OECD GLOBAL SCIENCE FORUM
Workshop on Best Practices for Ensuring Scientific
Integrity and Preventing Misconduct
Introductory remarks
Makoto Asashima
Professor, The University of Tokyo
Chair, Committee on Code of Conduct for
Scientist, Science Council of Japan
22 February, 2007 Mita Conference Hall, Tokyo, Japan
Science Council of Japan (SCJ)
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Community contains 760,000 scientists.
Transition of SCJ from Ministry of Internal Affairs
and Communications to Cabinet Office.
Partnership of SCJ with Council for Science and
Technology Policy.
Reformation since the 20th Assembly of the SCJ.
Collaboration with international science
communities.
Policy recommendation for Japanese government.
Reports on code of conduct for scientists
by Science Council of Japan (SCJ)
1. 2003, June
Report by the 18th Assembly of the Science Council of Japan and the
Permanent Committee on Academic Affairs in Society.
“Misconduct in science and its prevention”
2. 2004, March
Public information pamphlet, Vol. 1
“On misconduct in science and its prevention”
3. 2005, July
Report by the 19th Assembly of the Science Council of Japan and the
Permanent Committee on Academic Affairs in Society
“The current state of misconduct and measures to combat it: Toward an
autonomous community of scientists”
4. 2006, April
Official statement by the 20th Assembly of the Science Council of Japan
and Committee on the Code of Conduct for Scientists.
“Improving Self-Discipline by Scientists ”
RCR=Responsible Conduct of Research
QRP=Questionable Research Practices
Nicholas H. Steneck (2006) Science and Engineering Ethics 12, 53-74
Code of conduct for scientists
Science is a system of knowledge based on
the principles of reason and empirical proof
that is assiduously built up over time, and
constitutes an irreplaceable common asset of
all humanity. Scientific research is an act
that creates new knowledge by boldly
pursuing the challenges of unknown fields.
Regulation of Scientists’ Code of Conduct in Japan
Science Council of Japan
- “Scientific Misconduct and its Prevention” (2003)
- “Current Status of, and Countermeasures against Misconduct in Science”
(2005) and other reports
The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)
- “Statement on Scientific Misconduct and its Prevention” (2004)
- “Basic Policies Regarding Research Misconduct” (2004)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- “Regulations regarding Research Misconduct at the National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)” (2005)
- “Report on Research Misconduct and Future Measures envisaged” (2006)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Establishment of “Special Committee on Misconduct in Research Activities”
(first meeting held in March 2006)
The University of Tokyo
- Presentation of “Code of Conduct in Scientific Research”
(March 2006)
Other academic societies
(from the presentation given by Prof. Shigeaki Yamazaki, Faculty of Letters, Aichi Shukutoku University, at the
BTJ Journal Seminar - 24 February 2006)
Code of Conduct consisting of ethical principles
1. Responsibilities of Scientists
2. Conduct of Scientists
3. Continuous Professional Development
4. Accountability and Disclosure
5. Research Activities
6. Establishing Sound Research Environments
7. Compliance with Laws and Regulations
8. Consideration for Research Subjects.
9. Relations with Others
10. Rejection of Discrimination
11. Avoiding Conflicts of Interest
Toward Autonomous Implementation of
the Code of Conduct for Scientists
1. The Responsibility of Organizational Managers
2. The Need for Education on Research Ethics
3. Important Points for Research Groups
4. Important Points for Research Processes
5. Dealing with Misconduct in Research
6. Establishing a Self-monitoring System
“Blue Note Book” of Kyowa Hakko Co., Ltd
“For the researchers, everything should be written on this notebook
including ideas, results and discussions”
Since July, 1953
（2006年2月24日 BTJジャーナルセミナー協和発酵バイオフロンティア研究所 リサーチフェロー 中野洋文氏報告資料より）
Dealing with Misconduct in Research
To deal with possible misconduct such as fabrication, falsification or plagiarism,
the following measures should be taken at the earliest possible date:
1. A proper channel should be set up for consultation on suspected misconduct.
At the same time, particular attention should be paid to the importance of
ascertaining whether the suspicion is false.
2. All due consideration should be made to ensure that anyone reporting misconduct
should not suffer disadvantage as a result thereof.
3. When there is suspicion of misconduct, relevant facts should be promptly
investigated in accordance with due procedures, necessary measures should be
taken with impartiality, and the result should be made public. Particularly strict
measures should be taken in the case of fabrication, falsification or plagiarism.
4. Everyone in the organization should be reminded of relevant laws, ordinances
and regulations in carrying out research and using research funds.
5. Due consideration should be given to prevent research activity from becoming
unduly constricted, while appropriate rules should be worked out to deal with
conflicts of interests.
Recent scientific situation in Japan
1. University research environment, especially in the area
of basic research, has become increasingly restrictive.
2. Reductions in allocation of resources to universities
have made it increasingly difficult to pursue
autonomous/independent research. At the same time,
competition for decreasing resources has increased the
occurrence of misconduct.
3. Prioritization of the distribution of research funds is
necessary, but it is also important to widen the range of
distribution in order to nurture new studies. Suitable
measures are required.
4. Universities have been bearing an increasing burden
to maintain facilities, educate students, provide a
suitable research environment, and support advanced
studies.
5. Teaching staff are overstretched with evaluations,
management, applications for research funds, coping
with the evolving attitudes of students and other
miscellaneous tasks.
These are a few examples of the many problems
universities face in Japan. In order to solve these
problems, it is essential to have governmental support,
increased resource allocation, and cooperation between
universities.
Japan Vision 2050

Bedrock of the
Nation is
“Building People”
(1) Nurture individuals
to develop a
historical view of
civilization so that
they will be able to
think strategically
(2) Switch from a
career formed
through ”mono
culture” to one
formed through
“blending”
(3) Get rid of the
insular mindset and
replace it with an
open mindset
Strategic Use
of Science
and
Technology
(1)Place top priority
on harmonizing
the environment
and the economy
(2)Place emphasis
on programs that
attach
importance to
soft power
(3)Management
based on
appropriate
research and a
high degree of
transparency
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Handling state issues
（2006-2020: 5 years x 3 terms）

– Educational reform
Achieve
the
targeted
mission
Realize the
– Realize a society of equal
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
partnership
Realize a convivial society
Social infrastructure for a
healthy, secure life
Industry, economy, labor and
employment policies
Co-existence with nature and
rejuvenation of nature
Rejuvenation of the country and
region
Develop an information
communication system
Energy and the environment


Handle
common
global
issues
Coexisten
ce of the
environme
nt and the
economy
– Degradation of Earth’s environment
– Popular growth
– Expanding North-South Disparity
National Vision
State
with a
Sense of
Dignity
Asian Trust
日本国内での科学者行動規範に関する動き
日本学術会議
・「科学における不正行為とその防止について(2003)」
・「科学におけるミスコンダクトの現状と対応策(2005)」 等の報告
理化学研究所
・「科学研究における不正行為とその防止に関する声明(2004)」
・「科学研究上の不正行為への基本的対応方針(2004)」
産業技術総合研究所
・「独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所における研究ミスコンダクトへの対応
に関する規程(2005)」
・「研究ミスコンダクトに関する調査結果報告と今後の措置について(2006)」
文部科学省
・「研究活動の不正行為に関する特別委員会（第1回 2006年3月）」の開催
東京大学
・「科学研究における行動規範」の提示
その他学会
（2006年2月24日 BTJジャーナルセミナー 愛知淑徳大学文学部 山崎茂明氏報告資料より）
日本の大学の現状
１．法人化後の環境の変化
法規の導入（労安法、消防法、セキュリティー安全性の確保など） による
２．資源配分のあり方
・科学研究費、人数、研究費、スペース、ポストの減少等
・運営交付金
・集中型と裾野の拡がりの減少
３．少子化と大学間競争
４．評価制度と雑務の負担
５．学生の意識の変化 － ゆとり教育の弊害 －
資格をとれる分野
役立つ分野
基礎学問への減少など
日本の大学の現状
６．第三期科学技術基本政策と今後の展望
イノベーション２５など
７．世界と日本の大学の比較
８．研究者、科学者、大学に今問われているもの
９．次世代の若い人が魅力ある大学に思えるか
現状は必ずしもそうではない
１０．その他
Summary
１．大学において研究する環境、とりわけ基礎研究はだんだん
と厳しい状態に置かれている。
２．大学にとって資源配分の減少により、大学での自由な学問
がしにくくなっている。また、資源配分の獲得の競争が起こっ
ており、それがミスコンダクトを生み出す一因にもなっている。
３．研究費の配分において、重点化することは必要であるが、
裾野を拡げておくことが新しい学問を育てることであり、その
方策を考えなければならない。
４．大学にとって、施設の維持・学生への教育と研究環境の整備、
最先端の研究を行う時、かなり負担が増えてきている。
５．教員にとってみると、評価や運営、研究資金の獲得、学生
の気質の変化への対応など雑事も含めて忙しくなりすぎている。
など、多くの問題を大学では抱えてきている。これを解決するには、国の支援、資源
配分の拡大、大学間の協力関係なども欠かすことができない。
原因は個人かシステムか？
研究者を取り巻く圧力
成果主義：特許・一流誌へのaccept
利害の衝突
競争的資金の増加
スター研究者の必要性
任期制
大規模研究・共同研究の増加
研究組織にゆとりがなくなる
人間関係が競争的になる
充分な検証なしに発表を急ぐ
（2006年2月24日 BTJジャーナルセミナー 愛知淑徳大学文学部 山崎茂明氏報告資料より）
研究公正局（ORI）：不正行為への対処
科学界の警察としてではなく、
① 教育・啓蒙活動
② 積極的な情報公開
③ 責任ある科学研究をテーマにした
研究活動への助成
等の活動を通して、研究環境・風土の改善を促す。
（2006年2月24日 BTJジャーナルセミナー 愛知淑徳大学文学部 山崎茂明氏報告資料より）