Table 1
Race of Southern Appalachians, 1790-1860
__________________________________________________________________________________
Appalachian
% White
% African-American
% Cherokee
Counties of:
1790 1820 1860
1790 1820 1860
1790 1820 1860
__________________________________________________________________________________
Alabama
Georgia
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
B
B
88.3
89.3
78.1
91.3
84.1
81.5
90.5
83.8
84.5
86.4
80.6
79.1
76.6
88.9
69.7
87.8
77.6
82.7
91.5
87.6
84.8
78.0
87.5
71.6
93.8
B
11.7
10.7
8.1
8.7
7.9
18.5
9.5
B
8.3
13.6
19.4
14.1
23.4
9.9
30.3
12.2
9.8
16.8
8.5
12.4
13.8
22.0
12.2
28.4
6.2
22.0
92.0
B
B
14.8
B
8.0
B
B
95.0
6.4
7.2
0.5
B
-B
-6.8 1.4
B
-1.2 0.3
B
-B
B
0.4
Region
85.0 79.0 84.0
10.6
19.3 15.7
4.4
1.7 0.3
__________________________________________________________________________________
Sources: U.S. Census Office, First Census; U.S. Census Office, Census of 1820; U.S. Census Office, Population in
1860; Thornton, Cherokees, pp. 43, 49-50; Report of Indian Commissioner, 1884, pp. li-liii.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 2
Estimates of the Ethnic Origins of U.S. Whites in 1790
Region
% English
ACLS Purvis
% Welsh
ACLS
Purvis
% German
ACLS
Purvis
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
57.9
64.5
66.0
60.2
57.9
68.5
54.8
52.5
53.2
47.6
50.6
61.3
-B
B
B
B
B
3.6
4.6
6.2
6.2
4.8
6.5
14.0
11.7
4.7
5.0
14.0
6.3
4.9
12.7
5.1
5.5
6.6
4.5
United States
60.1
59.7
B
4.3
8.6
8.9
Region
% Scottish
ACLS
Purvis
% Irish
ACLS
Purvis
% Scotch-Irish
ACLS
Purvis
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
10.0
7.6
14.8
15.1
10.0
10.2
8.3
5.2
7.9
9.4
8.9
5.9
5.2
6.5
5.4
4.4
5.2
5.5
9.0
10.9
8.6
8.2
8.7
6.8
7.0
5.8
5.7
9.4
7.0
6.2
16.5
10.4
15.8
18.9
17.8
11.7
8.1
5.3
3.6
5.8
5.9
10.5
United States
Sources: American Council of Learned Societies, AReport,@ pp. 107-441; Purvis, AEuropean Ancestry,@ pp. 85-101.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 3
Scenario Predictions of Ulster-Irish Population in Southern Appalachia, 1790
State
Estimates of Ulster-Irish Population in Southern Appalachian Counties
Assuming Even Distribution Assuming that 25% State=s Assuming that 35% State=s
of Scotch-Irish Emigrants
Scotch-Irish Emigrants
Scotch-Irish Emigrants
throughout the State
Settled in Appalachia
Settled in Appalachia
Number
% all whites
Number
% all whites
Number
% all whites
Kentucky
1,315
Maryland
4,778
North Carolina
4,546
Tennessee
3,561
Virginia & WV 21,307
16.5
10.4
15.8
17.8
11.7
2,522
5,425
11,384
---
31.6
11.8
39.5
B
B
3,530
7,594
15,937
B
B
44.3
16.5
55.4
---
Sources: Estimates made using U.S. Census Office, First Census and Purvis, AEuropean Ancestry,@ p.
98, which offers the highest estimates yet made for Ulster-Irish settlement in southern states with
Appalachian counties. Two-thirds of Tennessee=s 1790 population and two-fifths of Virginia=s 1790
population were concentrated in Appalachian counties. It is, therefore, unrealistic to assume that only onequarter to one-third of the Scotch-Irish emigrants would have settled in Appalachian counties in those two
states.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 4
Religious Diversity in Southern Appalachia, 1850
______________________________________________________________________________________
Appalachian
Percentage of All Church Adherents in Appalachian Counties of:
Denomination
AL
GA
KY
MD
NC
SC
TN
VA
WV
______________________________________________________________________________________
Baptist
50.6
54.8
53.5
2.3
49.5
36.6
36.1
24.3
22.9
Catholic
8.4
0.1
Christian
0.3
0.1
6.6
2.9
0.4
0.4
Episcopalian
1.4
6.3
0.4
7.3
5.7
German Reformed
23.1
0.7
1.2
Lutheran
14.7
0.2
1.0
5.7
0.9
Mennonite
0.3
Methodist
40.4
37.3
31.4
34.6
44.6
54.6
37.4
7.9
52.5
Moravian
0.2
0.3
Presbyterian
8.7
6.4
8.5
3.5
4.9
8.8
21.3
15.8
15.1
Quaker
0.6
0.8
0.8
2.0
0.1
Other Sects
6.5
5.4
0.9
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Source: Analysis of county church data in U.S. Census Office, Seventh Census. Note that these census counts were
self-reported church adherents, not an actual count of church members. Estimates do not reflect percentages of the
population that was affiliated with each denomination, for a majority of Appalachians were still not affiliated with
churches in 1850.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 5
Wealth and Class Divisions among White Southern Appalachian Households, 1860
______________________________________________________________________________________
Low Income/
Appalachian
Poor Households
Working Class
Middle Class
Wealthy Elites
Counties of:
% Avg. Wealth
% Avg. Wealth
% Avg. Wealth
% Avg. Wealth
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alabama
Georgia
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
40.9
38.3
40.0
43.7
46.0
45.6
40.8
54.4
45.8
122
93
115
61
82
110
111
67
92
10.8
7.2
9.6
8.2
9.2
5.9
7.0
5.0
6.9
454
450
452
473
447
431
448
459
451
41.9
39.6
48.8
36.2
36.4
32.4
42.6
26.6
37.8
2,136
2,666
1,845
2,155
2,130
2,408
2,394
2,507
2,331
6.4
14.9
1.6
11.9
8.4
16.1
9.6
14.0
9.5
38,105
20,788
14,339
28,106
19,787
20,731
18,595
27,639
26,276
Region
41.7
95
7.5
402
38.1
2,286
12.7
23,906
______________________________________________________________________________________
Sources: Derived from analysis of a systematic probability sample of 3,056 households drawn from the 1860 Census
of Population enumerator manuscripts. By national standards, an impoverished household held less than $350 in total
assets, low income/working class = $350 to $599, middle class = $600 to $7,499; wealthy elites = $7,500 and up; see
Soltow, Men of Wealth.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 6
Class Perceptions of Poor White Economic Opportunities
_______________________________________________________________________
Perception of Economic Opportunities Expressed By Veterans
Major landholders
helped the poor
No chance for a poor
who were
man. The big land
"respectable"
owners controlled
and "deserving."
everything and kept
Class
There were many
the poor man down.
Identified by
advancement
Very limited economic
Appalachian
opportunities for
opportunities for the
Veterans
"hard-working" men.
poor young man
_______________________________________________________________________
NONSLAVEHOLDERS:
Landless Poor
Poor Farm Owners
Middling Farm Owners
SLAVEHOLDERS
35.2
6.0
11.5
68.6
100.0
64.8
94.0
88.5
31.4
--
ALL FAMILIES
41.9
58.1
_______________________________________________________________________
Source: Derived from analysis of questionnaire responses by all Civil War veterans from Appalachian counties (N =
474) in Dyer & Moore, Civil War Veteran Questionnaires. 9 of the veterans were from 5 counties of Alabama, 19
from 11 counties of Georgia, 24 from 12 counties of North Carolina, 1 from South Carolina, 384 from Tennessee,
and 37 from 19 counties of Virginia.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 7
Occupations of Adult Appalachian Slaves Employed by Their Own Masters
_____________________________________________________________
Work Assignment
Male
Female
All
_____________________________________________________________
Slave Driver
10.2
2.6
5.9
Field & outdoor farm work
29.2
10.0
Field + artisan
29.3
35.8
31.4
Livestock specialists
8.2
-3.6
Master's house servants
-4.7
2.7
House + field
2.0
-0.9
House + field + artisan
2.0
23.7
14.2
House + artisan
5.4
14.8
10.7
Commercial Laborers
4.8
-2.1
Industrial Laborers
7.5
-3.3
House + artisan + child care
for slave children
1.4
8.4
5.3
_____________________________________________________________
19.9
Source: Analysis of all adult occupations (n = 337; males = 147; females = 190) identified in the Appalachian slave
narratives. This table excludes those slaves who were hired out (n = 84).
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 8
Landlessness among Free Households, 1790-1810 and 1860
________________________________________________________________
% 1860 Households that Were Landless
Appalachian
1790
Rural
Counties of
Hshlds. All
Farm
Nonfarm Town
Cherokee
________________________________________________________________
Alabama
Georgia
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
--56.9
42.3
35.8
86.0
55.3
62.9
62.7
44.9
39.6
35.7
42.9
46.1
51.2
45.6
51.3
48.7
38.1
42.5
37.8
26.5
33.4
44.0
41.2
30.2
31.4
52.2
81.3
66.9
48.3
66.9
80.0
42.9
65.9
62.0
53.1
56.2
49.9
48.7
55.6
54.9
57.3
68.8
65.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
100.0
Region
57.2
45.8
36.8
60.4
60.1
99.1
________________________________________________________________
Sources: Landlessness among different types of households derived from analysis of a systematic probability sample
of 3,056 households drawn from the 1860 Census of Population enumerator manuscripts.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 9
Ownership of Land or Business Enterprises by White Appalachians, 1860
________________________________________
Appalachian
Counties of: No.
% Owners
% Laborers
________________________________________
Alabama
57.9
42.1
Georgia & South
Carolina
55.1
44.9
Kentucky
64.3
35.7
Maryland
50.0
50.0
North Carolina
54.0
46.0
Tennessee
53.8
46.2
Virginia
58.8
41.2
West Virginia
44.1
55.9
Region
53.2
46.8
________________________________________
Source: Analysis of systematic sample (n = 3,056) drawn from Census of Population enumerator
manuscripts.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.
Table 10
Wealth Inequality, 1810-1860
_________________________________________
% Total Wealth Owned by
Appalachian
Top 10% of Households
Counties of:
1790-1810
1860
_________________________________________
Alabama
Georgia
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
West Virginia
NA
NA
56.1
43.7
53.2
65.8
44.7
62.0
64.9
74.9
63.7
69.8
76.3
70.1
76.8
75.4
76.8
81.9
Region
56.2
71.6
_________________________________________
Sources: Frontier wealth estimates were derived from analysis of the 1790-1810 tax list samples (n = 10,264); see
Appendix for sampling techniques and methodology. 1860 wealth estimates derived from analysis of sample of
households (n = 3,056) drawn from the 1860 Census of Population enumerator manuscripts.
This is a copyrighted document from the electronic archive for Wilma A. Dunaway, Southern
Laboring Women: The Gendered Boundaries of Race, Ethnicity, and Class in Antebellum
Appalachia, 1700-1860, Virginia Tech Library.