Ch. 18 Blood-- Study Guide
1. Critically read pp. 683-704 before
“Leukocyte life cycle” section
2. Comprehend Terminology (the text in bold)
3. Study-- Figure questions, Think About It
questions, and Before You Go On (sectionending) questions
4. Do end-of-chapter questions:
– Testing Your Recall— 1, 3-6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 17-20
– True or False– 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9
– Testing Your Comprehension--1, 2, 3
18-1
Chapter 18– Blood
The study of blood is
called ___________
A-- Herpetology
B-- Hematology
C-- Homeostasis
D-- Hercules
18-2
§ 18.1--Introduction
• Blood is a unique tissue; why?
• What kind of tissue?
Fig. 18.0
18-3
CO 18
An RBC,
WBCs, and
four
platelets
(SEM)
18-4
§ Functions of Circulatory
System
• Transport
– O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and
heat
• Protection
– WBCs, antibodies, and platelets
• Regulation
– fluid regulation, buffering, body temp.
18-5
§ Two Components of Blood
Adults have 4-6 L of blood
1.Plasma– 55% of total volume
Including—
2.Cellular (formed) elements— 45%
Including—
How to separate these two components?
(see next slide Fig. 18.2)
18-6
Figure 18.2
Hematocrit-The percentage
of the total blood
volume that is
occupied by
__________ (see
next slide)
18-7
Assuming this
tube contains
a patient’s
blood after
centrifugation,
what’s his/her
blood
hematocrit?
Cellular
elements
(= @ 46%)
Plasma = 55% of
whole blood
A. Platelets
“Buffy coat”
<1%
B. WBCs
C. Red blood cells =
@45% of whole blood
18-8
§ Seven Kinds of Formed Elements in
Blood—
2
4
1
7
6
3
5
18-9
Formed Elements of Blood
1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
2. Platelets
3. Leukocytes (WBCs)
A. Granulocytes—
•Neutrophils (no. 3)
•Eosinophils (no. 4)
•Basophils (no. 5)
B. Agranulocytes—
•Lymphocytes (no. 6)
•Monocytes (no. 7)
18-10
§ Blood Plasma (top layer)
Including– Table 18.2 (page 687)
1.Water (90% by weight)-• Most abundant molecule in the plasma
• Function:
2.Electrolytes (Ions)–
• What: sodium ions, …
• Function:
3.Plasma proteins (8%)– (details next slide)
4.Others (2%)– Nutrients, . . .
18-11
§ Plasma
proteins (top layer)
A.Albumins (60% of plasma proteins)–
Functions— transport molecules, the major
contributor of osmotic pressure and blood
viscosity etc.
B.Globulins (36%)– (alpha, beta and gamma)
Functions– transport molecules, blood
clotting factors, gamma-- antibodies
C.Fibrinogen (4%)– becomes fibrin, the major
blood-clotting factor
• Where are plasma proteins formed?
18-12
§ Blood Viscosity and Osmolarity
• Blood Viscosity - resistance to flow
– Causes: Blood is thicker than water; Why?
– Too much vs. too little
• Blood Osmolarity
– Def. total molarity (concentration) of
dissolved particles in 1L of solution. . .
– high osmolarity (compared with __________)
• causes fluid absorption into blood, raises BP
– low osmolarity
• causes fluid to remain in tissues, may result in
edema (Example– see Fig. 18.3)
18-13
Fig. 18.3--Starvation and Plasma Protein
Deficiency—Ascites and Kwashiorkor
18-14
§ 18.2--Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or
Erythrocytes
• Disc-shaped cell with thick rim
– 7.5 M diameter and 2.0 m thick at rim
– Blood types determined by surface
glycoprotein and glycolipids
– cytoskeletal proteins (spectrin and actin)
give membrane durability; importance:
– Fig. 18.4 a and c
18-15
Fig. 18.4a
Figure 18.4a
18-16
Figure 18.4c
A Transmission Electron
Microscope picture.
18-17
§ Erythrocytes (RBCs) Function
• Gas transport - major function
– increased surface area/volume ratio due to
________ shape
– 98% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin (Hb)
• O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs
• Carbonic anhydrase (CAH) in RBC
– produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water
– important role in gas transport and pH
balance
18-18
§ Hemoglobin (Hb) Structure
• Globins - 4 protein
chains
– 2 alpha and 2 beta
chains (HbA)
– HbA vs. HbF-• Heme groups
– Conjugate with
each protein
chain
– Bind O2; where?
– How many in 1
Hb?
18-19
§ Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin
• RBC count and hemoglobin concentration
indicate amount of ______ blood can carry:
– hematocrit (packed cell volume) - % of whole blood
composed of RBCs; 45% vs. 40% (M vs. F)
– hemoglobin concentration of whole blood (g/dL); 16
vs. 14 (M vs. F)
– RBC count; (millions RBCs/microliter ); 5.4 vs. 4.8
• Values are lower in women; Why?
– Hormone (Testosterone)
– Others
18-20
§ Hemopoiesis
1. Adult produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion
RBCs and 10 billion WBCs every day
2. Hemopoietic tissues produce blood cells:
A. Fetal life-- yolk sac produces stem cells, migrating to
Bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
B. (at birth) liver stops producing blood cells at birth
C. spleen remains involved with Lymphocytes
production; Lymphoid hemopoiesis– where? Thymus
etc.
D. red bone marrow
• pluripotent stem cells, why?
• myeloid hemopoiesis produces RBCs, WBCs and
platelets
18-21
Our focus
18-22
§ Erythrocyte Production (1)
• 2.5 million RBCs/sec, called Erythropoiesis
• How long does the process take?
• 4 major developments– in Cell size, Cell no.,
Hb, Cellular organelles
A. Pluripotent stem cells become committed
cells – B. erythrocyte colony forming unit
(ECFU)
18-23
§ Erythrocyte Production (2)
C. Erythroblasts-- multiply and synthesize
hemoglobin
– Discard nucleus to form a reticulocyte
D. Reticulocytes— Name?
– Characteristics:
E. Mature RBCs-18-24
§ Erythrocyte Production (3)
Intracellular features of RBCs—
– A. No nucleus & organelles (ribosome etc)
Why?
– B. RBCs are plasma mem. sacs full of Hb
– C. Where is ATP produced in RBCs? By
what key biochemical processes?
– D. When are key enzymes being produced?
18-25
§ Iron and Erythropoiesis (Fig. 18.7)
• Iron - key nutritional requirement, why?
– Lost through urine, feces, and bleeding
– requires dietary consumption of iron, ferric
(Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) ions; Steps:
1.converts Fe3+ to absorbable Fe2+, where?
2.G-I tract— Gastroferritin binds Fe2+
3.In blood-- absorbed into blood and binds to
Transferrin for transport
4.Liver-- Apoferritin binds Fe2+ to create ferritin
for storage
18-26
Fig. 18.7 (iron metabolism)
Good/excellent
sources of iron: ?
18-27
In-class activity
• Give one disease related to low
plasma proteins. Explain your
answer.
18-28
Other Needs for Erythropoiesis
• Vitamin B12 and folic acid:
– rapid cell division etc. (in the red bone marrow)
– Where can red marrow be found in adults?
• In axial skeleton: girdles . . .
• Vitamin C and copper:
– cofactors for enzymes synthesizing Hb
18-29
§ Erythrocyte Homeostasis (1)
• Negative feedback
control
– What is the controlled
variable?
– Hypoxemia-- causes
– 1. Drop in RBC count
-- 2. Others (next slide)
Results:
– EPO production
stimulates bone
marrow
– RBC count  in 3 - 4
days
18-30
18-30
§ Erythrocyte Homeostasis (2)
• Stimuli for erythropoiesis
– low levels O2; in Tibet, Himalaya
– increase in oxygen consumption
– less lung tissue available
(emphysema)
– All these factors contribute to
secondary polycythemia (details
later)
18-31
§ Erythrocytes Recycle/Disposal
Macrophages in spleen, liver, & red bone marrow
1. Digest mem. fragment & separate heme from
globin; Globins into free _______ (into blood)
2. Dispose/reuse the heme:
– Iron (into blood); Heme converted to biliverdin
(green) and then bilirubin (yellow, into blood)
– liver pick up & secretes bilirubin (into bile; small
intestine); bacteria create urobilinogen (brown
feces)
– Some bilirubin becomes urochrome (into yellow
urine) Fig. 18.9 and x
18-32
Fig. 18.9 Life
& Death of
RBCs
•Fate of RBC—
•Life span–
•Where are
RBCs’ final
demise?
18-33
Summary of RBC Life Cycle
18-34
§ Erythrocyte Disorders
• 1. Polycythemia - an excess of RBCs
– primary polycythemia
• cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone
marrow
– RBC count as high as 11 million/L; hematocrit 80%
– secondary polycythemia -• from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or
physical conditioning (all due to hypoxemia . . .)
– RBC count up to 8 million/L
• Dangers of polycythemia
– increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity
lead to embolism (obstruction of the blood
vessels) . . .
18-35
§ 2. Anemia – Causes/Categories
• A. Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin
synthesis-– kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin
– inadequate vitamin B12 from poor nutrition or lack of
intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)
– iron-deficiency anemia
– Hypoplastic and aplastic anemia – decline or
complete cessation of erythropoiesis
• B. Hemorrhagic anemia-• C. Hemolytic anemia– RBC destruction
TABLE 18.4 is an excellent table for review
18-36
Anemia - Effects
• Tissue hypoxia and necrosis (the individual is
short of breath and lethargic)– esp. Brain, heart,
and kidney tissue
• Low blood osmolarity (→ tissue edema)
• Low blood viscosity (→ heart races and blood
pressure drops)– heart failure
18-37
§ 3. Sickle-Cell Disease
1. Hereditary Hb ‘defect’; caused by recessive
allele modifies hemoglobin structure (HbS)
– sickle-cell trait - heterozygous for HbS;(HbA/HbS)
– sickle-cell disease - ______________ for HbS
2. Details Fig. 18.10
– HbS polymerize and become sickle shape; cell
stickiness causes agglutination and blocked vessels
– intense pain in oxygen-starved tissues; kidney and
heart failure, stroke, paralysis; hemolysis of the
fragile RBCs: anemia and hypoxemia
– chronic hypoxemia stimulates hemopoietic tissue
(enlarged spleen, misshapen bones such as cranium)
18-38
Sickle-Cell Diseased Erythrocyte
Fig. 18.10
18-39
Muddiest points of
this chapter?
18-40