OECD Workshop on HighTechnology Spin-offs
Session 1
Comparison of Spin-off Formation
Across the OECD
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
1
North American Data
Presentation Outline
– The Association of University Technology Managers
(AUTM)
– The AUTM Survey
– Selected Survey Results
– Survey Publication and Database
– References
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
2
Association of University Technology Managers
• 2200 Members Worldwide
• Mission includes Education and Professional Development
• Membership includes individuals employed by:
– Universities, Non-profit Research Institutes, Teaching
Hospitals
– Commercial Entities, Other Professionals (affiliate
members)
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
3
AUTM Fiscal Year 1998 Survey
OVERALL RESPONSE RATE TO THE SURVEY
AND PARTICIPATION OF MAJOR RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
FY 1991 - FY 1998
FY FY FY FY FY FY FY FY
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Number
Surveyed
260
Overall
Response Rate
50% 50% 63% 62% 62% 58% 57% 57%
Top 100
Research
Universities
( ref. 3)
66% 66% 85% 84% 87% 89% 90% 92%
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
260
250
255
279
300
Association of University Technology Managers
307
312
4
AUTM Survey Fiscal Year 1998
SURVEY RESPONDENT INFORMATION
FY 1991 - FY 1998
YEAR
SURVEYED
No. of
Insts.
Surveyed
260
FY 1993
RESPONSES
U.S. Univs.
98
U.S. Hosps.
&
Res. Insts.
20
Canadian
Insts.
10
Patent
Mngmnt.
Firms
2
Total
130
250
117
26
12
3
158
FY 1994
255
120
24
12
3
159
FY 1995
279
127
27
16
3
173
FY 1996
300
131
26
14
2
173
FY 1997
307
132
26
16
1
175
FY 1998
312(1)
132
26
20
1
177
67
13
6
1
87(2)
FY FY1991 and FY 1992
Respondents in All Years:
FY 1991 - FY 1998
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
5
AUTM SURVEY DEFINITIONS
START-UP COMPANIES:
Companies that were dependent upon licensing the institution's technology
for initiation.
SMALL COMPANIES:
Companies that had 500 or fewer employees at the time the license/option
was signed, but, for the purposes of this Survey, not including START-UP
COMPANIES initiated by your institution.
LARGE COMPANIES:
Companies that had more than 500 employees at the time the license/option
was signed.
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
6
AUTM FY-98 Survey
Selected Highlights
Public Benefits and Economic Impact
 At least 364 new companies based on an academic discovery were
formed in FY 1998, 79% of them in the state of the academic institution
that licensed the technology.
 Economic impact models show that in FY 1998, $33.5 billion of U.S.
economic activity can be attributed to the results of academic licensing,
supporting 280,000 jobs (ref. 1). This compares to $28.7 billion and
245,930 jobs in FY 1997.
 The business activity associated with sales of products is estimated to
generate $3 billion in tax revenues at the federal, state, and local levels
(ref. 2).
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
7
AUTM FY-98 Survey: Licensing by Entity Size
LICENSES & OPTIONS EXECUTED
LICENSED TO START-UP, SMALL, OR LARGE COMPANIES
FOR INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING DETAILED DATA
(Respondents that Provided Detailed Data, N=172:
U.S. Univs., N=127; Hosps. & Res. Insts., N=26; Canadian Insts., N=18; Pat. Mng. Firms, N=1)
FY 1998
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Start-Ups
%
of
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Small Cos.
%
of
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Large Cos.
%
of
Total
2,966
341
12%
1,548
52%
1,077
36%
U.S. Hospitals &
Research Institutes
316
29
9%
178
56%
109
35%
Canadian Institutions
211
60
28%
75
36%
76
36%
Patent Mngmnt. Firms
28
0
0%
7
25%
21
75%
3,521
430
12%
1,808
51%
1,283
37%
U.S. Universities
All Respondents
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
8
DISTRIBUTION OF LICENSES & OPTIONS
TO START-UP, SMALL, OR LARGE COMPANIES
(Respondents that Provided Detailed Data, N=171:
U.S. Univs., N=127; Hosps. & Res. Insts., N=25; Canadian Insts., N=18; Pat. Mgmt. Firms, N=1)
FY 1998
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Total
START-UP
SMALL
Exclusive
NonExclusive
2,802
291
U.S. Hospitals
&
Research
Institutes
309
Canadian
Institutions
U.S.
Universities
Patent Mgmt.
Firms
All Respondents
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
LARGE
Exclusive
NonExclusive
Exclusive
NonExclusive
28
721
743
506
513
28
1
73
105
43
59
224
62
2
60
17
52
31
28
0
0
4
3
1
20
3,363
381
31
858
868
602
623
Association of University Technology Managers
9
Start-up Companies Formed
(N= Number of Institutions Reporting >0 Response)
FY
1994
FY
1995
FY
1996
FY
1997
FY
1998
No. of Insts.
Reporting > 0
N=83
N=96
N=86
N=101
N=114
Start-Ups Formed
241
223
248
333
364
Rate per Institution:
2.9
2.3
2.9
3.3
3.2
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
10
AUTM Survey: Start-up Companies FY 1980-FY1998
(N represents number of institutions providing a response,including a response of zero)
FY 1980 to
FY 1993
FY 1994
FY 1995
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
(N=154)
(N=156)
(N=172)
(N=168)
(N=171)
(N=176)
1,169
241
223
248
333
364
0.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.1
Annual Rate
Per Institution:
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
FY 1980 to
FY 1998
2,578
11
EXECUTED LICENSES & OPTIONS
TO
START-UP, SMALL, OR LARGE COMPANIES
(Respondents that Provided Detailed Data, N=175:
U.S. Univs., N=129; Hosps. & Res. Insts., N=26; Canadian Insts., N=19; Pat. Mgmt. Firms, N=1)
FY 1998
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Start-Ups
%
of
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Small Cos.
%
of
Total
Licenses &
Options
Executed:
Large Cos.
%
of
Total
U.S. Universities
2,966
341
12%
1,548
52%
1,077
36%
U.S. Hospitals &
Research
Institutes
316
29
9%
178
56%
109
35%
231
66
28%
81
36%
84
36%
28
-
-
7
25%
21
75%
3,541
436
1,814
51%
1,291
37%
Canadian
Institutions
Patent Mgmt. Firms
All Respondents
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
12%
Association of University Technology Managers
12
AUTM FY-97 SURVEY
DISTRIBUTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
FROM LICENSING
Use of Technology
(percent)
Year
Licensee Entity Type
(percent)
Established
Large or
Start-Up
Small
Company
Company
50%
50%
Number
of
Technologies
Consumer
Commercial/
Industrial
1977-93
14
50%
50%
1994
11
27%
73%
73%
27%
1995
24
17%
83%
79%
21%
1996
72
28%
72%
64%
36%
1997
48
23%
77%
77%
23%
Aggregate
169
27%
73%
69%
31%
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
13
AUTM FY-97 SURVEY
PERCENT OF START-UPS THAT HAVE BROUGHT A
TECHNOLOGY TO MARKET
(Respondents Providing Complete Start-Up Data, N=107)
Data for Participants that Provided Complete Information
on Start-Ups:
Number of Start-Ups Formed FY 1980 through FY 1995:
1,183
954
Number of Operational Start-Ups Reported in FY 1995:
401
Start-Ups Formed in FY 1996 and FY 1997:
1,355
Subtotal:
(31)
Start-Ups Reported as Non-Operational in FY 1997:*
1,324
Estimate of Total Number of Operational Start-Ups:
Number of Start-Ups Reported by these Institutions to have
Brought a Technology to Market:
308
23%
Percent of Operational Start-Ups that Brought a Technology
to Market:
* FY 1996 Non-Operational Start-Up Data Not Available.
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
14
AUTM Licensing Survey Publications
• FY 1991-1995 Summary Report
• FY 1991-1995 Full Report
• FY 1996 Summary Report
• FY 1996 Full Report
• FY 1997 Summary Report
• FY 1997 Full Report
• FY 1998 Summary Report
• FY 1998 Full Report
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
15
AUTM SURVEY DATABASE
MS Excel (spreadsheet) Files on Disk
- FY 1991-1995
- FY 1996
- FY 1997
- FY 1998
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
16
References
1. “Summary Estimated Sales on Licensed Technologies, Pre-Production
Investment, and Jobs Projection (FY 1998 and FY 1997),” Association of
University Technology Managers, 1999.
2. Campbell, Kenneth D., "TLO says government research pays off through
$3 billion in taxes," MIT News Office at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, April 15, 1998.
3. Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and
Nonprofit Institutions (Fiscal Year 1994), Table B-4, “Federal Obligations
for Science and Engineering to the 100 Universities and Colleges
Receiving the Largest Amounts...,” National Science Foundation, pp. 3132.
December 8, 1999
OECD -Paris
Association of University Technology Managers
17