Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1: Applied Genetics
Section 2: DNA Technology
Section 3: The Human Genome
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Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Selective Breeding
 The process by which desired traits of certain plants
and animals are selected and passed on to their
future generations is called selective breeding.
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Hybridization
 When a plant or animal is bred with a plant or
animal from different stock, the process is
known as hybridization. There are numerous
reasons to create hybrids, including
increasing genetic diversity and breeding for
specific traits. It is frequently practiced in
agriculture, to make stronger, healthier plants
with desirable characteristics.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Hybridization
 Animal breeders also use the process to
create new breeds or to try to breed out
unwanted traits, such as hip dysplasia in
some purebred dogs.
 The most common type of hybridization
involves crossing two organisms of different
breeds within the same species. This is also
called crossbreeding.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Hybridization
 Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more
disease-resistant, to produce more offspring,
or to grow faster.
 A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is
time consuming and expensive.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Inbreeding
 The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations
 Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
 A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful
recessive traits also can be passed on to
future generations.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Applied Genetics
Test Cross
 A test cross involves
breeding an organism
that has the unknown
genotype with one that is
homozygous recessive
for the desired trait.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
 Technology that involves manipulating
the DNA of one organism in order to insert
the DNA of another organism, called
exogenous DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Genetically engineered organisms are used
 to study the expression of a particular gene.
 to investigate cellular
processes.
 to study the
development of a
certain disease.
Genetically engineered bollworm
 to select traits that might
be beneficial to humans.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in
the nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA
and to isolate genes from the rest of the
genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to
specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA
within the sequence.
 Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful
tools for isolating specific genes or regions of
the genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 EcoRI specifically cuts
DNA containing the
sequence GAATTC.
 The ends of the DNA
fragments, called sticky
ends, contain singlestranded DNA that is
complementary.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 An electric current is used to separate
DNA fragments according to the size of
the fragments in a process called gel
electrophoresis.
 When an electric current is applied, the DNA
fragments move toward the positive end of
the gel.
 The smaller fragments move farther faster
than the larger ones.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The unique pattern
created based on the
size of the DNA
fragment can be
compared to known
DNA fragments for
identification.
Gel electrophoresis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from
different sources is called recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA,
bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.
 Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant
plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Large numbers of identical bacteria, each
containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be
produced through a process called cloning.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an
unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four
nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Each nucleotide is
tagged with a
different color of
fluorescent dye.
 Every time a
modified
fluorescent-tagged
nucleotide is
incorporated into the newly synthesized strand,
the reaction stops.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged
DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 A technique called the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions
of copies of a specific region of a DNA
fragment.
PCR Analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Biotechnology
 Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting
a gene from another organism, are called
transgenic organisms.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
 Scientists produce most transgenic animals
in laboratories for biological research.
 Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
 Genetically engineered cotton resists insect
infestation of the bolls.
 Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus
that could kill most of the African harvest.
 Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins
could decrease malnutrition.
Gene Splicing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
The Human Genome Project
 The goal of the Human Genome Project
(HGP) was to determine the sequence of the
approximately three billion nucleotides that
make up human DNA and to identify all of the
approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Sequencing the Genome
 Each of the 46 human chromosomes was
cleaved.
 These fragments were combined with vectors
to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make
many copies, and sequenced using automated
sequencing machines.
 Computers analyzed the overlapping regions
to generate one continuous sequence.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Decoding the
sequence of the
human genome can
be compared to
reading a book that was printed in code.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides
in the human genome code for all the proteins
in the body.
 The genome is filled with long stretches of
repeated sequences that have no direct
function.
 These regions are called noncoding sequences.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Fingerprinting
 Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost
identical among individuals.
 The long stretches of noncoding regions of
DNA are unique to each individual.
 DNA fingerprinting involves separating these
DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding
patterns that are unique to every individual.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Identifying Genes
 Researchers have identified genes by
scanning the sequence for Open Reading
Frames (ORFs).
 ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin
with a start codon and end with a stop codon.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Bioinformatics
 Creating and maintaining databases of
biological information
 Finding genes in DNA sequences of various
organisms and developing methods to predict
the structure and function of newly discovered
proteins
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Microarrays
 Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that
are spotted with DNA fragments
 Help researchers determine whether the
expression of certain genes is caused by
genetic factors or environmental factors.
Visualizing
Microarray
Analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Variations in the DNA sequence that occur
when a single nucleotide in the genome is
altered are called single nucleotide
polymorphisms or SNPs.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Regions of linked
variations in the human
genome are known as
haplotypes.
 Assembling the HapMap
involves identifying
groups of SNPs in a
specific region of DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 The HapMap will
enable geneticists
to take advantage of
how SNPs and other
genetic variations
are organized on
chromosomes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 The study of how genetic inheritance
affects the body’s response to drugs is
called pharmacogenomics.
 The benefits of pharmacogenomics include
more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer
and more specific.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
that cause human diseases
is called gene therapy.
 Scientists insert a normal
gene into a chromosome
to replace a dysfunctional
gene.
 Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Genes are the primary information storage
units, whereas proteins are the machines of
a cell.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 The large-scale study and cataloging of the
structure and function of proteins in the human
body is called proteomics.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
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Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which statement is not true of hybridization?
A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.
B. It produces offspring with specific traits.
C. It crosses a parent organism with
different forms of a trait.
D. It can take a long time to be successful.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the process that scientists use to
separate DNA fragments according to size.
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Select the process in which one type of
bacterium takes up the DNA from another
type of bacterium.
A. cloning
B. sequencing
C. transformation
D. manipulation
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Which term explains how humans have been
able to produce a wide variety of domestic
cats?
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by
crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide
good beef but cannot withstand hot environments,
and Brahman cattle from India that have a high
heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new
breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef
and can live in hot environments. Which term
describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
A. cross breed
B. hybrid
C. outbred
D. purebred
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed
through generations of purebred animals
as a result of _______.
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired
trait in her tomato plants, she decides to
perform a test cross. What is the purpose
for doing the test cross?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative
Questions
A. to determine if the trait is dominant
or recessive
B. to determine the phenotype of the
plants
C. to determine if the plants carry
beneficial recessive alleles
D. to determine if the plants are
homozygous dominant or heterozygous
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
What is the name for the technology that
involves inserting the genes of one organism
into the DNA of another organism?
A. bioengineering
B. cloning
C. genetic engineering
D. transgenics
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Which type of protein can recognize specific
DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within
that sequence?
A. DNA ligase
B. polymerase
C. restriction enzyme
D. transcriptase
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments
according to size and has many applications
in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
A DNA molecule that has had genes from
another organism inserted into it is called
_______.
A. complementary DNA
B. exogenous DNA
C. genomic DNA
D. recombinant DNA
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
one of the most powerful tools used by
scientists?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative
Questions
A. It can be used to identify errors in DNA
sequences and predict the function of genes.
B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample
and make millions of copies of it.
C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in
genetically engineered organisms.
D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that
can join with other DNA fragments.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
True or False
The task of sequencing the entire DNA in
human cells has been completed.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
Which sections of human DNA are unique to
every individual?
A. the noncoding sequences
B. the regions that code for proteins
C. the sections that contain genes
D. the genes that code for fingerprints
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
Which field of study involves the careful
storage, organization and indexing of data
on DNA sequences?
A. algorithms
B. bioanalysis
C. bioinformatics
D. microarray analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative
Questions
If the genome represents the words in a
dictionary, then the definition and usage of
those words is represented by the _______.
A. haplotype
B. chromosome
C. DNA
D. proteome
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the following image. These are
the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of the molecule below in
DNA cloning?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
A. to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell
B. to identify the source of DNA as foreign
C. to identify the host cell that has taken
up the gene of interest
D. to make the foreign DNA susceptible to
digestion with enzymes
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the genotypic ratio of
the offspring in the cross to
the right?
A. 1:2:1
B. 1:1
C. All are homozygous recessive.
D. All are heterozygous.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black
fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black
guinea pig and performs a test cross with a
female that has white fur, the recessive trait.
What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any
of the offspring are white?
A. BB
B. Bb
C. bb
D. bW
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
How do researchers distinguish between
the bacterial cells that contain the
recombinant DNA and those that do not?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A. They observe the two types of cells under
a microscope.
B. They tag the recombinant DNA with
fluorescent dye.
C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that
do not contain recombinant DNA.
D. They use gel electrophoresis to separate
the cells containing recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
A. animals that can produce organs for organ
transplants
B. animals that can secrete enzymes that are
useful to humans
C. bacteria that can decompose oil spills and
garbage
D. plants that are resistant to insects and
viruses
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Which transgenic species could pose a
potential threat to other organisms?
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
A. bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
B. chickens and turkeys that are resistant to
diseases
C. cotton that is resistant to herbicides and
infection
D. goats that secrete a protein used to
prevent human blood from forming clots
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration
halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
A. The clinical trials affect the body’s
response to drugs.
B. There is a risk of producing a
transgenic human.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test
Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration
halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
C. Inserting genes is done by a virus
that infects the patient’s cells.
D. Doctors are able to take advantage of
genetic variations on chromosomes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
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Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Image Bank
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 1
selective breeding
inbreeding
test cross
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 2
genetic engineering
transformation
genome
cloning
restriction enzyme
polymerase chain
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA
plasmid
DNA ligase
reaction
transgenic organism
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 3
DNA fingerprinting
gene therapy
bioinformatics
genomics
DNA microarray
proteomics
single nucleotide
polymorphism
haplotype
pharmacogenomics
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Animation
 Restriction Digest
 PCR Analysis
 Visualizing Microarray Analysis