World Cultures
Chapter 7
East Asia Under Challenge
1800-1914
Section 1: The Decline of the Qing
Dynasty
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Geography Facts
China is located in
eastern Asia.
It is slightly smaller
than the United States.
China has many
neighboring countries. The
largest are:
Afghanistan
India
Mongolia
Pakistan
North Korea
Russia
South Korea
Vietnam
Across the East
China Sea is China’s
long-time rival, Japan.
Across the South
China Sea is another
rival, Taiwan.
Yellow and Yangtze Rivers
Two main rivers flow
through central China:
The Yellow River,
known as the Huang He
The Yangtze River
(“yang see”), also known
as the Chang Jiang
The area is surrounded
by the cities of
Nanjing
Luoyang (“lwoe
yahng”)
Chengdu
Changsha
Huang He
Yangtze
Gobi Desert
Taklimakan Desert
Yellow River
Himalayas
Yangtze River
Natural Barriers
The Himalayas, from the International Space Station, NASA
China has natural barriers from other civilizations.
To the west are the Himalaya Mountains, and the
Taklimakan (or Taklamakan) and Gobi Deserts.
To the east is the Pacific Ocean.
Invaders entered China from the north.
Taklamakan Desert
The Gobi Desert
The Manchu Conquer China
In the early 1600s,
the peasants of
southern China
rebelled against the
Ming emperor.
While the Chinese
army was busy in the
south, the Manchu, a
tribe from the north,
took control of
Manchuria.
The Manchu
conquered the Ming
dynasty in 1644.
Manchu guard
Qing Dynasty
The Manchu founded the Qing (“Ching”) dynasty which
lasted until 1912.
The Manchu controlled the army.
The Chinese were allowed to govern the bureaucracy.
The Manchu (Qing) Rule China
Emperor Qian Long
Manchu archer
For the second time in Chinese history, China was
under foreign rule.
The first 3 emperors, Kang Xi, Yong Zheng, and
Qian Long, brought 133 years of peace to China.
Population Growth
500
450
millions of people
400
350
300
.
250
200
150
100
Qing Dynasty
Begins
50
0
0041
0851
0581
Year
Both the population and the size of China more
than doubled under Qing rule.
The Qing separated themselves from the Chinese
Manchu bride
Manchu clothing
The Manchu banned marriage between Manchu
and Chinese.
Manchu documents were not printed in Chinese.
Chinese clothing
The Qing made several laws about clothing and
appearance.
All Chinese men were forced to shave their heads.
Chinese men had to wear queues (men’s hair shaved in
the front and a braided ponytail in the back) in Manchu
style.
Chinese men had to wear Manchu clothing.
The Manchu did not force Chinese women to change their
styles or clothing.
China proved to be a formidable
opponent to European imperialism.
Limits and Controls
The Qing filled top positions of
the bureaucracy with Manchu
leaders.
The Qing dynasty tried to limit
foreign trade and communication
with Europeans. They allowed trade
to be done with the West through
the port city of Guanzhou (Canton).
At first the Qing tolerated
Christianity.
However, the Qing outlawed
Christianity when European pirate
ships with Christian sailors
attacked the port cities.
Emperor Qian Long
by Jesuit Giuseppe
Castiglione
Opium
European traders ignored the Qing government’s laws
and increased trade of silk and tea which they paid for in
silver.
The British brought opium from their colonies to trade
to improve their balance of trade.
This caused severe social problems in China because
many became addicted to opium.
British trade with China centered around opium. The
British imported opium from India to China in exchange
for silk. Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the
Chinese government was fearful of a trade imbalance.
China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British
did not comply. This led to the Opium Wars.
Opium dens, 1850
Chinese receiving opium from
Patna, British India
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
Empress Dowager Ci Xi
worked with her
government officials to
fight against the British
in the First Opium War,
from 1839-1842.
The First Opium War
In 1839, China ended the opium trade.
Great Britain went to war against the Chinese to
defend its right to sell opium.
This was called The First Opium War.
In 1842, China was forced to sign the Treaty of
Nanjing which gave Hong Kong to Britain and allowed
European traders in several port cities.
Extraterritoriality
The treaty allowed Europeans in the five
treaty ports to be exempt from Chinese
laws, a practice known as
extraterritoriality. The Europeans also lived
in there own exclusive sections and the
sale of opium continued.
The Second Opium War, 1856-1860
Began in 1856 when the Chinese allegedly conducted
an illegal search of the British ship, the Arrow, at
Guangzhou
British and French troops took Guangzhou and Tianjin
in 1858
China was forced to open 11 more ports, allow foreign
commerce in Beijing, sanction Christian missionary
work, and legalize British importation of opium in the
Treaty of Tianjin
However, China attempted to block the entry of
diplomats into Beijing in 1859 to prevent enforcement of
the new treaty terms
In response, the British and French occupied Beijing
and burned the imperial summer palace
After the war China was forced to accept the Treaty of
Tianjin
The Opium Wars brought an end to the
isolation of the ancient Chinese civilization
and introduced far-reaching social, economic
and cultural ideas to the Chinese.
Asia was carved up after the Opium Wars
England annexed Hong Kong and Kowloon
France took over Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)
Russia moved into Chinese Turkistan and Manchuria
Japan grabbed Taiwan and won dominance over Korea
This cartoon depicts England, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan at
the table, ready to cut up China after the Opium Wars. It is
reminiscent of the Berlin Conference when the African continent was
divided between the European powers.
Banner Armies
Under the Qing Dynasty, the
regions of China were controlled
by eight banner armies.
The banners had different colors
to represent the different regions
and ethnic groups.
The armies of the Manchu and
Mongols were the most powerful.
The Manchu Banner protected the
Forbidden City and all major cities.
The ethnic Chinese armies were
less powerful.
There was also a Green Standard
Army that operated throughout the
country.
After serving in the army,
soldiers were recruited into the
bureaucracy.
Qing bannerman
Rebellions
Emperor Qian Long (“Cheon Long”) expanded China to
its greatest extent.
He brought prosperity to
the Manchu, but not to
Chinese peasants.
Massive poverty led to
many rebellions.
Rebellions:
1775 - The Society of the
White Lotus
1813 - The Society of
Heaven's Law
1850-1864 - The Taiping
Rebellion
1851 - Nien Rebellion
1856 - Panthay Rebellion
•
•
•
•
•
Emperor Qian Long
Tens of thousands died in these rebellions.
Xiang Army
Qing troops ready to attack rebels
By 1850, the banner armies could not put down
local rebellions or defend China from foreign invaders.
The Qing dynasty turned to local militias to defend
China.
The new army was called the Xiang (“Shong”)
Army.
The Taiping Rebellion
China in 1850
Hong Xiuquan
The Taiping Rebellion lasted from 1850 to 1864.
It was led by a village schoolteacher named Hong Xiuquan.
Between 20 to 30 million Chinese died during the rebellion.
The Qing dynasty’s imperial army was unable to stop the
rebellion and needed the help of the Xiang Army and
European aid.
Afterwards, the Qing had to share power with local
warlords who would not disband their armies.
The Taiping Rebellion
Self-strengthening
The Qing rulers realized China was weak
and began a reform movement called
“self-strengthening.” The idea was to
adopt Western technology but keep
traditional Confucian values. The Western
nations used this time to establish spheres
of influence where they had exclusive
trading rights. The warlords became more
powerful and negotiated directly with the
foreigners.
The New Model Army
Chinese with European weapons
In 1894, China began training a European-style army.
It was called the New Model Army.
Its most well trained unit was under the Han General
Yuan Shikai (“You-en Shee-kai”).
Chinese General Li Hongzhang during the Sino-Japanese War
In 1895, China lost to Japan during the Sino-Japanese war.
The Japanese army was superior to the New Model Army.
Japan also destroyed the Chinese navy.
Open Door Policy
In 1899, U.S. Secretary
of State John Hay
proposed the everyone
had an equal right to
trade in China and that
the spheres of influence
didn’t matter. Other
nations went along with
this since it didn’t give
anyone an unfair
advantage. China
benefited by helping to
preserve some of its
independent status by
not allowing any one
country to try and
dominate it.
The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion
was a popular Chinese
revolt against foreign
imperialism.
It lasted from
November 1899 to
September 7, 1901.
The Europeans called
the Chinese fighters
“boxers” because martial
arts looked to them like
boxing.
The rebels called
themselves The Righteous
Harmony Society, which
was sometimes translated
as “The Righteous and
Harmonious Fists."
Boxer rebels
On June 21, 1900, the Chinese Empress declared war
on all foreign powers. This led to a two-month assault
on the legations in Beijing led by a group known as the
Boxers.
Empress
Tsu Hsi
“The present situation is
becoming daily more difficult.
The various Powers cast upon
us looks of tiger-like voracity,
hustling each other to be first
to seize our innermost
territories. . . . Should the
strong enemies become
aggressive and press us to
consent to things we can
never accept, we have no
alternative but to rely upon
the justice of our cause. . . . If
our . . . hundreds of millions of
inhabitants . . . would prove
their loyalty to their emperor
and love of their country, what
is there to fear from any
invader? Let us not think
about making peace.”
Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi
Boxer Rebels
Initially the Boxers
fought against foreign
involvement in China.
However, by August
1900, the Boxers
turned against Christian
missionaries and
Chinese converts.
The Boxers killed
hundreds of foreigners
and tens of thousands
of Chinese Christians.
Chinese Boxer rebel
European troops meet lightly-armed Boxers
Empress
Dowager Cixi
The rebellion was encouraged by the Empress Dowager
Cixi (“Kee Chee”).
The Boxers believed that they could not be killed by
bullets or cannons.
Thousands of rebels died as they charged European rifles
and artillery.
The Boxer Rebellion challenged Western
commercial and political influence in China.
The Chinese, though great in number, could
not stop the imperial forces.
In June of 1900, the Boxers, aided by the Imperial
Army, attacked foreign embassies in Tianjin and Beijing.
The embassies of Belgium, France, Germany, Japan,
the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and
the United States were all under siege.
A coalition of 8 nations declared war on China and
sent troops to rescue the ambassadors and their families.
In response, eight nations sent troops: Japan,
Russia, Germany, the United States, Great Britain,
Italy and Austria-Hungary
The alliance eventually numbered
54,000:
Japanese (20,840)
U. S. (3,420)
Austro-Hungarian(75)
British (12,020)
French (3,520)
German (900)
Italian (80)
Russian (13,150)
and anti-Boxer Chinese troops
American troops
Japanese marines
For two months the ambassadors and their families
defended themselves in Beijing with only a single
cannon and personal firearms.
They were rescued by the 54,000 foreign troops of
the Eight-Nation Alliance.
On September 7, 1901, the Qing emperor signed the
Boxer Protocol and ended the fighting.
At the end of the two month struggle, the
international troops put down the uprising on
August 14, 1900.
The Heroic Defense of the English Legation in Beijing
by Fritz Neumann
This political cartoon shows the
winners celebrating the fall of
Peking, 1900 at the end of the
Boxer Rebellion.
What countries are
represented? Which country lies
on the ground?
Chinese general Li
Hongzhang with Lord
Salisbury and Lord Curzon,
the year following the
Boxer Rebellion, 1901.
Russian troops in China
During the rebellion, Russia occupied much of
northeastern Manchuria.
The Russians in Manchuria helped train the People’s
Revolutionary Army before the Communist Revolution.
World Cultures
Chapter 7
East Asia Under Challenge
1800-1914
Section 2: Revolution in China
After the Boxer Rebellion, the Dowager Empress
began to allow reforms in government, education,
and laws. Legislative assemblies were formed in the
provinces and an election was held for a national
assembly in 1910. The middle class became more
influential but they were angry over the fact that the
assemblies were only advisory and could not make
laws.
The Infant Emperor
After the Boxer
Rebellion, China fell into
civil disorder.
Two succeeding
emperors died in the
same year.
The only Qing heir
remaining was a twoyear-old boy,
Henry Pu Yi.
Both the Empress
Dowager and the
regent, Zai Feng, were
in charge of the infant.
Henry Pu Yi
Sun Yat-sen
Sun Yat-sen Memorial
Sun Yat-sen and wife
Sun Yat-sen had been organizing against the Manchu since
1897. He believed China was not ready for democracy so he
adopted a three-stage reform process:
To free the Chinese from Manchu rule by a military
takeover.
Rule by his Nationalist Party to prepare the country for
democratic rule.
Form a constitutional democracy.
Republic of China
Sun Yat-sen, leader of the
Wuchang Uprising, took over
the city of Nanjing on
October 10, 1911.
On January 1, 1912, Sun
Yat-sen officially declared
the Republic of China.
On January 11, he was
elected the first provisional
president of the republic.
General Yuan Shikai was
asked to defeat Sun Yat-sen.
Yuan refused unless he
was made regent.
The empress made Yuan
regent.
Yuan Shikai
The Qing Dynasty Ends
Sun Yat-sen agreed to
make Yuan president of
the republic on March 10,
1912.
The Dowager Empress
agreed that Henry Pu Yi
would abdicate the throne
and allow China to become
a republic.
The Qing dynasty ended
in 1912, which ended
2,000 years of dynastic
rule in China.
Abdicate: Give up power.
Sun Yat-sen
Dictator Yuan
The new republic had many
problems with warlords and
foreign countries. However,
the biggest problem was
General Yuan.
Yuan immediately became
a dictator.
In the first general
election Yuan had his
opponent assassinated.
General Yuan gave
Mongolia to Russia and Tibet
to England in exchange for
support.
An Era of Civil War
Kuomintang (KMT)
Kuomintang flag
In July 1914, Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese
Revolutionary Party, also called the Kuomintang
(“kwow ming tang”).
The
Kuomintang
(KMT) rebelled
against General
Yuan in Southern
China.
The KMT was
quickly defeated.
Sun Yat-sen
fled to Japan.
KMT Army
Japan Invades
The Japanese
seized control of
Shangdong Province,
Manchuria.
They demanded
that China become a
Japanese
protectorate (like a
colony).
With the backing of
the Japanese, Yuan
declared himself
emperor on
December 12, 1915.
Japanese tank in Shangdong
Many generals revolted against Yuan.
Yuan was forced to abdicate.
He died in June of that year.
The Rule of Warlords
Duan Qirui
Li Yuanhong
and Sun Yatsen
By 1915, China was controlled by a confederation of
warlords under a central government in Beijing.
Beijing was controlled by Li Yuanhong and Premier Duan
Qirui (“Dwon Chee Ray”).
Duan Qirui took power and became a warlord dictator.
May Fourth Movement
At the end of World War I, the Beijing warlord
government agreed to give Shangdong Province to Japan at
the Treaty of Versailles.
The May Fourth Rebellion, made up of protests by
students, intellectuals, and leaders, forced the government
to refuse the treaty.
The Soviet Union
In 1920 Sun Yat-sen asked the Soviet Union for
assistance. The Soviet Union and Sun Yat-sen agreed to
the following:
Organize the KMT with the same constitution as the
Soviet Communist Party.
The KMT would ally with the Communist Party of China.
The Soviets would train the new National Revolutionary
Army under Sun Yat-sen’s Lieutenant, Chiang Kai-shek
(“Chee-yang Kai-shek”).
Sun Yat-sen (middle) and Chiang Kai-shek (left)
Three Governments
Manchurian warlord
Zhang Zuolin, or
“Mukden Tiger”
Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao,
Founders of the Communist Party of China
In 1925, China had three different governments:
Chiang Kai-shek’s KMT in Nanjing.
The Communist Party of China (CPC) in Wuhan.
The internationally recognized warlord regime in Beijing.
Chiang Kai-shek
Cavalry of KMT
Chiang Kai-shek began conquering the northern
warlords.
By 1926 he had control of over half of China.
Chiang Kai-shek took control of the KMT.
He sent away the Soviet advisors.
He became anti-Communist.
Chinese soldiers, 1930
Impoverished Chinese
family, 1930
Chiang Kai-shek had taken control of all major cities
in China by 1928.
The major nations of the world recognized the KMT as
the only legitimate power in China.
Chinese Society in Transition and
Changing Culture
China began to build some
industrialize base and
developed its natural
resources such as coal,
metals and manufactured
goods could be traded as
commodities on the world
market. China began to
modernize and adopt
Western culture. An
educated middle class
emerged which began to
change traditional Chinese
culture.
World Cultures
Chapter 7
East Asia Under Challenge
1800-1914
Section 3: Rise of Modern Japan
An End to Isolation
Japan had isolated itself from the
outside with limited trade
contacts. In 1853, Commodore
Perry sailed an American fleet
into Tokyo Bay. He used the
display of superior weapons to
convince the Shogun who ruled
Japan to grant the U.S.
concessions for trade. The
Treaty of Kanagawa also allowed
the U.S. to have a consulate and
protected American sailors
stranded in Japan.
Resistance to the New Order
The samurai resisted
opening the country to the
outside and attacked
foreigners. They were shown
to be weak when Western
ships destroyed some
fortresses in retaliation. The
samurai forced the Shogun
to resign and restored the
Emperor Mutsuhito to power.
This was known as the Meiji
Restoration.
Transformation of Japanese
Politics
The leaders of the samurai and the
emperor realized that they must adapt and
change if Japan was going to survive in a
modern world. They began to look at
Western models of government and
adopted one similar to that of Imperial
Germany. It kept power in the hands of the
traditional ruling samurai class while
appearing to be democratic.
Meiji Economics
The new government started a land reform program that
gave land to the peasants. They had to pay taxes on the
land and many had to sell their land when there were
bad harvests. Soon 40% of the peasants were tenant
farmers working the land for wealthy landowners.
The Meiji government gave subsidies to industries to
help them start and prosper. This created a bond
between business and government.
Building a Modern Social Structure
The government also reformed the military into a modern
force in order to compete with the Western powers.
Universal education based upon the American model
was also adopted. Foreigners were brought in to teach in
the new schools and selected Japanese where sent to
study abroad. The education introduced Western ideas
but kept much of the traditional Japanese virtues of
loyalty to family and to the Emperor.
Daily Life and Women’ Rights
The role of women remained
traditionally subservient. The
were allowed to get an
education but remained
under the control of their
family or husband. They still
did not have the right to vote.
Western clothing became
popular for those who could
afford it. Working conditions
in factories and mines were
as bad as those in other
industrialized nations.
Joining the Imperialist Nations
Japan began to expand its territory to gain
strategic positions for natural resources,
trade and defense fighting China and
Russia over Korea and islands around
Japan.
War With Russia
In 1904, Japan attacked the Russian base
at Port Arthur in Korea. They defeated
Russia and began to be considered a
world power in Asia.
U.S. Relations
The U.S. helped to make a
peace treaty between Russia
and Japan. The U.S. also
recognized Japan’s sphere of
influence in Korea in return for
them recognizing American
control of the Philippines. The
U.S. was also able to stop
further Japanese immigration
to the U.S.
Culture in an Era of Transition
Japan adopted much of
Western culture from
literature to architecture.
They brought in Westerners
to show them modern
techniques and styles.
Some traditional styles
remained and became
popular in the West where it
was considered fashionable
to display Japanese art and
decorative items.
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