Replication
Cell Division
DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis
All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com
DNA Scientists
Who tried to find the genetic
material but Failed? Instead he
found TRANSFORMATION.
Scientist injected mice
with heat killed disease
causing bacteria and alive
good bacteria. The mice
died of pneumonia. Some
“factor” caused good
bacteria to become
disease causing bacteria.
This is called
TRANSFORMATION!
Griffith
“F” for failing to find genetic material!
But… He found
TRANSFORMATION
Griffith injected mice with
heat killed disease causing
bacteria and alive good
bacteria. The mice died of
pneumonia. Some
“factor” caused good
bacteria to become
disease causing bacteria.
This is called
TRANSFORMATION!
Who actually found DNA was the “factor” that
caused good bacteria to change into bad
bacteria by testing each of the 4
macromolecules ?
(carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Avery
Remember: Avery got an “A”
for finding DNA; the factor
that causes transformation
Who used X-rays to determine what
DNA really looked like?
Hint: This scientist died from too much
radiation 
Rosalind Franklin
You may see this
picture on the SOL!
Who discovered the shape of the
DNA molecule and was awarded
the Nobel Prize?
Watson & Crick
Double Helix DNA Model
Who used radioactive bacteriophages
(viruses) to confirm the genetic
material being transferred was DNA?
Capsid (protein coat of virus)
Bacteriophage
(Virus)
Bacteria Cell
Hershey & Chase
Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject
their DNA for infection and replication.
Real Picture of a
Bacteriophage
Who found:
% of Adenine = % Thymine
% Cytosine = % Guanine
What is this rule called?
CHARGAFF
Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!
A, T, C, G
Which ones are purines?
Which are pyrimidines?
Hint: You “Pee Urine”
(Purine) in an
outhouse attached to
the main house
Hint: Cystine and
Thymine have “y”
in their names like
Pyrimidine
What does DNA stand for ?
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
What is the shape of the DNA
molecule called?
What is the shape of the DNA
molecule called?
DOUBLE HELIX
2 sides like a ladder
What is DNA’s function?
DNA carries the
genetic code to
make proteins
from amino acids
What is the name of the sugar
that is in DNA (nucleotide)?
Sugar’s Name?
What is the name of the sugar
that is in DNA (nucleotide)?
Deoxyribose
What is the difference between the
DNA in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
What is the difference between the
DNA in
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
What are the specific
structures that carry the
genetic code found in the
nucleus?
Chromosomes
Name the 3 parts of a DNA
nucleotide
(building block = monomer)
Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide
(building block = monomer)
Why is DNA Replication
important?
Cell Division!
Must have 2 identical strands of DNA
What are the
steps of DNA
Replication?
2 new
DNA
Strands
1. DNA unzips (opens up)
2. DNA Polymerase (enzyme)
attaches to the DNA and adds
complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to
make new sides of DNA
3. Then, DNA Polymerase checks
and edits the new side to make
sure the proper nitrogen bases
are added.
4. Two identical strands of DNA are
created (S phase of cell cycle)
2 new
DNA
Strands
An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen
bases
CGGTATGAT
1. What are the complimentary bases for the
new DNA strand after replication?
2. What bond holds the nitrogen bases
together to form the “steps of the ladder”?
CGGTATGAT
l l
l
l l l l l l
GCCATACTA
Original strand
Hydrogen Bonds
New strand
What is the
protein that DNA
wraps around to
coil up?
Histone
What is a Nucleosome?
What is a Nucleosome?
Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them.
List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences
DNA
Similarities
RNA
Both are Nucleic Acids
Sugar Phosphate Backbones
A, C, G Nitrogen Bases
Differences
Deoxyribose Sugar
Thymine
Double Helix
Ribose Sugar
Uracil
Single Strand
List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences
MUST KNOW THIS!
DNA
RNA
Similarities
Both are Nucleic Acids
Sugar - Phosphate Backbones
A, C, G nitrogen Bases
Differences
Deoxyribose Sugar
Thymine base
Double Helix
Ribose Sugar
Uracil base
Single Strand
Strawberry DNA
Extraction Lab
Why did we use…
1. Soap?
2. Salt?
3. Meat tenderizer?
4. Cold alcohol?
Strawberry DNA
Extraction Lab
Why did we use…
1. Soap: Breaks down cell and
nucleus lipid membranes
2. Salt: Neutralizes (+) and (-)
charges
3. Meat tenderizer: Breaks down
the protein (Histones) that
DNA wraps around
4. Cold alcohol: Precipitates out
DNA
RNA
What must
you
remember
about RNA?
RNA
Uracil base
Hint:
RNA loves
“U”
Name the 3 different types of
RNA and function of each
mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for
proteins out of DNA to ribosome
(like a recipe)
tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes
(like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef)
rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (Ribosome) makes the protein
(like the chef)
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
RNA
What does
RNA stand
for?
What does RNA stand for ?
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA
What is
the
purpose
of
RNA?
RNA
What is the
purpose of
RNA?
To make
PROTEINS!!!
Where is RNA found?
Where is RNA found?
CYTOPLASM
What is the whole
process of making
proteins that
includes
transcription &
translation called?
What is the whole process of making
proteins that includes transcription &
translation called?
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
What is the process called going
from DNA → RNA?
List the steps of this process.
DNA → RNA is called…
“TRANSCRIPTION”
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the NUCLEUS,
DNA unzips
RNA Polymerase
binds to DNA
RNA Polymerase
reads DNA’s
nitrogen bases and
makes and edits
mRNA
mRNA goes out to
cytoplasm through
the nuclear pores
When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during
transcription,
•What is kept in?
•What is edited (cut) out?
What is the process going from
RNA → Protein called?
List the steps for this process.
RNA → Protein is called…
“TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA
attaches to mRNA
rRNA reads mRNA beginning
at the AUG “START codon”
Each tRNA brings 1 amino
acid to ribosome that has an
anti-codon to mRNA codon
until it reads a “STOP”
codon
Amino acids join to form
polypeptide (amino acid)
chain which is
PROTEIN
What is the 3 base code on
the mRNA called?
What is the 3 base code on the mRNA
called?
Codon
What is the 3
base code on
the tRNA
called?
What is the 3 base
code on the tRNA
called?
Anti-codon
Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
1 codon = 1 amino acid
3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon
How many amino acids are there?
How many different codons code for
those amino acids?
How many amino acids are there? 20
How many different codons code for
those amino acids? 64
Can you Translate this?
A U G U G C G U C U A A
What is a gene mutation?
Not a real
picture
Change in nucleotide
sequence
1
What kind of
DNA mutations
are these?
2
Name each type
3
Substitution
Point Mutation
Insertion
Frame shift Mutation
What kind of DNA
mutations are
these?
GENE
MUTATIONS
Name each type
Substitution (Point Mutation)
Insertion (Frame shift)
Deletion (Frame shift)
Deletion
Frame shift Mutation
Name all
types of
chromosomal mutations
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
Which one of these is not a gene mutation?
Substitution?
Deletion ?
Insertion?
Inversion?
Picture shows a gene mutation in
mice
Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)
Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)
Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)
Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation
I bet he can
catch 3x
more flies!
Haha
What genes control the basic plan for
where tissues and organs go in an
embryo (organism)?
Hox Genes
Not a real
picture!
Keep studying until you can answer every
questions correctly…