Continued Evaluation of Freud
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Culturally biased (already discussed)
Testability
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Empirical evidence – low
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Concepts defined ambiguously
Narrow data base
Didn’t do research
Difficult to disprove
Broad and comprehensive
Lasting legacy
Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)
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Anyone who wants to know the human psyche will learn
next to nothing from experimental psychology. He
would be better advised to abandon exact science, put
away his scholar's gown, bid farewell to his study, and
wander with human heart through the world. There in
the horrors of prisons, lunatic asylums and hospitals, in
drab suburban pubs, in brothels and gambling-hells, in
the salons of the elegant, the Stock Exchanges, socialist
meetings, churches, revivalist gatherings and ecstatic
sects, through love and hate, through the experience of
passion in every form in his own body, he would reap
richer stores of knowledge than text-books a foot thick
could give him, and he will know how to doctor the sick
with a real knowledge of the human soul. -- Carl Jung
Carl Jung (1875 – 1961)
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Rich contribution
Melding of psychology, religion, culture
Parts of Mind:
1. Conscious ego
2. Personal unconscious
3. Collective unconscious
Jung
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Archetypes
Wise Old Man
Hero
Trickster
Great Mother
Jung’s Types:
Introversion - oriented toward inner world
Extraversion
Preferred ways of dealing with the world
4 functions:
1.
Sensing
2.
Intuiting
3.
Thinking
4.
Feeling
1&2 are perceiving functions
3&4 are judging functions
See Myers-Briggs Types
Alfred Adler (1870 – 1937)
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Feelings of inferiority
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Striving for superiority
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Inferiority complex
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Mistaken lifestyles
Karen Horney (1855 – 1952)
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Basic anxiety
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10 neurotic needs
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3 broad coping
strategies
Horney
Coping or directional strategies:
moving toward (compliance)
moving away (withdrawal)
moving against (aggression)
Object relations theory
object
Heinz Kohut – self psychology
selfobject
mirroring
Narcissitc personality
Erik Erikson
Psychosocial stages of development
1.
Infancy: trust vs. mistrust
2.
Early childhood: autonomy vs. shame
3.
Preschool: initiative vs. guilt
4.
School age: industry vs. inferiority
5.
Adolescence: identity vs. confusion
6.
Young adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
7.
Adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
8.
Old age: integrity vs. despair
Attachment theories
Attachment = emotional ties or bonds with
someone
Themes:
1. safe base
2. internal working models
Secure attachment (70%)
Insecure attachment (30%)
avoidant
ambivalent
disorganized
Ainsworth (1983); Isabella et al. (1989)
Harzan & Shaver (1987)
secure adults
avoidant adults
ambivalent adults
Fraley & Shaver (1998)