Education at a Glance 2015
Japan
Andreas Schleicher
Director for Education and Skills
Release date:
24 November 2015
1
70
China
Indonesia
Mexico
Turkey
Costa Rica
Brazil
Portugal
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Colombia
Iceland
Italy
South Africa
Chile
New Zealand
Norway
Greece
Sweden
Denmark
Belgium
EU21 average
OECD average
Netherlands
France
Latvia
United Kingdom
Australia
Luxembourg
Hungary
Germany
Lithuania
Estonia
United States
Austria
Ireland
Finland
Israel
Switzerland
Slovak Republic
Canada
Slovenia
Poland
Czech Republic
Russian Federation
Korea
On average, less than 17% of have only below upper
secondary education
Chart A1.1.
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds with attainment below upper secondary education (2014)
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
%
70
South Africa
Indonesia
Brazil
China
Costa Rica
Italy
Mexico
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Chile
Colombia
Germany
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Portugal
Hungary
Slovenia
Austria
Greece
EU21 average
Latvia
Finland
New Zealand
Estonia
Iceland
OECD average
Spain
Denmark
Poland
France
Belgium
Netherlands
United States
Sweden
Switzerland
Israel
Australia
Norway
United Kingdom
Ireland
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Canada
Russian Federation
Korea
More people have benefited from education than
ever before
Chart A1.2.
Percentage of younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education
Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Poland
Czech Republic
Chile
Israel
Greece
Canada
Estonia
Costa Rica
Sweden
Portugal
United Kingdom
Australia
Spain
New Zealand
OECD average
Iceland
Norway
France
Turkey
Belgium
Italy
EU21 average
Switzerland
Hungary
Ireland
Latvia
Netherlands
Austria
Slovak Republic
Lithuania
Finland
Germany
Denmark
Luxembourg
Slovenia
South Africa
United States
Korea
Russian Federation
Brazil
Colombia
Saudi Arabia
Indonesia
Mexico
Adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
education choose different programmes
General orientation
No distinction by orientation
Chart A1.3.
Percentage of 25-64 year-olds whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation (2014)
Vocational orientation
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Educational attainment is related to ICT skills, but
not in the same way across countries
Chart A1.4.
Percentage of adults with good information and communication technologies and problem-solving skills, by educational attainment (2012)
Tertiary
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Below upper secondary
%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian Federation
Estonia
Poland
Korea
Ireland
Canada
Slovak Republic
Japan
Austria
United States
Average
England/N. Ireland
(UK)
Germany
Flanders (Belgium)
Denmark
Australia
Finland
Norway
Czech Republic
Sweden
The Netherlands
0
0
Mexico
Turkey
Indonesia
Spain
Colombia
Luxembourg
Norway
Czech Republic
Italy
Hungary
Over 25 years
Sweden
OECD average
United States
EU average
Canada
Slovenia
Chile
Slovak Republic
Denmark
Austria
Poland
Latvia
EU21 average
Finland
Portugal
Switzerland
New Zealand
Israel
Ireland
Over 80% of young people will complete upper
secondary education in their lifetime
Chart A2.1.
Upper secondary graduation rates (2013)
Below 25 years
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Finland
Austria
Netherlands
France
Switzerland
Slovenia
Australia
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Belgium
EU 21 average
Denmark
OECD average
Luxembourg
Italy
Germany
Poland
China
Israel
Sweden
Norway
Greece
Chile
Turkey
Spain
Indonesia
Russian Federation
Latvia
Japan
Hungary
Korea
Estonia
Mexico
Colombia
Brazil
Canada
There are more vocational upper secondary
graduates than ever before
2013
Chart A2.2.
Trends in vocational upper secondary graduation rates (2005 and 2013)
2005
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Some 50% of today's young people are expected to graduate
from tertiary education at least once during their lifetime
Chart A3.1.
First-time tertiary graduation rates (2013)
First-time tertiary graduation rates
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Luxembourg
Italy
Germany
Sweden
Portugal
Norway
EU21 average
Netherlands
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Turkey1
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Finland
OECD average
Chile
Spain
Austria
United States
Latvia
Slovenia
Denmark
Japan
New Zealand
0
Australia
10
0
Canada
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Estonia
Korea
Hungary
Japan
Latvia
Indonesia
Spain
Chile
Greece
Norway
Sweden
Israel
China
Poland
Germany
Italy
Graduation rates General programmes
Luxembourg
OECD average
Denmark
EU21 average
Belgium
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Australia
Slovenia
Switzerland
France
Netherlands
%
Austria
Finland
Most students graduate from general upper secondary
programmes
Chart A2.3.
Upper secondary graduation rates, by programme orientation (2013)
100
Graduation rates Vocational programmes
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Most first-time tertiary graduates are awarded a
bachelor's degree
Chart A3.2.
Distribution of first-time graduates by level of education (2013)
Bachelor’s or equivalent
Master’s or equivalent
Short tertiary
(2-3 years)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Russian Federation
Austria
Spain
Luxembourg
Chile
Turkey1
United States
Slovenia
Sweden
Japan
New Zealand
OECD average
EU21 average
Latvia
Denmark
Germany
Australia
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Portugal
Czech Republic
Finland
Netherlands
Slovak Republic
0%
Switzerland
10%
0
Japan
Turkey
Switzerland
Germany
China
Indonesia
Mexico
Chile
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Netherlands
United States
OECD average
Bachelor’s or equivalent
Colombia
Spain
Australia
Russian Federation
Israel
Italy
Finland
EU 21 average
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Saudi Arabia
Portugal
South Africa
Hungary
New Zealand
Slovenia
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Norway
Latvia
Sweden
There is a large difference between the shares of
women with bachelor's and doctoral degrees
Chart A3.3.
Percentage of female graduates in tertiary levels of education (2013)
Doctorate or equivalent
80
%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
More than 50% of international students who graduated
with a doctorate earned it in either science or engineering
Chart A3.4.
Percentage of students who graduate from sciences and engineering at doctoral level (2013)
Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction
Sciences
%
Sciences and Engineering, Manufacturing & Construction (international students)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
France
Chile
Canada
Luxembourg
Israel
Sweden
Estonia
Czech Republic
Colombia
Austria
Belgium
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Italy
EU21 average
Spain
Ireland
OECD average
Germany
Denmark
Portugal
Switzerland
Norway
Finland
United States
Slovak Republic
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Latvia
Greece
Australia
Korea
Japan
South Africa
Hungary
Netherlands
Mexico
Turkey
10
More than 30% of adults are more educated than
their parents
Chart A4.1.
Intergenerational mobility in education (2012)
Downward mobility (lower educational attainment than the highest level reached by parents)
Upward mobility to upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Upward mobility to tertiary education
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
16
30
10
20
22
10
Austria
Germany
Czech Republic
United States
Sweden
Italy
Slovak Republic
Norway
Australia
Estonia
Denmark
Flanders (Belgium)
Average
Netherlands
Japan
Canada
France
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Spain
Ireland
Finland
Poland
Russian Federation
Korea
0
Nearly one in two adults has attained the same level
of education as their parents
Chart A4.1.
SQ
Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is the same as (status quo) that of their parents
Own education: below upper secondary
Own education: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
Own education: tertiary
60
50
40
30
20
10
Italy
Austria
Slovak Republic
Spain
Czech Republic
Poland
Korea
Northern Ireland (UK)
Finland
Ireland
France
Netherlands
OECD Average
Germany
Sweden
Estonia
Flanders (Belgium)
England/N. Ireland (UK)
United States
England (UK)
Australia
Norway
Denmark
Russian Federation
Canada
Japan
0
On average, 88% of first-generation tertiaryeducated young adults are employed
Chart A4.5.
Employment rates among first generation/not first generation tertiary-educated adults (2012)
%
First generation tertiary-educated
100
Not first generation tertiary-educated
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
Spain
Korea
Italy
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
United States
France
Australia
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Japan
Poland
Average
Canada
Ireland
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Finland
Norway
Netherlands
Austria
Sweden
Flanders (Belgium)
50
%
45
Slovak Republic
Spain
Greece
Lithuania
Latvia
Czech Republic
Ireland
Poland
Hungary
EU21 average
Slovenia
Italy
Portugal
Belgium
France1
Sweden
OECD average
Finland
Russian Federation1
Germany
Estonia
Austria
Canada
United States
Netherlands
Switzerland
Turkey
Denmark
Australia
United Kingdom2
Luxembourg
Israel
Costa Rica
Norway
Colombia
New Zealand
Chile1
Iceland
Brazil1
Mexico
Korea
The employment benefit of tertiary education is
significant, but not in all countries
Below upper secondary
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary
Chart A5.1.
Unemployment rates, by educational attainment (2014)
Tertiary
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Italy
Greece
Spain
Slovak Republic
Korea
Turkey
Czech Republic
Mexico
Portugal
Slovenia
EU21 average
Estonia
Hungary
Finland
OECD average
United States
Ireland
Denmark
Australia
Chile
Latvia
Canada
Colombia
New Zealand
Austria
Poland
France
Luxembourg
Israel
Sweden
United Kingdom
Costa Rica
Iceland
Norway
Belgium
Switzerland
Germany
Russian Federation
Brazil
Netherlands
Employment rates are consistently higher for young
tertiary-educated adults
Chart A5.2.
Employment rates for younger and older tertiary-educated adults (2014)
Employment rate for tertiary educated 25-34 year-olds
Employment rate for tertiary educated 55-64 year-olds
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Across OECD countries, 77% of adults with a vocational upper
secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary are employed
Chart A5.3.
Employment rates among adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary, by programme orientation
(2014)
Vocational and general orientation
Vocational orientation
General orientation
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
50
Iceland
Sweden
Switzerland
Norway
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Germany
Denmark
Netherlands
Portugal
Czech Republic
Australia
Colombia
Brazil
Austria
Estonia
Canada
OECD average
Costa Rica
Finland
Mexico
France
EU21 average
Belgium
Russian…
Israel
Luxembourg
Korea
Hungary
Chile
Slovak Republic
Latvia
Italy
Lithuania
Slovenia
Ireland
United States
Poland
Spain
Turkey
55
The higher the level of education, the higher the
relative earnings
Chart A6.1.
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers, by level of tertiary education (2013)
Index
Bachelor's or equivalent
Master's, doctoral or equivalent
450 564
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
Chile
Brazil
Ireland
Greece
Hungary
Austria
Portugal
United States
Israel
OECD average
United Kingdom
Canada
EU21 average
Korea
Czech Republic
Australia
France
New Zealand
Finland
Slovak Republic
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Italy
100
Norway
Denmark
Australia
Estonia
New Zealand
Belgium
Canada
Italy
Korea
Finland
Greece
United Kingdom
Spain
Japan
Below upper secondary
Austria
France
Switzerland
Netherlands
EU21 average
Luxembourg
OECD average
Israel
Portugal
Poland
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Czech Republic
United States
Ireland
Turkey
Mexico
Hungary
Colombia
Brazil
Chile
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 100% more than
those with only below upper secondary education
Chart A6.2.
a
Difference in relative earnings for adults by level of education
Tertiary
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Brazil
Chile
Israel
Hungary
United States
Korea
Estonia
Austria
Italy
Mexico
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
France
Below upper secondary
Poland
OECD average
Canada
Netherlands
EU21 average
Denmark
Colombia
Australia
Norway
Greece
Ireland
Finland
Luxembourg
United Kingdom
Switzerland
New Zealand
Spain
Slovenia
Turkey
Sweden
Belgium
In all countries women earn less than men
Chart A6.2.
b
Differences in earnings between female and male adults workers, by educational attainment (2013)
Tertiary
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
The earnings advantages are largest in countries
with a small share of tertiary-educated people
Chart A6.4.
%
60
Population with tertiary education
Canada6
OECD average
Relative earnings of tertiary-educated workers and their share in the population (2013)
Israel
50
Korea
Luxembourg
United States
United
Kingdom
Australia6 Finland6
Norway
Ireland
Switzerland
Sweden Estonia
Belgium
Denmark
New Zealand
Spain
Netherlands
OECD average
France
Austria
Slovenia
Greece
Japan
Poland
40
30
Portugal
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
20
Italy5
OECD average
Hungary
Colombia
Chile
Mexico
Turkey
Brazil
10
100
120
140
160
180
200
Relative earnings
220
240
260
Adults completing tertiary education benefit from
substantial returns on their investment
Chart A7.1
Private net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)
Men
Women
600 000
500 000
400 000
300 000
200 000
100 000
Korea
New Zealand
Spain
Sweden
Denmark
Estonia
Norway
Finland
Italy
Israel
Canada
Germany
EU21 average
Australia
Netherlands
OECD average
Austria
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Hungary
Poland
United States
Chile
0
The public benefit for a man attaining tertiary
education is higher than that for a woman
Chart A7.3
Public net financial returns for adults attaining tertiary education (2011)
Men
Women
300 000
250 000
200 000
150 000
100 000
50 000
Korea
Sweden
Estonia
New Zealand
Spain
Switzerland
Canada
Slovak Republic
Israel
Norway
Denmark
Poland
OECD average
Chile
Australia
Finland
Czech Republic
EU21 average
United Kingdom
Austria
Portugal
Italy
Netherlands
Germany
Slovenia
Hungary
-50 000
United States
0
Adults with higher levels of education are more
likely to report better health
Chart A8.2.
Likelihood of reporting to be in good health, by educational attainment (2012)
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and below upper secondary
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary
After accounting for numeracy proficiency
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
Italy
Slovak Republic
Korea
France
Ireland
Estonia
Austria
Canada
Japan
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Australia
Average
Germany
Spain
Czech Republic
Poland
Finland
United States
Sweden
Flanders (Belgium)
Netherlands
Denmark
-15
Norway
Percentage-point difference
After accounting for literacy proficiency
Adults with higher levels of education are more
likely to report that they trust others
Chart A8.4
Likelihood of reporting to trust others, by educational attainment (2012)
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and below upper secondary
Difference between upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary
After accounting for literacy proficiency
After accounting for numeracy proficiency
Percentage-point difference
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
Italy
Slovak Republic
Korea
France
Ireland
Estonia
Austria
Canada
Japan
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Australia
Average
Germany
Spain
Czech Republic
Poland
Finland
United States
Sweden
Flanders (Belgium)
Netherlands
Denmark
Norway
-15
%
Korea
Canada
Russian Federation
Norway
Luxembourg
Ireland
Israel
Australia
Sweden
Poland
Latvia
United Kingdom
Belgium
United States
Denmark
Estonia
Slovenia
Netherlands
France
Finland
Spain
Iceland
OECD average
EU21 average
Switzerland
New Zealand
Greece
Austria
Portugal
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Saudi Arabia
Japan
Colombia
Italy
Germany
Chile
Mexico
Turkey
Costa Rica
Brazil
Indonesia
South Africa
Women are more likely than men to be enrolled in
tertiary education
Men
Chart A10.1
Percentage of 25-34 year-olds who have attained tertiary education, by gender (2014)
Women
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
%
60
Indonesia
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Chile
Costa Rica
Israel
Greece
Turkey
Slovak Republic
Sweden
Iceland
Lithuania
Croatia
Hungary
France
Portugal
United States
Luxembourg
Italy
Norway
OECD average
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Belgium
Slovenia
Spain
Austria
Latvia
United Kingdom
Australia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Switzerland
Ireland
Poland
Canada
Finland
Japan
Korea
Estonia
Boys tend to perform worse in school than girls
Girls
Chart A10.2
Gender differences in the percentage of 15 year-olds students who are low achievers in all subjects (e.g. mathematics, reading, science) (PISA
2012)
Boys
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
Greece
Spain
Italy
Turkey
Canada
United States
Portugal
Finland
Ireland
Slovenia
Latvia
EU21 average
Austria
Belgium
Mexico
France
Slovak Republic
OECD average
Hungary
Russian Federation
United Kingdom
Australia
Luxembourg
Denmark
Israel
Estonia
Korea
Sweden
Netherlands
Chile
Poland
Costa Rica
Colombia
Germany
Norway
Brazil
Czech Republic
Switzerland
New Zealand
Japan
Iceland
In all countries, employment rates are higher for
men than for women
Men
Chart A10.5
Employment rates of 25-64 year-old men and women with below upper secondary and tertiary education (2014)
Women
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
OECD countries spend USD 10 220 per student per
year from primary through tertiary education
Chart B1.1.
Annual expenditure by educational institutions per student, by types of service, from primary to tertiary education (2012). In equivalent USD con
verted using PPPs, based on full-time equivalents, for primary through tertiary education
In equivalent USD
converted using
PPPs
25 000
R&D
Total
Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions)
Core services
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
Switzerland
Norway
Japan
average
EU21
Iceland
OECD average
New Zealand
Russian Federation
Latvia
Turkey
Colombia
Indonesia
Luxembourg
United States
Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
United Kingdom
Ireland
Sweden
Germany
Australia
Finland
Korea
France
Slovenia
Spain
Italy
Poland
Israel
Portugal
Czech Republic
Estonia
Chile
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Brazil
Mexico
0
Annual spending per primary student is USD 8 247,
on average
Chart B1.2.
P
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Primary education
Expenditure per student (equivalent
USD converted using PPPs)
OECD
average
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Norway
United States
Denmark
Sweden
United Kingdom
Iceland
Belgium
Austria
Slovenia
Ireland
Japan
Finland
Netherlands
Italy
Germany
Australia
Korea
Spain
New Zealand
France
Israel
Poland
Portugal
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Chile
Hungary
Latvia
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Turkey
South Africa
Indonesia
22 000
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Primary education
Annual spending per secondary student is USD 9
518, on average
Chart B1.2.
S
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). All secondary education
Secondary education
Upper secondary education
OECD average
Luxembourg
Switzerland
Norway
United States
Denmark
Sweden
United Kingdom
Iceland
Belgium
Austria
Slovenia
Ireland
Japan
Finland
Netherlands
Italy
Germany
Australia
Korea
Spain
New Zealand
France
Israel
Poland
Portugal
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Chile
Hungary
Latvia
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Turkey
South Africa
Indonesia
22 000
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Lower secondary education
Annual spending per tertiary student ranges from
USD 2 089 to USD 32 876
Chart B1.2.
T
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, by level of education (2012). Tertiary education
32 876
OECD average
Luxembourg
United States
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Sweden
Norway
Netherlands
Finland
Germany
Japan
Australia
Austria
Belgium
France
Ireland
New Zealand
Spain
Israel
Slovenia
South Africa
Brazil
Czech Republic
Italy
Korea
Poland
Iceland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Estonia
Mexico
Chile
Turkey
Latvia
Colombia
Indonesia
28 000
26 000
24 000
22 000
20 000
18 000
16 000
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
0
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary nontertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries
between 2005 and 2012
Chart B1.4.
P,S,PS
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Annual expenditure
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
per student (2012,
USD)
OECD average
16 000
CHE
15 000
NOR
14 000
13 000
USA
12 000
SWE
BEL
NLD
11 000
UKM
CAN
IRE
OECD average
10 000
FRA
ISL
ITA
9 000
KOR
AUS
JPN FIN
8 000
ESP
SVN
POL
7 000
POR
RUS
6 000
ISR
CZE
EST
SVK
5 000 HUN
CHL
4 000
MEX
3 000
TUR
R² = 0.2984
2 000
1 000
0
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary
student increased by 10%, on average
Chart B1.4.
T
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions in 2012 related to change since 2005. Tertiary education
Annual expenditure per
student (2012, USD)
27 000
USA
26 000
CHE
25 000
24 000
23 000
22 000
21 000
NOR
20 000
NLD
19 000
18 000
AUS
17 000
16 000
BEL
15 000
14 000
13 000
ESP
12 000
11 000
BRA
10 000
POR
9 000
8 000 HUN ISL
RUS
MEX
7 000
6 000
-20
-10
0
Tertiary education
OECD average
SWE
FIN
JPN
IRE
OECD average
FRA
ISR
CZE
SVN
POL
ITA
R² = 0.0654
TUR
CHL
10
KOR
20
SVK
EST
30
40
50
60
70
80
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2012 (%)
In most countries, spending primary, secondary and postsecondary non tertiary student increased by at least 5% between
2008 and 2012
Chart B1.5.
P,S,PS
Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student. Primary, secondary and post-secondar
y non-tertiary education (2008, 2012)
Index of change
(2008=100)
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
Change in expenditure
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
Hungary
Italy
Spain
Iceland
Estonia
Slovenia
United States
France
Ireland
Belgium
Norway
Sweden
Netherlands
Finland
Japan
OECD average
United Kingdom
Mexico
Australia
Switzerland
Canada
Russian Federation
Chile
Czech Republic
Israel
Korea
Slovak Republic
Poland
Turkey
Portugal
Brazil
70
As enrolment increased faster than expenditure, spending per
tertiary student decreased in 11 countries between 2008 and 2012
Chart B1.5.
T
Changes in the number of students, expenditure on educational institutions and expenditure per student.Tertiary Education (2008, 2012)
Tertiary education
Index of change
(2008=100)
Change in expenditure
150
170
140
Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents)
Change in expenditure per student
130
120
110
100
90
80
Hungary
Ireland
Iceland
Brazil
Spain
Portugal
United States
Belgium
Australia
Mexico
France
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
OECD average
Israel
Japan
Sweden
Finland
Slovenia
Chile
Switzerland
Korea
Poland
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
Turkey
Estonia
Slovak Republic
70
In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 3.7% of their GDP
on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart B2.2.
P,S,PS
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund.
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary
Public expenditure on educational institutions
OECD average (total
expenditure)
New Zealand
Denmark
Iceland
Norway
Brazil
Colombia
United Kingdom
Portugal
Israel
Ireland
Belgium
Australia
Finland
Mexico
Switzerland
France
Netherlands
Sweden
Slovenia
Korea
United States
Chile
Canada
Poland
Luxembourg
Estonia
Germany
Austria
Spain
Turkey
Italy
Japan
Latvia
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Indonesia
Russian…
% of GDP
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
In 2012, OECD countries spent an average of 1.5% of
their GDP on tertiary education
Chart B2.2.
T
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2012), by source of fund.
% of GDP
Tertiary
Public expenditure on education institutions
Private expenditure on education institutions
3.0
2.5
2.0
OECD average (total
expenditure)
1.5
1.0
0.5
United States
Chile
Canada
Korea
Colombia
New Zealand
Finland
United Kingdom
Austria
Netherlands
Sweden
Estonia
Australia
Norway
Israel
Japan
Czech Republic
France
Turkey
Belgium
Russian Federation
Latvia
Portugal
Poland
Mexico
Ireland
Hungary
Spain
Switzerland
Germany
Slovenia
Iceland
Slovak Republic
Italy
Brazil
Indonesia
Luxembourg
0.0
Korea
Japan
Chile
United States
Colombia
Australia
New Zealand
Israel
Portugal
Hungary
Canada
United Kingdom
Russian Federation
Latvia
Italy
Mexico
OECD average
Netherlands
Indonesia
Spain
Slovak Republic
Poland
EU21 average
Estonia
Czech Republic
France
Turkey
Ireland
Germany
Slovenia
Sweden
Belgium
Iceland
Luxembourg
Austria
Norway
Finland
Switzerland
Denmark
About 30% of spending on tertiary education comes
from private sources, on average
%
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Chart B3.1
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2012)
Tertiary education
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Between 2010 and 2012, 14 countries cut public
expenditure on educational institutions
Chart B2.4
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education and index of change in public expenditure on educational institutions and in GDP (20
10 to 2012)
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Index of change
(2010=100)
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
Hungary
Portugal
Spain
Australia
Norway
Canada
Italy
United States
Poland
Slovak Republic
EU21 average
France
Germany
Slovenia
OECD average
Ireland
Mexico
Sweden
Iceland
Japan
Netherlands
Finland
Korea
Belgium
Switzerland
Brazil
Czech Republic
Russian Federation
Israel
Turkey
Chile
80
On average, 21.7% of expenditure on tertiary
institutions comes from private households
Chart B3.2.
Distribution of public and private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2012)
Tertiary education
All private sources, including subsidies for payments to educational institutions received from public sources
Expenditure of other private entities
Household expenditure
%
Public expenditure on educational institutions
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Sweden
Austria
Luxembourg
Norway
Belgium
Czech Republic
Iceland
France
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
EU21 average
Estonia
Netherlands
Ireland
United Kingdom
Turkey
Poland
OECD average
Spain
Canada
Russian Federation
Italy
Indonesia
Israel
Mexico
New Zealand
Portugal
Latvia
Australia
Korea
United States
Japan
Chile
Colombia
Finland
Hungary
Germany
0
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions changed
only one percentage point between 2005 and 2012
Chart B3.3.
a
Share of private expenditure on tertiary education institutions (2005 and 2012)
2012
%
2005
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Finland
Norway
Iceland
Belgium
Sweden
Slovenia
Ireland
France
Czech Republic
EU21 average
Estonia
Poland
Slovak Republic
Spain
Netherlands
OECD average
Mexico
Italy
Canada
Portugal
Israel
Australia
United States
Chile
Japan
Korea
0
The increase, between 2005 and 2012, in the share of private expenditure
on tertiary institutions differs considerably among countries
Chart B3.3.
b
Change, in percentage points, in the share of private expenditure between 2005 and 2012
Change (in percentage points) in the proportion of
percentage points
Difference 2008-2005
Difference 2012-2008
Difference 2012-2005
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
- 10
- 15
- 20
Portugal
Italy
Spain
United States
Norway
France
Slovak Republic
Netherlands
Ireland
Czech Republic
EU21 average
OECD average
Belgium
Australia
Canada
Finland
Iceland
Japan
Mexico
Sweden
Poland
Korea
Israel
Estonia
Slovenia
Chile
- 25
Norway (84%)
Sweden (90%)
Finland (71%)
Austria (84%)
Germany (93%)
Belgium (42%)
United Kingdom (0%)
Netherlands (91%)
France (81%)
EU21 average (69%)
United States (68%)
OECD average (61%)
Spain (84%)
Iceland (m%)
Slovenia (90%)
Australia (0%)
New Zealand (89%)
Czech Republic (86%)
Italy (91%)
Slovak Republic (m)
Japan (23%)
Israel (11%)
Turkey (90%)
Mexico (68%)
Poland (77%)
Russian Federation (89%)
Portugal (80%)
Hungary (83%)
Estonia (17%)
Korea (19%)
Latvia (8%)
Chile (16%)
Colombia (52%)
Indonesia (33%)
There is more public expenditure per student in public
tertiary institutions than in private institutions
In equivalent USD
converted using PPPs
Public institutions
Private institutions
Chart B3.4.
Annual public expenditure on educational institutions per student in tertiary education, by type of institution (2012)
Total public and private institutions
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
Italy
Hungary
Spain
Luxembourg
France
Japan
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Austria
Portugal
Germany
Slovenia
EU21 average
2005
Poland
Netherlands
Belgium
Estonia
2012
Finland
OECD average
United States
Sweden
% of total public
expenditure
24
United Kingdom
Canada
Israel
Australia
Iceland
Norway
Ireland
Korea
Switzerland
Chile
Brazil
New Zealand
Mexico
In 2012, some 12% of total public spending was
devoted to education
Chart B4.1.
Total public expenditure on primary to tertiary education as a percentage of total public expenditure (2005, 2008, 2012)
2008
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
France
Norway
Finland
Belgium
Austria
Sweden
Italy
Hungary
Netherlands
Slovenia
Spain
Portugal
United…
Iceland
Germany
Luxembourg
Czech…
Japan
Poland
Canada
United States
Ireland
Israel
Slovak…
Estonia
Australia
New Zealand
Brazil
Korea
Switzerland
Mexico
Chile
Between 2005 and 2012, most countries reduced public
expenditure as percentage of GDP
% of GDP
70
2012
Chart B4.2.
Total public expenditure as a percentage of GDP (2005, 2012)
2005
60
50
40
30
20
10
Between 2008 and 2012, public spending on education as a
percentage of total public spending decreased in most countries
Chart B4.3.
Index of change between 2008 and 2012 in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure
Change in public expenditure on education
Change in public expenditure for all services
Change in total public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure
Index of change
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
Hungary
Spain
Estonia
Italy
United States
Korea
Norway
Slovenia
France
Belgium
EU21 average
Finland
Japan
Portugal
OECD average
Poland
Netherlands
Canada
Sweden
Mexico
Australia
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
Brazil
Ireland
Chile
Israel
Iceland
70
In some countries where students pay high tuition
fees, students benefit from financial support
Chart B5.1
Relationship between average tuition fees charged by public institutions related to the proportion of students who benefit from public loans AND/
OR scholarships/grants at bachelor's and equivalent level (2013-14)
Average tuition fees charged by public institutions, Bachelor's and equivalent programmes, in USD
United Kingdom
9 000
United States
7 500
6 000
Australia
4 500
New Zealand
3 000
Italy
1 500
Switzerland
Belgium (Fl.)
France
Austria
Belgium (Fr.)
0
0
25
Finland Turkey
50
Norway
75
100
In countries where tuition fees are moderate, most
students do not benefit from financial support
Chart B5.3
Distribution of scholarships/grants and public loans to students in Bachelor's or equivalent level (2013-14)
DO NOT benefit from public loans OR scholarships/grants
benefit from public loans AND scholarships/grants
benefit from scholarships/grants only
benefit from public loans only
% of students
benefit from public loans only or from public loans AND scholarships/grants
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Switzerland
Austria
Belgium (Fr.)
Italy
Belgium (Fl.)
France
Finland
Turkey
Norway
United States
New Zealand
Australia
United Kingdom
0
Some 79% of current expenditure goes to
compensating education staff
Chart B6.1.
Distribution of current expenditure on educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2012)
% of total
expenditure
Compensation of all staff
Other current expenditure
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Mexico
Colombia
Belgium
Turkey
Portugal
Japan
Denmark
South Africa
Switzerland
Luxembourg
Ireland
Germany
Netherlands
Israel
United States
Italy
Norway
France
Spain
Canada
OECD average
Slovenia
Indonesia
Russian Federation
EU21 average
United Kingdom
Australia
Austria
Iceland
Latvia
Brazil
Korea
Hungary
Sweden
Slovak Republic
Finland
Czech Republic
0%
In most countries, the salary cost of teachers per
student increases with the level of education
Chart B7.1.
Salary cost of teachers per student, by level of education (2013) in USD
USD
Lower secondary
Primary
Upper secondary
14 000
12 000
10 000
8 000
6 000
4 000
2 000
Luxembourg
Belgium (Fl.)
Austria
Belgium (Fr.)
Germany
Canada
Finland
Australia
Slovenia
Norway
Netherlands
Ireland
Spain
United States
Portugal
Greece
Japan
OECD average
Italy
Iceland
Korea
Poland
France
Israel
Czech Republic
Turkey
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Chile
Mexico
0
The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across
countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Chart B7.4.
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, upper secondary education (2013) in USD
12 000
USD
Contribution of teachers'
salary
10 000
8 000
Contribution of instruction
time
6 000
Contribution of teaching time
4 000
2 000
Contribution of estimated
class size
0
-2 000
difference with OECD
average
Slovak Republic
Chile
Hungary
Israel
Netherlands
Italy
France
Ireland
Turkey
Austria
Canada
Germany
Luxembourg
Belgium (Fr.)
Belgium (Fl.)
Portugal
-4 000
0
Ireland
Latvia
Slovenia
Belgium
Netherlands
Poland
Czech Republic
Germany
Portugal
Iceland
Denmark
Hungary
Estonia
Spain
Korea
Norway
EU21 Average
Australia
Finland
Sweden
Switzerland
France
Slovak Republic
Russian Federation
New Zealand
OECD average
United Kingdom
United States
Austria
Chile
Italy
Luxembourg
Canada
Indonesia
Brazil
Turkey
Israel
Colombia
Mexico
Enrolment rates are greater than 70% in almost all
countries
Chart C1.1.
Enrolment rates of 15-19 year-olds (2013)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ireland
Saudi Arabia
Brazil
New Zealand
Korea
Iceland
Australia
Spain
Japan
Denmark
Hungary
Colombia
Estonia
Chile
United Kingdom
Germany
China
Latvia
Mexico
Portugal
France
OECD average
Israel
Indonesia
EU21 Average
Sweden
Turkey
Norway
Finland
Poland
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Belgium
Italy
Slovenia
Switzerland
Slovak Republic
Austria
Czech Republic
Six in ten students are enrolled in general
programmes
General programmes
Chart C1.2.
Distribution of 15-19 year-olds enrolled in upper secondary education, by programme orientation (2013)
Vocational programmes
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
%
100
0
Ireland
Denmark
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
Germany
Australia
Sweden
Italy
New Zealand
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
Slovenia
China
Austria
Spain
Norway
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
Portugal
Iceland
France
EU21 Average
Finland
United States
Poland
OECD average
Mexico
Colombia
Belgium
Japan
Korea
Estonia
Chile
Israel
Latvia
United Kingdom
Some 69% of tertiary students were enrolled in
public institutions in 2013
Public institutions
Chart C1.3.
Distribution of students in tertiary education by type of institutions (2013)
Private institutions
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
%
100
0
Israel
France
Belgium
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Iceland
Spain
Norway
Italy
Sweden
Germany
Denmark
Korea
Estonia
Slovenia
Netherlands
Latvia
Japan
EU21 average
Portugal
Hungary
Russian Federation
OECD average
Luxembourg
Finland
Slovak Republic
Austria
Czech Republic
Poland
Ireland
Chile
United States
Mexico
Australia
Indonesia
Colombia
Brazil
Turkey
Switzerland
Saudi Arabia
Some 70 % of 3-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary
education
Chart C2.1.
Enrolment rates at age 3 and 4 in early childhood education (2013)
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood educational programmes (ISC 01)
Enrolment rates at age 3 in pre-primary education (ISC 02)
Enrolment rates at age 4 (ISC 02 +ISC 1)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Large proportions of children are enrolled in private
pre-primary schools
Chart C2.3.
Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood education (2013)
Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in early childhood educational development programmes
Percentage of pupils enrolled in public institutions in pre-primary education
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Latvia
Switzerland
South Africa
Canada
Hungary
Finland
Luxembourg
Turkey
France
Iceland
Mexico
Sweden
Poland
Denmark
Brazil
Austria
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
EU21 average
Colombia
OECD average
United States
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Norway
Portugal
China
Belgium
United Kingdom
G20 average
Australia
Germany
Japan
Korea
Indonesia
Ireland
New Zealand
10
Expenditure on pre-primary education accounts for
0.6% of GDP, on average
Chart C2.4.
Expenditure on pre-primary educational institutions (2012)
Private expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
Public expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Indonesia
South Africa
Australia
Switzerland
Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Italy
United States
Austria
United Kingdom
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Germany
New Zealand
OECD average
Portugal
Spain
Luxembourg
EU21 average
Belgium
Hungary
Israel
France
Poland
Latvia
Slovenia
Finland
Iceland
0
Norway
0.2
Some 67% of young adults will enter tertiary
education at least once in their lifetime
Chart C3.1.
First-time tertiary entry rates (2013)
%
First-time entry rates at tertiary level
Excluding international students
Younger than 25 years old (excluding international students)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
South Africa
Luxembourg
Mexico
Italy
United States
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom
Germany
Slovak Republic
Colombia
EU21 average
Portugal
Netherlands
OECD average
Belgium
Czech Republic
Spain
Turkey
Israel
Austria
Slovenia
Switzerland
Japan
Poland
Iceland
Denmark
Chile
0
New Zealand
10
Some 61% of those entering doctoral programmes
are younger than 30
Chart C3.3.
Percentage of entrants below typical age (2013)
Percentage of new entrants in tertiary education younger than 25 years old
%
Percentage of new entrants at doctorate level younger than 30 years old
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Colombia
Iceland
Portugal
Mexico
Israel
Korea
Chile
Greece
Finland
Australia
New Zealand
Latvia
Italy
Sweden
OECD average
Japan
Denmark
Austria
United Kingdom
EU21 average
Hungary
Turkey
Slovenia
France
Slovak Republic
Estonia
Luxembourg
United States
Germany
Switzerland
Belgium
Czech Republic
Poland
Netherlands
0
Indonesia
10
International student enrolments vary greatly across
countries
Student mobility in tertiary education (2013)
%
Total tertiary education
OECD Average
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
OECD Average
15
10
5
0
Chart C4.1.
The proportion of international students is different
at different levels of tertiary education
Chart C4.2.
Student mobility in tertiary education, by ISCED level (2013)
Master’s or equivalent
Doctoral or equivalent
50
Bachelor’s or equivalent
84% Doctoral
67% Masters
%
52% Doctoral
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Poland
Mexico
Chile
Latvia
Germany
Estonia
Hungary
Slovenia
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Spain
Finland
Japan
Iceland
Norway
Ireland
Canada¹
Austria
Denmark
Sweden
United States
Australia
Belgium
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Switzerland
0
Luxembourg
5
OECD countries attract 80% of all foreign and
international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2013)
Other non-OECD
countries 20%
Other OECD countries
10%
United States 19%
Turkey 1%
Korea 1%
Spain 1%
Saudi Arabia 2%
Netherlands 2%
Austria 2%
Italy 2%
United Kingdom 10%
China 2%
Canada 3%
Japan 3%
Russian Federation 3%
Germany 5%
Australia 6%
France 6%
Chart C4.3.
Students from Asia form the largest group of
international students
Distribution of foreign and international students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2013)
Not specified
Oceania
5%
1%
North America
Asia
3%
Latin America and the
53%
Caribbean
5%
Africa
8%
Europe
25%
Chart C4.4.
%
Luxembourg
Iceland
Norway
Germany
Netherlands
Austria
Sweden
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Denmark
Australia
Slovenia
New Zealand
Canada
Finland
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia
United Kingdom
United States
EU21 average
OECD average
France
Israel
Slovak Republic
Belgium
Poland
Hungary
Ireland
Chile
Costa Rica
Korea
Portugal
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Spain
Greece
Italy
Turkey
In 2014, 18% of 20-24 year-olds in OECD countries were
neither employed nor in education or training, on average
Men
Women
Chart C5.1.
NEET population among 20-24 year-olds, by gender (2014)
Men and women
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Brazil
Colombia
Mexico
Israel
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Austria
New Zealand
Canada
Italy
Costa Rica
Hungary
Australia
Portugal
Chile
Korea
Switzerland
Ireland
OECD average
Sweden
Estonia
France
Belgium
Latvia
Poland
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
EU21 average
Greece
Spain
Iceland
Lithuania
Finland
Norway
Germany
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Denmark
Slovenia
Some 46% of young adults are in education, on
average
Chart C5.2
Percentage of 20-24 year-olds in education
80
%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Brazil
Israel
Colombia
Austria
United Kingdom
Mexico
New Zealand
United States
Canada
Australia
Switzerland
Sweden
Iceland
Czech Republic
Estonia
Norway
Costa Rica
Hungary
OECD average
Latvia
Germany
France
Chile
Belgium
Korea
Ireland
Finland
EU21 average
Slovak Republic
Netherlands
Portugal
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Poland
Turkey
Denmark
Italy
Spain
Greece
Slovenia
Almost 10% of young adults across OECD countries
are unemployed
Employed
Unemployed
Chart C5.2
WS
Percentage of 20-24 year-olds not in education by work status
Inactive
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
The higher the level of skills, the more likely the
participation in employer-sponsored education
Chart C6.1.
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by skills and readiness to use information and communication technolo
gies for problem solving (2012)
%
Group 4
(Good ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 3
(Moderate ICT and problem-solving skills)
Group 2
(Failed ICT core test or minimal problem-solving skills)
Group 0
(No computer experience)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian Federation
Poland
Japan
Slovak Republic
Austria
Korea
Flanders (Belgium)
Czech Republic
Germany
Ireland
Average
Estonia
Canada
England/N. Ireland
(UK)
Australia
Sweden
United States
Netherlands
Finland
Norway
Denmark
0
Some 62% of workers in the most skilled occupations
participate in employer-sponsored education
Chart C6.2.
Participation in employer-sponsored education, by occupation (2011, 2012)
Skilled occupations
Semi-skilled white-collar occupations
Semi-skilled blue-collar occupations
Elementary occupations
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian Federation
Italy
Slovak Republic
France
Poland
Austria
Spain
Japan
Korea
Czech Republic
Flanders (Belgium)
Average
Canada
Ireland
Germany
Estonia
Australia
United States
England/N. Ireland
(UK)
Netherlands
Norway
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
0
Only 14% of those who reported that they never read at
work participate in employer-sponsored education
Chart C6.5.
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of reading skills at work (2012)
%
90
Never
Less than 20%
20% to less than 40%
40% to less than 60%
60% to less than 80%
80% or more
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian Federation
Italy
France
Slovak Republic
Austria
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Japan
Korea
Flanders (Belgium)
Average
Germany
Ireland
Canada
Estonia
Australia
Norway
United States
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Sweden
Netherlands
Finland
Denmark
0
Using influencing skills at work is strongly related to
participation in employer-sponsored education
Chart C6.6.
Never
Less than 20%
Denmark
Finland
Participation in employer-sponsored formal and/or non-formal education, by use of influencing skills at work (2012)
20% to less than 40%
40% to less than 60%
60% to less than 80%
80% or more
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Russian Federation
Italy
Slovak Republic
France
Poland
Spain
Czech Republic
Austria
Japan
Korea
Flanders (Belgium)
Germany
Average
Estonia
Ireland
Canada
Australia
United States
England/N. Ireland (UK)
Sweden
Norway
Netherlands
0
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 570
compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower
secondary education
Chart D1.1.
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2015)
Duration of primary and lower
secondary education, in years
Primary
Lower secondary
Colombia 9
Germany 9
Russian Federation 9
Spain 10
Slovak Republic 9
Australia 10
France 9
Austria 8
Czech Republic 9
Mexico 9
Turkey 8
Denmark 10
Israel 9
United States 9
Netherlands 9
EU21 average
Hungary 8
Italy 8
OECD average 9
Switzerland 9
Ireland 9
Canada 9
Japan 9
Portugal 9
Norway 10
Luxembourg 9
Finland 9
Korea 9
Iceland 10
Estonia 9
Poland 9
Latvia 9
Greece 9
Slovenia 9
Sweden 9
Chile 8
Belgium (Fr.) 8
Belgium (Fl.) 8
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
Total number of compulsory instruction hours
0
Netherlands
Belgium (Fr.)
Latvia
Estonia
Russian Federation
Luxembourg
Slovak Republic
United Kingdom
Finland
Slovenia
Iceland
Hungary
Lower secondary education
Austria
EU21 average
Czech Republic
Italy
Greece
Poland
Portugal
OECD average
Australia
Germany
France
Spain
United States
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
Israel
Colombia
Chile
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
China
The number of students per class tends to increase
between primary and lower secondary education
Chart D2.1.
Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2013)
Primary education
60
50
40
30
20
10
Larger classes are correlated with less time spent
on actual teaching and learning
Chart Box
D2.a.1
Relationship between average class size and time spent teaching/learning in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each bubble
represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their classes
Percentage of time spent teaching and learning
Russian Federation
85
Latvia
Estonia
Czech Republic
Poland
Finland
80
Slovak Republic
OECD average
Italy
Australia
Iceland
75
Portugal
Spain
France
Japan
Korea
Israel
Mexico
Chile
R² = 0.4235
70
Brazil
65
14
19
24
29
Average class size in lower secondary education
34
Larger classes are correlated with more time spent
on keeping order in the classroom
Chart Box
D2.a.2
Relationship between average class size and time spent keeping order in the classroom in lower secondary education (2013). The size of each
bubble represents the proportion of lower secondary teachers who reported having more than 10% of students with behaviour problems in their
classes
21
Percentage of time spent keeping order in classroom
Brazil
19
17
R² = 0.3084
Portugal
Iceland
15
Australia
Finland
13
France
Italy
Slovak Republic
Chile
Spain
Japan
Korea
Israel
OECD average
Mexico
11
Latvia
Estonia
9
Czech Republic
Poland
7
Russian Federation
5
14
19
24
29
Average class size in lower secondary education
34
In only two countries are teachers' salaries higher
than the salaries of comparably educated workers
Chart D3.1.
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for similarly educated workers or workers with tertiary education (2013). Lower secondary teachers
teaching general programmes in public institutions
Ratio
Similarlyeducated
workers
1
Workers
with tertiary
education
0.5
Italy
United States
Sweden
Estonia
Netherlands
Poland
OECD average
Slovenia
Austria
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Chile
Hungary
Norway
OECD average
Finland
England
Scotland
Australia
Belgium (Fr.)
Greece
Belgium (Fl.)
Israel
France
Denmark
0
New lower secondary teachers with the typical qualifications
earn, on average, USD 31 013. At the top of scale and maximum
qualifications they earn, on average, USD 53 786
Chart D3.2.
Annual statutory salaries of lower secondary teachers in public institutions, in equivalent USD converted using PPPs at different points in their c
areers (2013)
Equivalent USD
converted using
PPPs
Starting salary/typical qualifications
Salary after 15 years of experience/typical qualifications
Salary at top of scale/maximum qualifications
140 000
120 000
100 000
80 000
60 000
40 000
20 000
Luxembourg
Germany
Denmark
United States
Norway
Spain
Canada
Australia
Netherlands
Ireland
Finland
Belgium (Fl.)
Austria
Belgium (Fr.)
Sweden
OECD average
Portugal
France
Italy
New Zealand
Korea2
England
Japan
Scotland
Turkey
Iceland
Slovenia
Mexico
Israel
Greece
Chile
Czech Republic
Colombia
Poland
Estonia
Slovak Republic
Hungary
0
Between 2000 and 2013, teachers’ salaries increased
overall in real terms in most countries with available data
Chart D3.3.
Index of change between 2000 and 2013 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and typical qualifications
2013
2000
Index of
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
Latvia
Hungary
Greece
Portugal
England
Iceland
Scotland
Spain
Japan
Italy
France
Korea
Slovenia
Austria
OECD average
Finland
Denmark
Belgium (Fl.)
Belgium (Fr.)
Sweden1
Germany
Ireland
Mexico
United States
Australia
Turkey
Luxembourg
Norway
Israel
Poland
Estonia
50
Public-school teachers teach between 1 005 hours per year at the
pre-primary level to 643 hours at the upper secondary level, on
average
Chart D4.2.
Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2013). Net statutory contact time in public institutions
Upper secondary, general programmes
Primary
Lower secondary, general programmes
Hours per year
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
0
Colombia
Chile
Latvia
Scotland
Mexico
Australia
New Zealand
Netherlands
England
Canada
Luxembourg
Ireland
Germany
Spain
France
OECD average
EU21 average
Belgium (Fl.)
Slovak Republic
Italy
Portugal
Belgium (Fr.)
Hungary
Czech Republic
Austria
Slovenia
Israel
Estonia
Poland
Finland
Korea
Iceland
Norway
Japan
Turkey
Russian…
Greece
Denmark
United States
200
The percentage of teachers' working time spent teaching ranges
from 32% in Turkey, Japan and Hungary to 75% in Colombia
Chart D4.3.
Net teaching time that lower secondary teachers spend teaching as a percentage of total statutory working time (2013)
80%
60%
40%
20%
Turkey
Japan
Hungary
Austria
Iceland
Czech Republic
Korea
Poland
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
France
Slovak Republic
Germany
Netherlands
Latvia
Portugal
Spain
United States
Chile
England
Scotland
Israel
Colombia
0%
The age of the teaching force varies considerably
across countries
Chart D5.2
Age distribution of teachers in upper secondary education (2013)
< 30 years
30-39 years
≥ 50 years
40-49 years
%
China
Indonesia
Brazil
Canada
Korea
Portugal
United Kingdom
Ireland
Poland
Luxembourg
Chile
Belgium
Hungary
United States
Japan
Slovenia
Spain
Israel
France
OECD average
EU21 average
Colombia
Slovak Republic
Greece
Switzerland
Austria
Sweden
Finland
New Zealand
Germany
Czech Republic
Norway
Latvia
Estonia
Netherlands
Italy
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
The highest proportion of female teachers are concentrated in the
earlier years of schooling and shrink at each successive level of
education
Chart D5.3
Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education (2013)
100
%
Lower secondary education
Upper secondary education
Pre-primary education
All Tertiary education
Primary education
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
Latvia
Russian Federation
Estonia
Iceland
Israel
Slovenia
Italy
Hungary
Sweden
Slovak Republic
Norway
Czech Republic
Poland
Finland
Austria
Portugal
Denmark
Brazil
EU21 average
Korea
Chile
OECD average
United States
Greece
Germany
New Zealand
France
Belgium
United Kingdom
Spain
Luxembourg
Colombia
Switzerland
Indonesia
Mexico
Turkey
China
Netherlands
Japan
Canada
Ireland
10
-0.7
Turkey
Poland
Uruguay
Russian Federation
Latvia
Macao-China
Japan
Brazil
Canada
Slovak Republic
Portugal
Norway
Ireland
Czech Republic
Greece
Spain
Belgium
Hungary
Hong Kong-China
Australia
Sweden
OECD average 2003
Switzerland
Indonesia
Liechtenstein
Germany
Italy
New Zealand
Denmark
Finland
Austria
Thailand
United States
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Mexico
Iceland
Korea
Tunisia
Schools were better equipped with new
technologies in 2012 than in 2003
Chart D8.2
Change between 2003 and 2012 in the index of quality of schools' educational resources (e.g. textbooks, computers for instruction, computer software)
Mean index
difference
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.5
Some countries have been more successful than others in
imparting the skills students need to participate fully in the digital
age
Chart D8.3
Mean score-point difference between paper-and-pencil and computer-delivered reading test1 (PISA 2012). 15-year-old students, by gender
Poland
Hungary
United Arab Emirates
Shanghai (China)
Spain
Israel
Germany
Austria
Norway
Belgium
Slovenia
Ireland
Colombia
Russian Federation
Denmark
OECD average
Girls
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong (China)
Portugal
Estonia
Australia
Japan
Macao (China)
United States
Canada
France
Chile
Slovak Republic
Boys
Sweden
Brazil
Korea
Italy
Singapore
Mean score-point
difference
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
- 10
- 15
- 20
- 25
- 30
- 35
Malaysia
Italy
Georgia
Iceland
Brazil
Japan
Sweden
France
Korea
Israel
Estonia
Mexico
Bulgaria
Croatia
Serbia
Latvia
Denmark
Slovak Republic
Romania
OECD average
Norway
Finland
Russian Federation
New-Zealand
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Spain
Australia
Chile
Cyprus
Singapore
Poland
Belgium (Flanders)
Abu Dhabi (UAE)
Portugal
United States
England
Almost one in five teachers in OECD countries feels a need for further
training in how to use ICT in the classroom
Chart D8.4
Percentage of lower secondary education teachers who report having a high level of need for professional development to improve their ICT skills for teaching
%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Education at a Glance 2015
http://www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm
www.oecd.org/edu
Andreas.Schleicher@oecd.org
Follow us on:
@OECDEduSkills
@EduSkills OECD
@ EduSkills OECD