July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Coexistence in the TV White Space Date: 2010-07-12 Authors: Name Company Steve Shellhammer Qualcomm Address Phone 5775 Morehouse Dr San Diego, CA 92121 3-4 Hikarino-oka Yokosuka Itamerenkatu 11-13, 00180 Helsinki, Finland (858) 658-1874 Shellhammer@ieee.org 610-878-5784 Tuncer Baykas NICT Mika Kasslin Nokia Alex Reznik InterDigital 781 Third Ave., King of Prussia, PA 19406 Paivi Ruuska Nokia Itamerenkatu 11-13, 00180 Helsinki, Finland Chin-Sean Sum NICT Hyunduk Kang ETRI Hiroshi Harada NICT 3-4 Hikarino-oka Yokosuka 138 \Gajeong\dong Yuseong\gu, Daejeon 3-4 Hikarino-oka Yokosuka Submission Slide 1 E-mail tbaykas@ieee.org mika.kasslin@nokia.co m alex.reznik@interdigita l.com Paivi.ruuska@nokia.co m sum@nict.go.jp henry@etri.re.kr harada@nict.go.jp Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Disclaimer • “At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational courses, an individual presenting information on IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her views should be considered the personal views of that individual rather than the formal position, explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.” • IEEE-SA Standards Board Operation Manual (subclause 5.9.3) Submission Slide 2 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Tutorial Outline • Introduction – Brief overview of FCC rules – Standards activities in TVWS • Need for Coexistence – The Coexistence Problem – TVWS Use Cases • IEEE 802.19.1 Project – Project Title, Scope and Purpose – Project Timeline – System Design Document • Possible Coexistence Solutions – Leverage incumbent protection mechanisms for TVWS coexistence – Modify network/device parameters to improve coexistence Submission Slide 3 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 FCC Rules on TVWS • In November 2008 the FCC issued a Report and Order (R&O) on unlicensed wireless use of unused TV channels, called TV white space (TVWS) – A number of petitions for reconsiderations were filed and the FCC still needs to respond to the petitions. Current forecasts are for the FCC to respond by the end this year. • In any given location in the US there are a number of TV channels unused by the broadcast industry. The number varies significantly from location to location • Each channel is 6 MHz wide • Channels are in the VHF and UHF frequency bands – Details in a subsequent slide • FCC defines two classes of TVWS devices – Fixed – Portable Submission Slide 4 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 FCC Rules on TVWS TV Channel Frequency Band Frequency (MHz) Allowed Devices 2 VHF 54 – 60 Fixed 5–6 VHF 76 – 88 Fixed 7 – 13 VHF 174 – 216 Fixed 14 – 20 UHF 470 – 512 Fixed 21 – 35 UHF 512 – 602 Fixed & Portable 36 UHF 602 – 608 Portable 38 UHF 614 – 620 Portable 39 – 51 UHF 620 – 698 Fixed & Portable Permissible TV Channels Submission Slide 5 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 FCC Rules on TVWS • Fixed devices use outdoor antenna • Between 10 and 30 meters above ground • Permitted TX Power • Fixed – 30 dBm with up to 6 dBi antenna gain • Portable – 20 dBm with no antenna gain • Adjacent TV Channels • Fixed – Not permitted • Portable – Reduce power to 16 dBm • Strict Out-of-band Emissions • Classes of Portable Devices • Mode I – Client • Mode II – Access Point Submission Slide 6 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 FCC Rules on TVWS • Geo-location & Database access • Must be supported in both Fixed and Portable Mode II devices • Accuracy of 50 meters • FCC will certify the official databases • Spectrum Sensing • • • • ATSC and NTSC TV signals Wireless microphones Sensing down to -114 dBm (approx -15 dB SNR) Will consider “sensing-only” devices but with much more stringent testing required Submission Slide 7 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Non-US TVWS Rules • Other regulatory regions are also preparing TVWS rules • Some of the regulatory regions working on TVWS rules include – – – – – Canada United Kingdom Singapore Nederland Antilles Finland • The rules in these regions are likely to have some similarities with the US rules but will likely not be exactly the same • In other parts of the world the TV channel bandwidths are 6, 7 and 8 MHz. So TVWS support for these different bandwidth is expected Submission Slide 8 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 TVWS Related Standard Projects Standard/Project Summary Status IEEE 802.11af WLAN in TVWS Task Group working on draft IEEE 802.19.1 Coexistence in TVWS Open Call for Proposals IEEE 802.22 WRAN in TVWS WG Letter Ballot IEEE 802.22.1 Beacon for Protection of Wireless Microphones Sponsor Ballot IEEE 802.22.2 WRAN Installation & Deployment Developing Draft ECMA 392 MAC/PHY in TVWS Standard December 2009 IEEE 1900.4a Mobile wireless access in TVWS. Above MAC/PHY Close to WG Letter Ballot IEEE 1900.6 Logical Interface between spectrum sensors In Sponsor Ballot ETSI RRS Reconfigurable Radio Systems Four active WGs ITU-R WP1B Preparing for WRC 2012 Developing definitions of CR & SDR Submission Slide 9 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 TVWS Related Standard Projects Standard/Project Summary Status ECC PT SE43 European regulators group looking at Spectrum Engineering issues associated with cognitive use in the TVWS. Looking to complete draft report for public enquiry in September 2010. ECC RA WSCG European regulators group looking at Regulatory and Enforcement issues associated with cognitive use in the TVWS. Just started working by correspondence. Looking to complete a draft report for public consultation by Jan 2011. ECC FM CRCG European regulators group looking at Frequency Management issues associated with general cognitive radio use. Just started working by correspondence. EU RSPG CR group European Union regulators group looking at forming an opinion on the future of CR radio use in the EU. Working on high level look at the issues around encouraging and enabling Cognitive radio use in the EU. Plan to complete opinion by November 2010 Submission Slide 10 Steve Shellhammer, Qualcomm July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Coexistence in TVWS: What is it? • TVWS presents a complex regulatory environment – Licensed devices: allowed to use the spectrum whenever, following appropriate rules – Unlicensed devices: permitted to use the spectrum when it is not occupied by licensed devices • Licensed and unlicensed devices do not coexist – Licensed devices make no special allowances for unlicensed devices – Unlicensed device must “protect” licensed operation by regulation • Protection of licensed devices is a medium access problem – Thou shall not access access spectrum when these guys are around Submission Slide 11 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Coexistence in TVWS: So what is it then? • Coexistence happens between peers – In TVWS, these are unlicensed devices and networks – Not mandated by regulations – Impetus must come from mutual benefit consideration: higher spectrum efficiency for all involved • Why do they need to coexist – Once available channels are known, the various networks and users need to decide – who goes where – This cannot be static – channel availability will change • Who specifies how this can be done – Some (not all) standards specify how different networks using same technology coexist • 802.11, 802.15 do this • Do they do it well?? – Some standards don’t even do that • cellular standards do not specify how different operators use the same spectrum – No MAC/PHY standard specifies how other MAC/PHY standards should behave • Nor should one MAC/PHY do it – it would rule over all the others • This void is filled by standards such as 802.19.1 in TVWS Submission Slide 12 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 The Coexistence Problem: #1 “… you know you could help me out here. If you are on WiFi, if you could just get off…” “… we figured out why my demo crashed. Because there are 570 WiFi base stations operating in this room…” Steve Jobs see e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =yoqh27E6OuU • So many talkers … • … and no common language to discuss sharing Submission Slide 13 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 The Coexistence Problem: #2 • So little spectrum … 802.11 • So many ways to use it … Bluetooth Bluetooth • 802.22 How we addressed in ISM bands – “Smart hopping” by Bluetooth – • More robust (lower) bit rate by WiFi “Autonomous” approaches may not work in TVWS – – Submission Much larger dynamic range in power (4W / 100 mW / 50mW / 40mW) Potentially incompatible medium access techniques Slide 14 802.11 802.11 802.11 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 The Coexistence Problem :#3 Source: Mishra and Sahai, IEEE Comm. Letters, 2009 • Few people – many channels … Source: Gerami, Mandayam, Greenstein. Report by Winlab, Rutgers U., 2010 • Many people – few channel … Submission Slide 15 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Operation in TV Bands: Why Deal With the Headache? • TV Band Spectrum presents unique opportunities and possibilities • Potentially a lot of spectrum – But availability not guaranteed • Excellent propagation characteristics – Cover large distances – Penetrate walls, obstacles • So what could this be used for – Find additional bandwidth for data networks (in those areas where TV channels are many) – Offload to free up valuable (licensed) spectrum – Quick and cheap network deployment: cover a large area with few access points and little planning – Cheap spectrum for applications requiring only intermittent communication Submission Slide 16 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 1: Rural/Suburban Home/Small Office Source: Sum et. al., IEEE doc. Scc41-ws-radio-10/5r0, IEEE SCC41 Ad Hoc on WS Radio Usage Models, 04/2010 Submission Slide 17 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 1: Rural/Suburban Home/Small Office • Potential Uses – – – – Device-to-Device (Machine-to-Machine) WLAN Access Backhaul Cellular offload • Characteristics – Single operator controls much of the network and controls the space – Limited interference from like networks – Requires high data rates/no critical usage applications • Is this a good fit for white spaces – Yes, if the channels are available – Yes, if the operator (home owner) can automate the channel selection and coexistence of the various technologies he owns Submission Slide 18 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 2: Apartment • Similar usage to the home use case, but very different environment • Multiple operators – – – WLAN AP Cellular Femtotell • Little spatial separation between the operators – WLAN HotSpot – Celullar Fixed WWAN • Submission Slide 19 Lots of networks crammed into a small spaces Opens the possibility of the iPhone4 demo problem Is this a good fit for white spaces – Source: Paine et. al., IEEE doc. 802.19-09/26r4, Whitespace Coexistence Use Cases, 07/2009 Each resident operates own network No incentive to cooperate/coordinate WWAN network may be overlayed into this space Maybe – but the inter-network coexistence problem will definitely need to be solved. Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 3: Utility Grid Source: Sum et. al., IEEE doc. Scc41-ws-radio-10/5r0, IEEE SCC41 Ad Hoc on WS Radio Usage Models, 04/2010 Submission Slide 20 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 3: Utility Grid • Potential uses – Collection of metered data – Reporting of aggregated data over the backhaul – SCADA support • Characteristics – Relative low-rate, can deal with intermittent outages – Single network operator, but spanning a large distance – High likelihood of interference with different network – this interference varies in nature and spectral location throughout the network • Is this a good fit for white spaces? – – – – Submission Absolutely Covers large areas Meters may need to penetrate obstacles Requires only intermittent connectivity Slide 21 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 4: Public Safety Source: Sum et. al., IEEE doc. Scc41-ws-radio-10/5r0, IEEE SCC41 Ad Hoc on WS Radio Usage Models, 04/2010 Submission Slide 22 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Example Use Case 4: Public Safety • Potential Usage – – – – Rapid deployment of emergency personnel networks Inter-personnel communication Network backhaul Communication to the main office • Characteristics – High-rate data rate services – Multi-media and conversational services – Creating an “instant network” where there was none • Is this a good match for white spaces – – – – Submission Yes, IF spectrum can be found, need to have backup plans. Yes: need to create a network with few APs and no ability to plan Yes: need penetration through obstacles Yes: need the reach the main office Slide 23 Alex Reznik (InterDigital) July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 802.19.1 PAR • Title: IEEE 802 … Part 19: TV White Space Coexistence Methods • Scope: The standard specifies radio technology independent methods for coexistence among dissimilar or independently operated TV Band Device (TVBD) networks and dissimilar TV Band Devices. • Purpose: The purpose of the standard is to enable the family of IEEE 802 Wireless Standards to most effectively use TV White Space by providing standard coexistence methods among dissimilar or independently operated TVBD networks and dissimilar TVBDs. This standard addresses coexistence for IEEE 802 networks and devices and will also be useful for non IEEE 802 networks and TVBDs. • • Study Group was established in March 2009. The PAR was approved by Nescom in December 2009 and task group has been established. Submission Slide 24 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 802.19 TG1 Timeline Task Group Formed SDD completed Order of Clauses determined Call for Proposals issued Contribution presentations with straw polls Proposal presentations 2010 2011 2012 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 x x x x x x x x x x x Round of votes on proposals in clause order Create candidate draft document Comment ballot on the candidate draft x x x x x Comment resolutions on the candidate draft Adoption of draft normative text (Draft 1.0) •Contribution A submission on an issue relevant to the task group that may be in Powerpoint format. Contributions are expected to be submitted on issues that contributors are planning to submit as proposals later on in the draft development process. •Proposal A submission that provides a solution proposal to a clause as defined in the System Design Document. The proposal shall include a document in Microsoft Word format that contains draft normative text proposal for a clause. September 2010: System description September 2010: The 802.19.1 reference model September 2010-November 2010: Procedures and protocols September 2010-November 2010: Coexistence mechanisms and algorithms Submission Slide 25 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 System Design Document 802.19.1 created system design document to assist standardization process. It provides, System Requirements (What is expected from 802.19.1 system?) 802.19.1 System Architecture (How 802.19.1 will provide coexistence?) SDD does not put any limitation on future contributions and proposals. http://ieee802.org/19/pub/TG1.html Submission 26 Tuncer Baykas, NICT 802.19.1 Architecture Logical Entities doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 July 2010 What is expected from 802.19.1 system? Requirement 1 (Discovery) 802.19.1 system shall enable discovery for 802.19.1 compliant TVBD networks and devices. Requirement 2 (Communication) 802.19.1 system shall be able to obtain and update information required for TVWS coexistence. 802.19.1 System Discovery R2 TVWS DB R2 R1 R3 TVWS DB R4 Algorithm Requirement 3 (Communication) 802.19.1 system shall have means to exchange obtained information. TVBD network or device Communication R5 R6 R7 General R8 R9 Requirement 4 (Communication) 802.19.1 system shall be able to provide reconfiguration requests and/or commands as well as corresponding control information to 802.19.1 compliant TVBD networks and devices to implement TVWS coexistence decisions. Submission 27 Tuncer Baykas, NICT 802.19.1 Architecture Logical Entities doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 July 2010 What is expected from 802.19.1 system? Requirement 5 (Algorithm) 802.19.1 system shall analyze obtained information. 802.19.1 System Discovery Requirement 6 (Algorithm) 802.19.1 system shall be capable of making TVWS coexistence decisions. Requirement 7 (Algorithm) 802.19.1 system shall support different topologies of decision making for TVWS coexistence (e.g. centralized, distributed and autonomous). R2 TVWS DB R2 R1 TVBD network or device Communication R3 TVWS DB R4 Algorithm R5 R6 R7 General R8 R9 Requirement 8 (General) 802.19.1 system shall support appropriate security mechanisms. This shall include user/device authentication, integrity and confidentiality of open exchanges, and data privacy and policy correctness attestation and enforcement. Requirement 9 (General) 802.19.1 system shall utilize a set of mechanisms to achieve coexistence of TVBD networks and devices. Submission 28 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 802.19.1 Architecture Submission 29 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Entities communicating with the 802.19.1 system TV Band Device or TV Band Device Network TVWS Database Unlicensed operation in the broadcast television spectrum at locations where that spectrum is not being used by licensed services. Provides list of channels occupied by primary users. Submission 30 Operator Management Entity Provides operator provided information such as policies/ limitations. Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Entities belonging to 802.19.1 System Coexistence Manager Coexistence decision making This includes generating and providing corresponding coexistence requests/commands and control information to Coexistence Enabler(s) Discovery of and communication with other Coexistence Managers Assist network operators in management related to TVWS coexistence Submission Coexistence Enabler Coexistence Discovery and Information Server Communication between Coexistence Manager and TVBD network or device Providing coexistence related information to Coexistence Managers Obtaining information, required for coexistence, from TVBD network or device Supporting discovery of Coexistence Managers and opening interfaces between Coexistence Managers Translating reconfiguration requests/commands and control information received from the Coexistence Manager into TVBDspecific reconfiguration requests/ commands Collecting, aggregating information related to TVWS coexistence. 31 Coexistence Discovery and Information Server may connect to TVWS database to obtain primary users information. Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Deployment of Entities Coexistence Enabler (CE) CEs can be deployed inside TV Band Devices or Network. Coexistence Manager (CM) CMs can be deployed inside the TV Band Device or Network. Also CMs can be deployed outside TV Band Networks. Coexistence Discovery and Information Server (CDIS) CDISs can be deployed outside TV Band Networks. Submission 32 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Possible Approach • TVBD networks and devices have mechanisms that are designed for e.g. interference management purposes • CM and CE can and should use those mechanisms for coexistence purposes – 802.19.1 builds upon existing mechanisms in the radio systems and has control functions for that purpose Submission Slide 33 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Possible Control Parameters • Possible reconfiguration parameters in the TVBD networks – – – – – – Operating channel Maximum transmit power Modulation and coding rate Bandwidth OFDMA uplink client sub-band Transmit scheduling • CSMA parameters • Transmit duty cycle limit – Antenna configurations Submission Slide 34 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Possible Control Functions • CM’s tool box in coexistence management comprises of tools in three main domains that form the main control functions – Time domain control • Recommendations, commands related to e.g. Transmit scheduling, Transmit duty cycle limit, Modulation and coding rate – Frequency domain control • Recommendations, commands related to e.g. Operating channel, Bandwidth, OFDMA uplink client sub-band – Spatial control • Recommendations, commands related to e.g. Antenna configuration, Maximum transmit power • The 802.19.1 system uses those tools to configure TVBD operations Submission Slide 35 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Possible Decision Making Topologies • Not sure whether we can rely on one decision making model that can be applied in all the situations and deployments • We need to be prepared to provide means for all three topologies – Centralized • One CM serves all the neighboring networks and provides coexistence services for them – Distributed • Neighboring networks are served by different CMs – Autonomous • Information related to coexistence management is exchanged but that’s all Submission Slide 36 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Possible Decision Making Topologies (cont.) • All the topologies have common solution elements – Information exchange between entities is needed – We need to provide security and trust • The few main differences are – Is there information exchange between CMs? • In centralized case the CMs have less need if any to exchange information while in the other two cases it is essential for the CMs to exchange information about environment, resource usage, etc. – What is the role of CM? • Centralized and Distributed – CMs are true coexistence managers that run coexistence control functions – In a distributed case the CM may have power over a CM of a neighboring network • Distributed vs. Autonomous – In autonomous case the CM may be only facilitating communication between CEs Submission Slide 37 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Guiding Questions for the System Development • CE as defined in the SDD – Request and obtain information, required for coexistence, from TVBD network or device • What information we need from TVBD networks and devices? • How do we get the information? – Translate reconfiguration requests/commands and control information received from the CM into TVBD-specific reconfiguration requests/commands and send them to the TVBD network or device • What are the possible coexistence mechanisms? • How they are used in various TVBD networks? • How do we interface to various TVBD networks? Submission Slide 38 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Guiding Questions for the System Development (cont.) • CM as defined in the SDD – Coexistence decision making • What are the control functions? • What’s needed to support different decision making topologies? – Support exchange of information required for coexistence among CMs • How to exchange coexistence information between decision making entities? Submission Slide 39 Mika Kasslin, Nokia July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 Workshop Coexistence for TVWS • • • • • • • Free Workshop on Friday 1:00PM to 6:00PM Open to all Industry centric participants Outside 802 speakers and panelists 4 presentations and 3 Panels Open periods for discussion and Q&A Agenda available at: http://ieee802.org/19/pub/workshop.html Submission Slide 40 Tuncer Baykas, NICT July 2010 doc.: IEEE 802.19-10/0096r1 802.19 TG1 Timeline Task Group Formed SDD completed Order of Clauses determined Call for Proposals issued Contribution presentations with straw polls Proposal presentations 2010 2011 2012 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 x x x x x x x x x x x Round of votes on proposals in clause order Create candidate draft document Comment ballot on the candidate draft Comment resolutions on the candidate draft Adoption of draft normative text (Draft 1.0) x x x x x Deadline for proposal intentions is 29th of August 2010 for September proposals. For details please check: Call for Proposals 802.19-10/0057r2 Submission Slide 41 Tuncer Baykas, NICT