Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
1
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
2004 Edition of
Education at a Glance
London, 13 September 2004
Washington, 13 September 2004
Berlin, 14 September 2004
Rome, 15 September 2004
Andreas Schleicher
Head, Indicators and Analysis Division
Under embargo until
2
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
14 September 2004, 11:00 Paris time
Education at a Glance 2004
3
1. Tertiary education
Continued growth…
… and its impact for individuals and economies

Trends in internationalisation

Gender differences

Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
2. Baseline qualifications
… and their labour-market outcomes
3. Trends in the financing of education
4. Decision-making in education

Decentralistion and centralisation
5. Student learning conditions
6. Teacher working conditions
4
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
More people are completing tertiary
education than ever before…
…in some countries, growth has been spectacular…
…but others have fallen behind.
Growth in university-level qualifications
5
Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualfication in the
age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2002)
 1960's
The UK
30
20
10
7
8
14
21 22
A3.2
Mexico
Portugal
Austria
Turkey
Italy
Greece
Korea
Spain
France
New Zealand
Ireland
Poland
Czech Republic
Germany
Japan
Finland
Hungary
Australia
Sweden
Canada
Netherlands
Denmark
Norway
0
United States
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher

In 2002
– 36% of a typical age cohort in the UK complete a
university-level qualification
– 32% on average across countries
8 4
– 45% in 10
Australia and Finland, 41% in Iceland and Poland
In 2000
19
– 36% in the UK, the highest
among OECD countries
23
– 26% on average across countries
United Kingdom

1970's
performs
still well, but is1980's
no longer at the1990's
top
Switzerland
40
Current entry rates suggest
that the growth will continue
6
Sum of net entry rates for single year of age
in tertiary-type A and tertiary-type B education

Tertiary-type
A education
Tertiary-type
B education
Today’s
entry rates
in universities
suggest
that the
strive for higher qualifications will continue…
80

70
50
40

… but not everyone completes with a degree

30
UK universities are strong at graduating students once they
have them in the system
– At 17%, drop-out is lower only in Japan (6%), Turkey (12%) and
Ireland (15%)
20
10
zech Republic
Austria
Belgium
Mexico
Switzerland
Germany
France
Ireland
Japan
lovak Republic
nited Kingdom
Korea
Denmark
Spain
Netherlands
Hungary
United States
Poland
Finland
Iceland
New Zealand
A3.1
Sweden
0
Australia
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
60
Half of an age cohort now enter university, and in Australia,
Finland, Iceland, Poland and Sweden 70% or more
University-entry in the UK is, at 47%, slightly below the
OECD average
Higher tertiary participation is becoming visible in
the qualification of the workforce
8
Percentage of 25-64-year-olds with academic
or vocational tertiary qualification (10 countries with steepest growth)
45
United States
40
Belgium
France
35
Australia
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
Denmark
30
Ireland
United Kingdom
Korea
25
Spain
Canada
20
Country mean
15
A3.4
1991
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
9
Foreign
students
in tertiary
education
The UK remains
one of the
favourite student
destinations…
… but its market share declined
between 1998
and 2002
by 4%
by country
of study
(2002)
… largely, but not only, because other countries have benefited more
Other OECD
OECD partner
from the expansion
Netherlands
countries
6%
5%
Austria
1%
2%
Sweden
Italy
1%
2%
Switzerland
United States
2%
30%
Belgium
2%
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher

Spain
2%
Japan
4%
United Kingdom
France
12%
C3.6
9%
Germany
Australia
12%
10%
The 1990’s was the decade when women moved ahead
of men in terms of educational attainment
12
Percentage of Tertiary Type-A qualification awarded to women
100
Higher proportion
of women
90
80

70
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
60
50
40
30
20
10
0A4.2
All fields of study
These gender inequities show much
on
Healthearly
and welfare

Gender differences in fields of study at university
Life sciences, physical science
level are already mirrored in the educational
and agriculture
aspirations of 15-year-olds
Mathematics and computer
– Career expectations of boys were far
more often
science
associated with physics, mathematics
or engineering
(on
Humanities,
arts and education
average 18% of boys versus 5% of girls)
Social
sciences, business, law
– While girls more frequently expected
occupations
and services
related to life sciences and health (20%
of girls
Engineering, manufacturing and
compared to only 7% of boys)
Higher proportion
construction
of men
OECD average
UK
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
16
17
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
Growing educational success pays off…
…and for the UK more so
than for most other countries.
The earnings advantage of tertiary education
18
Relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates
with income from employment (upper secondary education=100)
200 %
180 %
160 %
140 %
OECD/men
UK/men
OECD/women
UK/women
100 %
80 %
60 %
A
B
Ty
pe
ry
ti
a
ti
a
ry
-
Ty
pe
Te
r
A11.1
Te
r
up
pe
r
se
co
nd
a
ry
40 %
Be
lo
w
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
120 %
The unemployment advantage of education
20
Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage of all
25-64-year-olds
10 %
9 %
8 %
7 %
OECD/men
6 %
UK/men
4 %
OECD/women
3 %
UK/women
2 %
1 %
pp
e
U
A10
r
A
Te
r
ti
a
ry
B
ry
ti
a
Te
r
r
se
co
nd
a
ry
(A
se
co
nd
ar
y
)
%
Lo
we
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
5 %
Trends in unemployment ratios
21
Number of 25-64-year-olds who are unemployed as a percentage
of all 25-64-year-olds
9
8
United Kingdom: Below
upper secondary
7
United Kingdom: Upper
secondary
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
6
5
United Kingdom:
Tertiary education
4
OECD: Below upper
secondary
3
OECD: Upper
secondary
2
OECD: Tertiary
education
1
0
1991
A10.2b
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Trends in the earnings advantage
23
Trends in relative earnings of 25-64-year-old tertiary graduates
(upper secondary=100, countries with 5% or more attainment growth)
200

190
180
Australia
Belgium
Growing benefits in many of the countries with theCanada
steepest attainment growth
OECD mean

170
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
160
150
140

130
120
110

In the countries in which tertiary attainment increased
by
Denmark
more than 5 percentage points since 1995 (Australia,Finland
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, France
Ireland, Japan, Korea, Spain and the UK) most have seen
Germany
falling unemployment and rising earnings benefits Hungary
In Australia, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Ireland andIreland
the
UK, the earnings benefit increased by between 6 andKorea
14 per
centage points between 1997 and 2001
New Zealand
Among the 15 countries with comparable data, only New
Norway
Zealand, Norway and Spain have seen a decline in earnings
Spain
benefits
Sweden
100
A11.2
Switzerland
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
United Kingdom
United States
Internal rate of return to tertiary education
24
Female
Australia
Denmark
Female
at age 40, no fees, no income
Male
immediately to higher
education
Male
Female
Spain
Male
Female
Switzerland
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
at age 40, fees, no income
Female
Sweden
Male
Female
United States
Male
Female
United Kingdom
Male
Female
Finland
Male
Female
Hungary
A11.5
Male
Male
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Enhancements in human capital contribute to
labour productivity growth
26
Average annual percentage change (1990-2000)
•In the UK, improvements
in educational
Level of education
attainment between 1990 and 2000
Hourly GDP per efficient unit of labour
Labour productivity
contributed to labour productivity much more
5
than in the United States and in any of the
•The UK is also one of the countries with the
4
othereducation,
14 countries
highest
individual benefits from
in except Portugal
terms
of earnings and employment prospects
3
Hours worked
1
0
New Zealand
Netherlands
France
Canada
Germany
Norway
Italy
Australia
Portugal
Denmark
Sweden
United Kingdom
A12
Finland
-2
United States
-1
Ireland
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
2
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
27
28
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
…but the UK has been much less
successful in strengthening baseline
qualifications…
Growth in baseline qualifications
29
Approximated by the percentage of persons with uppersecondary qualfications in
the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2002)
12
60
50
40
20
10
A2.2
Mexico
Turkey
Spain
Italy
Korea
Ireland
Belgium
Australia
Hungary
Iceland
France
Germany
Switzerland
Sweden
After compulsory education, participation rates fall
behind most other countries…
… but some catch up later in life

Canada
0
United States
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
30
With serious consequences for those who have not
completed this level
22
– Only 67% of the earnings of an upper secondary
graduate
– Likelihood of unemployment 1.4 times as high as for
upper secondary graduate
with other influences
3 – Education
11 combines
13 15
24 to make adult
training least common among those who need it most
– 27% of age group 20-29 participate (OECD 23%)
– 16% of age group 30-39 participate, highest in OECD
(OECD 5%)
Portugal

70
Norway
80
* 8equivalent to 5 or more GCSEs at grades A 1to C or NVQ Level 2 or higher
3
Finland
90
United Kingdom
100
In
the
UK,
progress
has
been
more
1960's
1970's
1980's
1990's
limited at the upper secondary level*
Japan

Consider South Korea
30
1960s
Beginning of 21st Century
Wealth
Below all South American countries.
Around level of Afghanistan.
20th in OECD.
Educational expenditure
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
1st in OECD in % of GDP.
Educational attainment
completing secondary – 24th in OECD.
completing tertiary – 20th in OECD.
completing secondary – 1st in OECD.
completing tertiary – 3rd in OECD.
Educational quality
4th in reading, 1st in mathematics
1st in science in OECD.
Educational equity
1st in OECD.
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
31
32
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
In many countries, the expansion was
accompanied by massive financial
investments
…while in others student numbers grew faster than
expenditure
B2
en
m
Sw ark
e
Po de
rt n
u
Fi gal
nl
a
Fr nd
an
A ce
us
U
ni M tria
te e
d xi
St co
a
Ca tes
na
d
It a
U
ni
te K aly
d or
Ki ea
ng
H do
un m
A ga
N us ry
et tr
he ali
rl a
an
d
Sp s
Ge a
rm in
Sl
o v I an
ak re y
Re lan
pu d
b
Ja lic
Tu pan
rk
ey
D
EU
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
33
Expenditure on educational institutions
as a percentage of GDP
All levels of education
9
8
7
6
5
Privat
4
Öffentlich
3
2
1
0
B2
en
m
a
Fi rk
nl
a
Ca nd
n
Sw ada
e
N den
or
w
Be ay
lg
A ium
us
tr
N Ir i a
et el
he an
rl d
an
d
Sp s
Ge a
rm in
U
a
ni F ny
te ra
d nc
St e
a
H te
un s
U
g
ni Au ar
te st y
d ra
Ki lia
ng
do
m
It
a
M ly
ex
i
Ja co
pa
Ko n
re
a
D
EU
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
34
Expenditure on educational institutions
as a percentage of GDP
Tertiary education (2001)
3
2.5
2
1.5
Private
Public
1
0.5
0

36

Total spending over the average duration of tertiary studies
also comparatively
low expenditure per student
Annual
…
because
of the short
study duration
on mainly
educational
institutions,
in equivalent
US dollars converted using PPPs
How do above-average instruction time and below-average
spending go together?

Comparatively high student/staff ratios
USD 12,000
USD 10,000
USD 8,000
USD in
2,000
Kingdom
Whereas
tertiary education, spending increases have United
not
kept up with enrolment
Te
rt
ia
ry
nd
ar
y
ec
o
pp
er
U
B1
S
S

ec
o

nd
ar
y
USD
0 and 2001 by 8%
Between
1995
But spending per student declined by 6%
Private spending share at tertiary level grew faster than in other
EU countries, now at 29% (OECD 22%)

er

Lo
w

EU
Spending
primary and student has grown in real terms…
USD per
4,000
OECD

Between 1995 and 2001 by 21% (OECD 21%)
Pr
im
ar
y
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
USD 6,000
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
42
43
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
The distribution of decision-making
responsibilities has changed…
…but in different ways across countries.
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
D6
Greece
Mexico
Japan
Turkey 1
Australia
Iceland
Regional and local
Finland
Spain
Austria
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Belgium (Fr.)
Denmark
School
Italy
Sweden
Korea
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Hungary
%
New Zealand
England
Netherlands
44
Percentage of educational decisions taken
at each level of government
Lower secondary education (2003)
Central and state
100
80
60
40
20
0
B3
England
Norway
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
Spain
Italy
Spain
Greece
Within a framework
Mexico
Japan
Turkey1
Australia
Iceland
Finland
In consultation with others
Austria
Greece
Mexico
Japan
Turkey1
Australia
Iceland
Finland
Spain
Austria
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Belgium (Fr.)
Denmark
Italy
Sweden
Korea
Slovak Republic
In full autonomy
Within a framework
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Norway
Portugal
Belgium (Fr.)
Denmark
Hungary
Czech Republic
Organisation of instruction
Sweden
In full autonomy
Korea
Slovak Republic
Other
Hungary
%
Czech Republic
40
England
100
New Zealand
60
New Zealand
0
Schools in England have a comparatively strong
role in educational decision-making
Netherlands
Other
England
80
Netherlands
Greece
80
85% of all decisions taken at school level (OECD
average 42%)
%
Planning and structures
Resources (allocation and use)
Role of central and local governments is strongest for
decisions on planning and structures
Within a framework
Mexico
Within a framework
Japan
Turkey 1
Australia
Iceland
Finland
In consultation with others
Austria
In consultation with others
France
Germany
Luxembourg
80
Portugal

Belgium (Fr.)
In full autonomy
Italy
100
Denmark
%
Korea
%
Sweden
In full autonomy
Slovak Republic
0
Hungary

Czech Republic
20
New Zealand
100
Netherlands

Netherlands
New Zealand
England
Hungary
Italy
Spain
Finland
Sweden
Australia
Denmark
Netherlands
England
New Zealand
Hungary
Czech Republic
Slovak
Korea
Sweden
Italy
Denmark
Belgium (Fr.)
Portugal
Norway
Luxembourg
Germany
France
Austria
Spain
Finland
Iceland
Australia
Turkey 1
Japan
Mexico
Greece
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
45
Percentage of decisions relating by schools
Lower secondary education, by mode of decision making (2003)
Personnal management
In consultation with others
Column 4
80
60
40
20
100
Other
Centralisation and decentralisation of decisions
46
Percentage of decisions in lower secondary education taken at more
centralised/decentralised levels in 2003 than in 1998
More decentralised in 2003
Turkey
More centralised in 2003
Korea
Czech Republic
England
Netherlands
Italy
Portugal
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
Denmark
Norway
Spain
Belgium (Fr.)
New Zealand
France
Austria
Germany
Hungary
Finland
B3
Greece
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
47
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
48
Student learning conditions
Intended instruction hours in classroom settings
in public schools between ages 7 and 14 (2002)
49
Ages 7 -8
Ages 9 -11
Ages 12-14
Finland
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
Korea
Germany
Slovak
Iceland
Hungary
Japan
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
Spain
Turkey
Belgium (Fl.)
Portugal
France
England
Ireland
Mexico
Greece
Belgium (Fr.)
New
Scotland
Australia
Italy 1
0
D1
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Total number of intended instructions hours
7000
8000
9000
D2
0
Netherlands
Turkey
Korea
Japan
Mexico
Spain
United Kingdom1
Germany
Poland
France
Primary education
Austria
Australia2
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Greece
United States
Belgium (Fr.)
Ireland1
Hungary
Italy
Luxembourg
Iceland
Denmark
Switzerland
Portugal
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
50
Average class size
Lower secondary education
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
52
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
53
Teacher working conditions
Basic teachers' salaries in lower secondary education
Annual statutory teachers' salaries in public institutions in equivalent US dollars converted
using PPPs, and ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita (2002)
54
Salary after 15 years of experience/minimum training
Starting salary/minimum training
Salary at the top of scale/minimum training
US $
80000
70000
60000
50000
30000
20000
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Iceland
Mexico
Greece
Sweden
Italy
Norway
Portugal
France
Austria
Belgium (Fr.)
New Zealand
Denmark
Belgium (Fl.)
Finland
Spain
Ireland
Netherlands
England
Australia
Scotland
Japan
Korea
Czech Republic
D3
Germany
0
United States
10000
Switzerland
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
40000
France
Denmark
Belgium (Fr.)
Belgium (Fl.)
Netherlands
Finland
Greece
England
Australia
Scotland
New Zealand
Spain
Japan
Portugal
Germany
Switzerland
0
Slovak Republic
Iceland
Hungary
Norway
Sweden
Czech Republic
Austria
Ireland
Italy
US $
United States
D3
Mexico
Korea
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
55
Ratio of lower secondary teacher salaries
after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita
Ratio of salary after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita
3
2
1
Changes in teachers' salaries in lower secondary education
between 1996 and 2002
57
Index of change between 1996 and 2002 (1996=100, 2002 price levels using GDP deflators)
Salary after 15 years of experience
Starting salary
Salary at the top of scale
Index (1996=100)
180
160
120
100
Ireland
Belgium (Fr.)
Netherlands
Switzerland
Greece
Belgium (Fl.)
Austria
Portugal
Japan
Italy
England
Norway
Scotland
Denmark
Australia
Finland
New Zealand
D3
Hungary
80
Mexico
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
140
Number of teaching hours per year
Net contact time in hours per year in public institutions (2002)
58
Lower secondary education
Primary education
Upper secondary education, general programmes
Hours per year
100
90
80
70
50
40
30
20
10
Turkey
Japan
Hungary
Czech Republic
Korea
Austria
Iceland
Greece
Norway
Denmark
Spain
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Germany
Netherlands
0
Scotland
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
60
0
Japan
Korea
Spain
Finland
Hungary
Italy
Austria
Greece
Czech Republic
France
Norway
Iceland
Portugal
Denmark
Slovak Republic
Belgium (Fr.)
Belgium (Fl.)
Ireland
Germany
Hours per year
Australia
Netherlands
Scotland
New Zealand
United States
Mexico
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
59
Percentage of teachers’ working time spent teaching
Lower secondary education
Primary education
Upper secondary education, general programmes
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
60
Further information
61

www.oecd.org
www.pisa.oecd.org
email: pisa@oecd.org

Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org

Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher

… and remember:
Without data, you are just another
person with an opinion
Education at a Glance 2003 – Andreas Schleicher
62
Other slides
D7.2. Age distribution of teachers (2002)
63
Distribution of teachers in educational institutions, by level of education and age group
Aged < 30 years
Ages 30-39 years
Ages40-49 years
Aged >=50 years
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
Primary education
Korea
Belgium1
Luxembourg2
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Finland
Iceland3
United Kingdom
Ireland
France
Austria
United States
Portugal
Japan4
Netherlands
New Zealand
Sweden
Italy
Germany
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D7.2. Age distribution of teachers (2002)
64
Distribution of teachers in educational institutions, by level of education and age group
Aged < 30 years
Ages 30-39 years
Ages40-49 years
Aged >=50 years
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
Secondary education
Portugal
Korea
Japan4
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Luxembourg2
France
Austria
United States
Ireland
United Kingdom
Norway5
Belgium1
Finland
New Zealand
Sweden
Iceland3
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
D7.1. Change in the age distribution of secondary teachers (1998
and 2002)
65
Change in the age distribution of secondary teachers in educational institutions between 1998 and 2002
(1998 = 0), based on head counts
Aged < 30 years
Ages 30-39 years
Ages 40-49 years
Aged >=50 years
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
-2.5
-5
-7.5
Korea
New Zealand
Austria
Belgium (Fl.)5
Luxembourg4
Japan3
Country mean
Norway 2
Finland
Iceland 1
France
Germany
Ireland
-12.5
Sweden
-10
United Kingdom
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
0
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
66
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
67
Annual expenditure per student
69
On educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs
USD 12,000
USD 10,000
USD 8,000
USD 6,000
Te
rt
ia
ry
nd
ar
y
ec
o
S
U
pp
er
Lo
w
er
S
ec
o
nd
ar
y
Unterdurchschnittliche Ausgaben pro
EU
USD 4,000
Primar/Sek-I
Schüler, verbunden mit deutlich
OECD
überdurchschnittlichen
Lehrergehältern
USD 2,000
United
werden in Deutschland durch ungünstige
USD 0
Schüler/LehrerRelationen und deutlich
weniger Unterrichtszeit in den ersten
Schuljahren, sowie vergleichsweise geringere
Ausgaben für Sachaufwendungen kompensiert
Pr
im
ar
y
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher

Kingdom
Public and private sources of funds (2001)
70
100%
90%
80%
Gesamte private
Aufwendungen/Resi
dual
70%
Andere private
Aufwendungen
50%
40%
Private Haushalte
30%
20%
Öffentlich
Pre-primary
OECD
Germany
0%
OECD
10%
Germany
Education at a Glance 2004 – Andreas Schleicher
60%
Tertiary