Chapter 10
Infection Control
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Definitions
• Infection control
• Infectious disease
• Pathogens
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Signs and Symptoms of Infections
• Generalized or systemic
– Affecting whole body
• Localized
– Affecting one area of body
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Question
• Which of the following may be signs or
symptoms of a localized infection?
A. Fever, headache, and increased pulse rate
B. Vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue
C. Red, swollen, draining wound
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Answer
• C. Red, swollen, draining wound
• Localized
– Affecting one area of body
– Signs and symptoms:
• Red, swollen, and warm to touch area
• Drainage
• Pain
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Answer
• C. Red, swollen, draining wound
• Generalized or systemic infection may
cause fever, headaches, fatigue, vomiting,
diarrhea, and increased pulse and
respirations
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Microbiology
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Microscope
Microbiology
Germ theory
Communicable or contagious disease
Contaminated
Normal flora
(continued)
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Microbiology
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Immune response
Antibiotic
Opportunistic infection
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Hosts
(continued)
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Microbiology
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Symbiosis
Neutralism
Parasitic
Parasite
Microbes
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Question
• True or False:
– Microorganisms that are aerobic require
oxygen to live.
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Answer
• True
• Aerobic microorganisms
– Require oxygen to live
• Anaerobic microorganisms
– Do not require oxygen to live
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Microbes
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Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Rickettsia
Protozoa
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Video
Click Here to Play
The Pathogens Video
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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Question
• True or False:
– Protozoa are the smallest of the microbes.
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Answer
• False
• Viruses
– Smallest microbes
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Chain of Infection
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Infectious agent
Reservoir host
Portal of exit
Route of transmission
Portal of entry
Susceptible host
(continued)
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Chain of Infection
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Defense Mechanisms
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Cilia
Cough and sneeze
Tears
Hydrochloric acid
Mucous membranes
Rise in body temperature
Increase in leukocytes
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Scope of the Problem
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Nosocomial infection
Industrial illness
Needlestick injuries
Handwashing
– Most important procedure for preventing health
care-acquired infections
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Infection Control
• Regulatory agencies
– CDC
– OSHA
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Question
• True or False:
– A patient is admitted to the hospital for an
infected leg. This would be called a nosocomial
infection.
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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Answer
• False
• Nosocomial infection
– Infection occurs while patient receiving health
care
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Asepsis
• Asepsis
– Also known as aseptic technique
• Medical asepsis
– Clean technique
• Surgical asepsis
– Sterile technique
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Breaking the Chain of Infection
• Breaking just one link stops infection
• Six elements summarized
– Source of infecting microorganism
– Means of transmission
– Susceptible host
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How to Break Chain
• Decrease source of microorganisms
– Wash hands
– Decontaminate surfaces and equipment
– Avoid contact when contagious
• Prevent transmission of microorganisms
– Wear personal protective equipment (PPE)
– Follow isolation precautions
(continued)
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How to Break Chain
• Maximize resistance
– Provide good hygiene
– Ensure proper nutrition and fluid intake
– Decrease stressors that weaken immune
response
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Question
• True or False:
– The chain of infection must be kept intact to
stop an infection from being transmitted.
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Answer
• False
• Breaking chain of infection prevents
transmission
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Normal Flora
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Transient flora
Resident flora
Standard precautions
Handwashing
– Removes transient flora
– Diminishes resident flora
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Animation
Click Here to Play
The Infection Control Animation
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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Standard Precautions
• Follow at all times
• Potential fluid sources of microbes:
– Blood
– Body fluids, secretions, and excretions
• Except sweat
– Nonintact skin
(continued)
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Standard Precautions
• Potential fluid sources of microbes:
– Mucous membranes
– Any identified body fluids
• Handwashing
• PPE
• Patient-care equipment
(continued)
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Standard Precautions
• Environmental control
• Linen
• Needle handling and disposal
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Isolation
• Transmission-based precautions
– Airborne
– Droplet
– Contact
• Neutropenic
• Consequences to patient, staff, and visitors
• Impact on facility
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Question
• Which of the following activities is the most
critical in preventing the spread of
infections?
A. Wearing gloves
B. Wiping down surfaces
C. Handwashing
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Answer
• C. Handwashing
• Number one prevention tool:
– Good handwashing
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Methods to Inhibit or Destroy
Microbes
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Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal or germicidal
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Sterilization
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Surgical Asepsis
• Also known as sterile technique
• Eliminates presence of pathogens from
objects and areas
• Sterile field
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Video
Click Here to Play
The Sterile Gloves and the Sterile Field Video
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Risks
• Blood-borne pathogens
– Hepatitis B
– HIV
– Tuberculosis (TB)
– Drug-resistant infections
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Question
• Which of the following methods are
bacteriostatic?
A. Sterilization
B. Using an antiseptic for cleaning
C. Using a disinfectant for cleaning
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Answer
• B. Using an antiseptic for cleaning
• Bacteriostatic
– Methods that only inhibit growth of
microorganisms
• What antiseptic does
• Bactericidals kill microorganisms
– Include sterilization and disinfectants
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Hepatitis Virus
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Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
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Human Immunity Virus
• HIV and AIDS
– Carriers
– Transmission
– Symptoms
– Treatment
– Prevention
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TB
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Airborne pathogen
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
No prevention
Skin test give for detection
Latent TB infection and TB disease
Still problematic in U.S.
Drug-resistant strains developing
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Question
• Which of the following patients would test
positive with a TB screening test?
A. Latent TB infection
B. Active TB disease
C. Both latent TB infection and active TB
disease
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Answer
• C. Both latent TB infection and active TB
disease
• Both latent TB infection and active TB
disease will test positive
– But only someone with active TB disease can
transmit it to others
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Other Infectious Organisms
• Bird flu
– Avian influenza
• Mad cow disease
– Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
• West Nile virus
• Swine flu
– H1N1 influenza
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Drug-Resistant Organisms
• Developed from overuse of antibiotics
• Developed from patients who do not
complete antibiotic treatment
(continued)
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Drug-Resistant Organisms
• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
– Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA)
– Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
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Question
• Which of the following diseases are
transmitted by mosquitoes?
A. West Nile virus
B. Mad cow disease
C. H1N1
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Answer
• A. West Nile virus
• West Nile virus
– Transmitted by mosquitoes
• Mad cow disease
– Presumably transmitted by eating infected meat
• H1N1
– Primarily transmitted human-to-human
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Reporting Exposure
• Must immediately report any exposure to
blood or body fluids
• Write incident or injury report
• Refer to Exposure Control Plan
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