Vedic Mathematics
M. Krishnamoorthy (moorthy)
email address: moorthy@cs.rpi.edu
URL:
http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~moorthy/vm
Sutra
1. Ekadhikena Purvena
By one more than the previous one.
The preposition “by” means the operations
this sutra concerns are either multiplication
or division ( In the case of
addition/subtraction preposition to/from is
used.). In this case it is useful for both of
them.
Examples
67 * 63
72 * 78
84 * 86
Why does it work?
x y = 10 * x + y
a b = 10 * a + b
x y * a b ( we know that x=a, y+b=10)
(10*a + y) (10*a+b) = 100 a^2+
10*a(y+b)+yb
= 100 a*(a+1) + yb (because y+b=10)
Some Generalizations
23 * 37 =
46 * 74 =
22 * 68 =
More Uses
102 * 198 =
234 * 2 66 =
345 * 3 55 =
Corollary 1 for Nikhilam
Yavdunam Jaavdunikritya Varga Cha Yojayet
Whatever the extent of dificiency lessen it still
further to that very extent; and also set up
the square of that deficiency.
Examples
Computing the square of 9:
Nearest power of 10 to 9 is 10. Since 9 is 1
less than 10, decrease it 1 further to 8. Then
get the square of the deficiency which is 1.
Hence the answer is 81.
8^2 - deficiency is 2, 2 further of 8 is 6.
64 ( 4 is the square of 2.)
Examples
Computing the square of 7.
Nearest power of 10 to 7 is 10. Since 7 is 3
less than 10, decrease it 3 further to 4. Then
get the square of the deficiency which is 9.
Hence the answer is 49..
11^2 - deficiency is 1, 1 further of 11 is 12.
121.
More Examples
18 ^ 2
19^2
32 ^ 2
Vedic Number Representation
A number was encoded using a consonant
groups of sanskrit alphabet, and vowels
were provided as additional latitude to the
author for poetic composition. The coding
key is given as
Kaadi nav, taadi nav, paadi panchak,
yaadashtak ta ksha shunyam.
Meaning
Translated as below:
 letter “ka” and the following eight letters
 letter “ta” and the following eight letters
 letter “pa” and the following four letters
 letter “ya” and the following seven letters
 letter “ksha” for zero
Numbers
ka, ta, pa, ya = 1
 kha, tha, pha, ra = 2
 ga, da, ba, la = 3
 gha, dha, bha,va =4
 gna, ba,ma,sa =5
 cha,ta,sa=6
 chha,tha,sha=7

Numbers - Contd
Ja, da, ha =8
 jha, dha = 9
 ksha =0
Examples pa pa = 11 ma ra = 52.
An interesting example of this is said to be
hymn in the praise of Lord Krishna which
gives the value of Pi to 32 decimal places.
