Small Wonders:
The World of Nano-Science
Horst
Horst Stormer,
Stormer,
Dept.
Dept. of
of Physics
Physics and
and
Dept.
Dept. Applied
Applied Physics
Physics and
and
Applied
Applied Mathematics
Mathematics
Columbia
Columbia University
University
Power of ten movie
the whole
10+22 meters
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
10-15 meters
nano scale
the parts
How big is the nanoscale ?
the giant whisker from hell
Tappan Zee Bridge, 40 mi
Sandy Hook, 40 mi
Atoms; not so interesting
Rather interesting
Most Complex Device of our Galaxy
Replace by darcy kelly brain
Many Legos
Many, many Legos
Rather interesting
Still quite interesting
Still…..
Still
100 nm
Steel
Wood
50micron
Ceramics
Biology
Material
Science
Physics
Beryllium
Aluminum
Silicate, laue
Chemistry
The Sciences meet
at the Nanoscale
Wood , glass bricks…
The
Impetus
The Status
42 million trans
istors on a Pentium 4
transistors
Electronic Trend
Pentium 4
smaller, faster, cheaper
Intel
1G
1G
MP 1971
256M
IC 1958
Kilby, Noyce
Transistor 1947
Intel 4004
Transistors on a Chip
100M
Itanium
incl. cache
64M
16M
10M
Pentium Pro
MPU only
Pentium
80486
4M
1M
1M
LSI gate array
256K
80386
68020
80286
68000
64K
100K
Itanium
16K
8086
4K
10K
1K
8085
8080
4004
1K
Bardeen,Shockley
and Brattain
70
74
78
82
86
Year
90
94
98
02
Where Would our Cars Be?
1946 Ford Tudor Sedan
Weight:
Mileage
Speed
Trunk:
Cost:
10g
8,000,000 mi/Gal
8,000,000 mi/h
180,000 cft
$10.-
2002 Ford Taurus
0.4 m
Transistors Reach the Atomic Scale
gate
source
drain
1.2 nm
(~4 atoms)
gate
60 nm
source
drain
182 atoms from source to drain
Don’t forget…..
the giant whisker from hell
Just a Few Atoms Thick
polysilicon
polysilicon
1.4 nm
SiO
SiO22
silicon
silicon
Quantum Mechanics in your Palm Top
ikr
e
-r/l
e
3.81eV
l(A)=
DE
o
DE
• The oxide must be at least 0.7nm thick to keep electrons from tunneling through.
?
Quantum Mechanics in your Palm Top
Atomically-flat layers
MBE
ovens
vacuum
4 atomic layers of Material 1
1
2
layers
4 atomic layers of Material 2
10 nm
Seeing the atoms in the layers
1
2
3
4
5
6
2nm
100nm
Communication Lasers for the Internet
320 000 phone calls over 1000 km
Fastest and quietest Transistor
gate
source
drain
Cell phones
Bizarre physics in your cell phone
magnetic
field
sheet of
electrons
electrons appear to break up
into three pieces
fractional quantum Hall effect
Single Electron Transistor
just
one electron
switches
it from on to off !
T. Fulton and J. Dolan, Bell Labs, 1986
Single Electron Memory
just one electron
means yes or no !
one electron
=
one bit
L. Guo, E. Leobandung, S. Y. Chou, Science 275, 649, 1997
Versatile Carbon
diamond
graphite
Versatile Carbon
C60 “bucky ball”
diamond
graphite
Versatile Carbon
C60 “bucky ball”
diamond
graphite
(10,10) nano tube
Which way to roll?
Which way to roll?
Which way to roll?
About the same size
Nano Lawn
Nano Straw
10 times as strong as steel
less than 1 mm2
10 times lighter than steel
Nanotube Electronics
size of nanotube
1.4 nm diameter
gate
60 nm
Nanotube Electronics
Single Molecule Switch
Atom from
Nuckolls goes
here
one molecule
=
one “transistor”
M. Reed et al. ‘98
Tappan Zee Bridge, 40 mi
Sandy Hook, 40 mi
Tappan Zee Bridge, 40 mi
Sandy Hook, 40 mi
Tappan Zee Bridge, 40 mi
Rohrer
Binnig
Sandy Hook, 40 mi
Heritage
~1904
~1930
phonograph, Edison 1877
atomic force microscope, 2002
“Seeing” the Atoms
mica
graphite
8 nm
DNA
700nm
8 nm
The smallest “Fingers”
The smallest “Fingers”
The smallest “Fingers”
The smallest “Fingers”
The finished Product
2nm
2nm
quantum corral
"Give me a long enough lever and a place to stand,
and I will move the earth.“
Archimedes
“Give me a long enough lever (and don’t wiggle)
and i will move an atom.”
Don Eigler
Don eigler from IBM will come on
and student will move an atom
Motors
Nano Helicopter
Dna as building material
Self-Assembled
Artificial
“Crystal”
1 mm silica spheres
settled onto a
patterned template
400 x 400 x 70 mm3 “crystal”
Wavelength Selection by a Photonic Crystals
0.466 mm polystyrene spheres
light of wavelength matching the spacing of
crystal planes is reflected
NANO
Science & Technology
are bound to change the World