, current prices
2007
2000
CAN 2007 (22.5 ) 2000 (26.4)
Canada
> China
Mexico
Japan
Germany
United Kingdom
Korea
France
Italy
> Brazil
Belgium
Netherlands
Ireland
> India
> Israel
Switzerland
Sweden
> Indonesia
Spain
> Chile
0
5
10
15
Note: OECD+ groups OECD, accession countries and enhanced engagement countries (40 countries).
Source: OECD ITCS database, and UN Comtrade for non-OECD countries.
20 %
20 highest exports shares of goods into Japan
among OECD+, in percentage, current prices
2007
2000
CHN 2007 (29.1 )
> China
United States
USA 2000 (29.6)
Australia
Korea
> Indonesia
Germany
Canada
France
United Kingdom
> Russian Federation
> Chile
> South Africa
Italy
Switzerland
> Brazil
Netherlands
Belgium
> India
New Zealand
Ireland
0
5
10
15
Note: OECD+ groups OECD, accession countries and enhanced engagement countries (40 countries).
Source: OECD ITCS database, and UN Comtrade for non-OECD countries.
20
%
20 highest exports shares of goods into China and Hong Kong
(China) among OECD+, in percentage, at current prices
2007
2000
JPN 2007 (25.5 ) 2000 (30.1)
Japan
Korea
United States
Germany
Australia
France
> Russian Federation
> India
Italy
United Kingdom
> Brazil
> Indonesia
Canada
> Chile
Switzerland
Belgium
Netherlands
> South Africa
> Israel
Sweden
0
5
10
15
Note: OECD+ groups OECD, accession countries and enhanced engagement countries (40 countries).
Source: OECD ITCS database, and UN Comtrade for non-OECD countries.
20
%
US merchandise trade with China and
Hong Kong (China), US$ billion
Net balance (X-M) (right axis)
Imports
Exports
400
400
350
300
300
200
250
100
200
0
150
-100
100
-200
50
-300
0
-400
1999
Source: OECD ITCS database.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
EU15 merchandise trade with China and
Hong Kong (China), US$ billion
Net balance (X-M) (right axis)
Imports
Exports
400
400
350
300
300
200
250
100
200
0
150
-100
100
-200
50
-300
0
-400
1999
Source: OECD ITCS database.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Japan merchandise trade with China and
Hong Kong (China), US$ billion
Net balance (X-M) (right axis)
Imports
Exports
160
80
140
60
120
40
100
20
80
0
60
-20
40
-40
20
-60
0
-80
1999
Source: OECD ITCS database.
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Import elasticity of price, 1970-2006
Mexico
Iceland
Canada
Italy
Portugal
Turkey
Japan
Norway
United States
Germany*
France
Spain
Finland
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Ireland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Denmark*
Austria
Belgium
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
* Estimates are significant only at the 10% level.
Note: Australia, Greece, Korea, New Zealand and Switzerland's estimations have not been
included in the chart as their values are of no statistical significance.
Source: OECD Annual National Accounts database and World Bank, World Development Indicators database.
Export elasticity of price, 1970-2006
Luxembourg
Ireland
Turkey
Canada
Sweden
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Finland
Spain
Australia*
Germany
Korea*
New Zealand
Denmark
Norway*
Austria
France
Switzerland
Belgium
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
* Estimates are significant only at the 10% level.
Note: Greece, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and US' estimations have not been included in the
chart as their values are of no statistical significance.
Source: OECD Annual National Accounts database and World Bank, World Development Indicators database.
L. INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE
L.1 SHARE OF INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE IN WORLD TRADE
L.2 SHARE OF INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE IN TOTAL REGIONAL
TRADE
L.3 INTENSITY OF THE REGIONAL TRADE
L.4 INTROVERSION OF THE REGIONAL TRADE
L.5 REGIONAL TRADE OPENNESS
Preferential trade agreements notified to the
GATT/WTO and in force,
by date of entry into force, 1948-2008
250
Number of PTAs
200
150
100
50
0
Year
Source: WTO, International Trade Statistics.
World trade shares of intra-regional trade, by region
EU-27 (left scale)
NAFTA (left scale)
ASEAN (right scale)
Mercosur (right scale)
30%
1.50%
25%
1.25%
20%
1.00%
15%
0.75%
10%
0.50%
5%
0.25%
0%
0.00%
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: WTO, International Trade Statistics.
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
M. INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF MULTINATIONALS
M.1 EXPORT AND IMPORT PROPENSITY OF AFFILIATES UNDER FOREIGN
CONTROL IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN SELECTED OECD
COUNTRIES
M.2 INTRA-FIRM TRADE IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES
M.3 US TRADE BALANCE AND INTRA-FIRM TRADE IN GOODS BY PARTNER
COUNTRY
M.4 JAPANESE TRADE BALANCE AND INTRA-FIRM TRADE BY INDUSTRY AND
BY PARTNER COUNTRY
M.5 INTRA-FIRM IMPORTS OF AFFILIATES UNDER FOREIGN CONTROL IN
TOTAL IMPORTS OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING SECTORS
Export and import propensity1 of affiliates under
foreign control in the manufacturing sector, 2006
Export propensity
Import propensity
Ireland (2)
Finland
Sweden (2)
Poland
France
Italy (2)
Japan (2)
United States (2)
0
20
1. Exports and imports as a percentage of GDP.
2. Trade in goods only.
Source: OECD, AFA, FATS and STAN databases, 2009.
40
60
80
100
%
Export and import propensity1 of affiliates under
foreign control in the service sector, 2006
Export propensity
Import propensity
France
Sweden (2)
Japan (2)
Poland
Spain
United States (2) (2004)
Italy (2)
0
10
1. Exports and imports as a percentage of GDP.
2. Trade in goods only.
3. Source: OECD, AFA, FATS and STAN databases, 2009.
20
30
%
Share of intra-firm exports in total exports
of affiliates under foreign control
%
90
80
Sweden
70
60
Netherlands
Italy
United States
50
40
Poland
30
Japan
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
Source: OECD, AFA database, 2009.
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Share of intra-firm imports in total imports
of affiliates under foreign control
% 90
United States
80
Italy
70
60
Japan
50
Netherlands
40
Poland
30
20
10
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Note: Data for Poland refer to the manufacturing sector only.
Source: OECD, AFA database, 2009.
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
N. OTHER ASPECTS OF TRADE GLOBALISATION
N.1 IMPORT CONTENT OF EXPORTS
N.2 INDEX OF OUTSOURCING
N.3 INDEX OF OUTSOURCING ABROAD OF GOODS AND SERVICES
Import content of exports of goods
Luxembourg
Hungary
Estonia
Ireland
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Belgium
Korea
Mexico
Finland
Netherlands
Denmark
Austria
Spain
Sweden
Portugal
Italy
Poland
China
Canada
Germany
Greece
France
Turkey
United Kingdom
Indonesia
South Africa
Norway
Japan
Brazil
Australia
India
United States
2005
1995
0%
10%
20%
Source: OECD, Input-Output database, 2009.
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Index of outsourcing abroad, 2005
Manufacturing intermediate import ratio of manufacturing sector
Manufacturing intermediate import ratio of services sector
Services intermediate import ratio of manufacturing sector
Services intermediate import ratio of services sector
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Source: OECD, Input-Output database, 2009.