Chapter 29: pp. 539 - 558
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Vertebrate Evolution
BIOLOGY
© 2003 Monty Sloan/Wolf Photographer
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Chordates

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals
2
Chordates

Phylum Chordata

Four Main Characteristics
Notochord
 Nerve Cord
 Pharyngeal Pouches
 Tail

3
Lancelet, Branchiostoma
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rostrum
pharynx
notochord
oral hood
with tentacles
dorsal tubular nerve cord
dorsal fin
gill bars
and slits
atrium
atriopore
caudal fin
ventral fin
anus
(Bottom): © Heather Angel/Natural Visions
4
Invertebrate Chordates

Notochord persists and is never replaced
by a vertebral column
Lancets (Subphylum Cephalochordata)
 Sea Squirts (Subphylum Urochordata)

5
Sea squirt, Halocynthia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
excurrent siphon
incurrent siphon
gill slit
tunic
© Rick Harbo
6
Vertebrates
Subphylum Vertebrata
 Internal jointed skeleton of vertebrates is
living tissue that grows with the animal


Main axis of skeleton consists of vertebral
columns and a skull that encloses the brain
Cephalization is accompanied by sense organs
 Evolution of jaws and predation
 Amnion allows reproduction on land

7
Phylogenetic Tree of the Chordates
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mammary gland
Amphibians
bony
skeleton
Lobe-finned Fishes
jaws
Ray-finned Fishes
vertebrae
Chordates
lungs
Vertebrates
Reptiles*
Gnathostomes
limbs
Lungs
Mammals
Tetrapods
amniotic egg
Amniotes
common ancestor
Cartilaginous Fishes
Jawless Fishes
ancestral
chordate
Tunicates
Lancelets
*includes birds
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Vertebrate Features
Living endoskeleton with vertebral column
 Closed circulatory system
 Paired appendages
 Efficient respiration and excretion
 High degree of cephalization
 Adapted to active lifestyles

9
Replacement of Notochord
by the Vertebrae
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ectoderm
neural
tube
notochord
vertebral arch
develops
around
neural
tube
vertebral body
develops
around
notochord
arch
rib
body
blood vessels
10
Fishes

Fishes:
Aquatic, gill-breathing vertebrates
 Usually have fins and scale-covered skin


Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha)
Ostracoderms - earliest vertebrate fossils
 Lampreys and hagfishes are modern-day
jawless fishes that lack a bony skeleton

11
Lamprey, Petromyzon
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toothed oral disk
gill slits (seven pairs)
© Heather Angel/Natural Visions
12
Fishes With Jaws

Gnathostomates have jaws
Jaws thought to have evolved from first pair of
gill arches of agnathans
 Placoderms

Extinct jawed fishes of Devonian
 Thought to be ancestral to sharks and bony fish

13
Cartilaginous Fishes

Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of
cartilage instead of bone

Cartilaginous Fishes
Sharks, rays, skates
 Lack gill cover of bony fish
 Utilize lateral line system
 Filter feeders and predators
 Pectoral fins can be enlarged into large, wing-like
fins

14
Cartilaginous fishes
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dorsal fin
gill slits
jaw with teeth
pelvic fin
pectoral fin
a. Sand tiger shark, Carcharias taurus
spine
eye
flattened
pectoral fin
spiracle
b. Blue-spotted stingray, Taeniura Iymma
a: © James Watt/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures
15
Bony Fishes

Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of
bone

Most are ray-finned fishes


Lobe-finned fishes are small subgroup with fleshy
fins supported by central bones
Swim bladder
Gas-filled sac in bony fishes
 Volume can be altered to change buoyancy

16
Ray-finned Fishes
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caudal fin
second dorsal fin
first dorsal fin
swim bladder
stomach
muscle
bony vertebra
lateral line
brain
nostril
scales
mandible
gills
kidney
heart
gonad
anal fin
pelvic fin
pectoral fin
operculum
intestine
gallbladder
liver
a. Soldierfish, Myripristis jacobus
venomous spines
eye
pectoral fin
eye
pectoral fin
dorsal fin
caudal fin
dorsal fin
d. Flying fish, Exocoetus volitans
caudal fin
dorsal fin
bill
tail
caudal fin
anal fin pectoral fin
pelvic fin
b. Lionfish, Pterois volitans
c. Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda
e. Swordfish, Xiphias gladius
a: © Ron & Valerie Taylor/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Hal Beral/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Jane Burton/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; d: © Claus Qvist Jessen; e: © Franco Banfi/SeaPics.com
17
Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae
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lobed fins
© Peter Scoones/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
18
Amphibians
Tetrapods (four limbs)
 Hypotheses of tetrapod evolution

Lobe-finned fishes had an evolutionary
advantage due to movement capability
 Further adaptations promoted by:

Supply of food on land, and
 Absence of predators

19
Diversity of Amphibians

Amphibians today occur in three groups:

Salamanders and newts


Frogs and toads


Tailless
Caecilians


Salamanders practice internal fertilization
Legless, sightless, worm-shaped
Most return to water for reproduction
20
Lobe-finned Fishes to Amphibians
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Transitional form
Ancestral amphibian
shoulder
pelvis
shoulder
pelvis
femur
humerus
radius
femur
humerus
ulna
tibia-fibula
fins
radius
tibia
ulna
fibula
limbs
21
Amphibians
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moist, smooth skin
hindlimb (to side)
a. Barred tiger salamander,
Ambystoma tigrinum
fleshy toes
tympanum
b. Tree frog,
Hyla andersoni
eye
forelimb
sightless head
smooth skin
c. Caecilian,
Caecilia nigricans
a: © Suzanne L. Collins & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Juan Manuel Renjifo/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
22
Amphibian Features
Usually tetrapods
 Lungs usually present in adults
 Metamorphosis
 Smooth and moist skin
 Three-chambered heart
 Ectothermic

23
Vertebrate Circulatory Pathways
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gill capillaries
lung and skin capillaries
lung capillaries
ventricle
atrium
right
atrium
left
ventricle
other
capillaries
other
capillaries
other
capillaries
a. Fishes
b. Amphibians and
most reptiles
c. Some reptiles;
birds and
mammals
O2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
mixed blood
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Reptiles

Class Reptilia
Thought to have evolved from amphibian
ancestors by the Permian period
 Practice internal fertilization
 Lay eggs protected by a leathery shell
(amniotic egg)

25
Phylogenetic Tree of Reptiles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
orbit
mammals
lateral
temporal
opening
therapsids
(extinct)
turtles
Synapsid skull
orbit
pelycosaurs
(extinct)
snakes
Anapsid skull
ancestral
amniote
(extinct)
Reptiles
dorsal
temporal
opening
lizards
orbit
tuataras
lateral
temporal
opening
thecodonts
(extinct)
common ancestor
CARBONIFEROUS
PALEOZOIC ERA
PERMIAN
TRIASSIC
dinosaurs
(extinct)
Archosaurs
crocodilians
Diapsid skull
birds
JURASSIC
CRETACEOUS
CENOZOIC ERA
(to the present)
MESOZOIC ERA
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Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles

Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is
keratinized and impermeable to water
Usually tetrapods
 Lungs with expandable rib cage
 Shelled amniotic egg
 Dry, scaly skin
 Ectothermic

27
Reptilian Anatomy
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
esophagus
lung
trachea
vertebra
stomach
spinal cord
gonad
kidney
nostril
tongue
a.
claw
heart
liver
intestine
colon cloaca anus
scales
thick, scaly skin
b.
b: © OS21/PhotoDisc
28
Reptilian Diversity
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Venom gland
shell (carapace)
fang
rattle
beak
clawed foot
flipper
a. Green sea turtle, chelonia mydas
b. Glla monster, Heloderma suspectum
third eye (not visible) Scaly
skin
C. Diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox
egg shell
shell
yolk sac
tail
jaws
albumin
amnion
embryo
chorion
allantois
air space
d. Tuatara, sphenodon punctatus
e .American crocodile, crocodylus acutus
a: © H. Hall/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Joel Sartorie/National Geographic/Getty Images;
d: © Nathan W. Cohen/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Martin Harvey; Gallo Images/Corbis
29
Science Focus

Pharmaceutical products come from some
vertebrates

Even poisons and toxins can be used as
medicines

The Thailand cobra venom is source of the drug
Immunokine,


Used for multiple sclerosis patients.
The southern copperhead snake and the fer-delance pit viper provide a chemical for the synthesis
of anticoagulants, painkillers, antibiotics, and
anticancer drugs.
30
Science Focus
A variety of friendlier vertebrates produce
proteins that can be used for medical
treatment.
 Insulin to treat diabetes was purified from
pigs.
 The flu vaccine is produced in fertilized
chicken eggs.

31
Use of other Vertebrates for Medical
Purposes
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a. Poison-dart frogs, source of a medicine
b. Pigs, source of organs
c. Heart for transplantation
a: © MedioImages/SuperStock; b: © Allan Friedlander/SuperStock; c: © Account Phototake/Phototake
32
Birds

Characteristics of Class Aves
Feathers
 Hard-shelled amniotic egg
 Four-chambered heart
 Often winged
 Air sacs
 Endothermic

33
Bird Anatomy and Flight
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Feather anatomy
barb
barbule
shaft
nostril
ear opening
esophagus
trachea
lung
testis
downstroke
kidney
gizzard
crop
posterior air sac
heart
forelimb
vas deferens
liver
ureter
sternum
pancreas
sternum
with keel
cloaca rectum
upstroke
hindlimb
skeleton
a. Bird and feather anatomy
b. Bald eagle, Haliaetus
b(Both): © Daniel J. Cox
34
Bird Beaks
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a. Bald eagle, Haliaetus leucocephalus
c. Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber
b. Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
d. Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna
e. Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis
a: © Thomas Kitchin/Tom Stack & Associates; b: © Joel McDonald/Corbis; c: © Brian Parker/Tom Stack & Associates; d: © IT Stock/PunchStock; e: © Kirtley Perkins/Visuals Unlimited
35
Mammals

Class Mammalia
 Thought to have evolved during the Mesozoic Era
from therapsids





Mammalian skull accommodates a larger brain relative
to body size
Chief characteristics and hair and milk-producing
mammary glands
Infant dependency
Internal development
Differentiated teeth
36
Monotremes and Marsupials
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a. Duckbill platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus
b. Koala,
Phascolarctos cinereus
c. Virginia opossum,
Didelphis virginianus
a: © D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook/Ardea; b: © Fritz Prenzel/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; c: © Leonard Lee Rue/Photo Researchers, Inc.
37
Mammals
Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs
 Marsupials - Females contain pouch
 Placentals - Females have organ for
exchange of maternal and placental blood

38
Placental Mammals
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a. White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
c. Squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus
b. African lioness, Panthera leo
d. Killer whale, Orcinus orca
a: © Stephen J. Krasemann/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Stephen J. Krasemann/DRK Photo; c: © Gerald Lacz/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; d: © Mike Bacon
39
Major Orders of Mammals

Perissodactyla


Deer
Cats
Primates




Carnivora


Horses
Chiroptera
Bats
Artiodactyla






Whales

Mice
Proboscidea

Monkeys
Cetacea
Rodentia
Elephants
Lagomorpha

Rabbits
40
Review

Chordates

Non-vertebrate Chordates

Vertebrates

Fishes

Amphibians

Retiles

Birds

Mammals
41
Chapter 29: pp. 539 - 558
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Vertebrate Evolution
BIOLOGY
© 2003 Monty Sloan/Wolf Photographer
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
42