Chemistry of Life At the Completion of this Unit, Students will be able to: A. Identify and define the parts of an atom. B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. D. Explain the properties of water. E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules. G. Explain the role of enzymes. A. Students will be able to identify and define the parts of an atom. What makes up the chemistry of life? The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom. The Greek word atomos, which means “unable to cut”. This word was first used nearly 2500 years ago by Greek philosopher Democritus. Democritus asked a simple question “If you take an object like chalk and break it in half are both pieces still chalk?” Yes, suppose you break the chalk down again and again and again. Can you continue to divide without limit? Or is there a limit? Democritus thought their was a limit. Democritus called the smallest fragment the atom, a name scientists use today. A. Identify and define the parts of an atom. . Chemistry of Life – the SMALLEST particle that can exist and still be considered a certain kind of matter (anything that has mass) All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms Atoms A. Identify and define the parts of an atom. . Atoms -- have three components – negatively charged; surround nucleus PROTONS -- positively charged; found in nucleus NEUTRONS -- neutral; found in nucleus ELECTRONS Are you with me?? Which of the following correctly pairs each atom component with it’s charge? A. B. C. D. Electrons—Positive Neutrons—Negative Protons—Positive Electrons—Neutral A. Identify and define the parts of an atom. . Electrons Protons& Neutrons (Nucleus) Energy Levels B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements 6 Atomic Number = # of Protons and # of Electrons C Carbon 12 Chemical Symbol Chemical Name Atomic Weight= # of Protons + Neutrons B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements Atomic Number = 6 C Carbon 12 # of Protons and # of Electrons Chemical Symbol Chemical Name Atomic Weight= # of Protons + Neutrons Remember: No more than 2 electrons on first ring, No more than 8 on second P= 6 E=6 N= 6 (Atomic Weight- Atomic # = Neutrons) C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Chemistry of Life Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Major Elements of Life C = Carbon H = Hydrogen O = Oxygen P = Phosphorus K = Potassium C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Major Elements of Life I = Iodine N = Nitrogen S = Sulfur Ca = Calcium C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Major Elements of Life Fe = Iron Mg = Magnesium Na = Sodium Cl = Chlorine C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Where do we find these elements? In all living and nonliving things. C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Major Elements in Human Body C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Chemistry of Life – matter that is made of more than ONE kind of ATOM Compounds are made by atoms sharing or taking ELECTRONS from the other atoms in the compound Compounds C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Compound Example ( H2O ) – each molecule is made of two HYDROGEN atoms and one OXYGEN atom Water C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Water Molecule C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Chemical Bonds The main types of Chemical Bonds in a compound are: – Ionic Bonds – Covalent Bonds C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Ionic Bonds An IONIC BOND is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Ionic Bond Example C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Covalent Bonds A COVALENT BOND is formed when electrons are shared between atoms. Single bond: Share two electrons double bond: Share four electrons Triple bond: Atoms share six or more electrons MOLECULE. The structure that results when atoms are joined together by a covalent bond C. List the major chemical elements and compounds. Covalent Bond Example C. List the major chemical elements and compounds The Water Molecule One atom of oxygen binds to two atoms of hydrogen to form H20. Like all molecules a water molecule (H20) is neutral. Water molecules are held together by a hydrogen bond. Hydrogen Bonds are not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to one side of the oxygen atom, resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the side where the hydrogen atoms are and a negative charge on the other side, where the oxygen atom is. Since opposites attract, water molecules tend to attract each other, making water kind of "sticky." C. List the major chemical elements and compounds The Water Molecule D. Explain the properties of water. Properties of Water Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. – Example: molecules on the surface of water are drawn inward, forming drops and beads D. Explain the properties of water. Properties of Water Adhesion is an attraction between molecules of different substances. – Example: Water clinging to paper towel. Capillary action is one of the forces that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up into it’s stems and leaves. (Cohesion holds the column of water together as it rises) D. Explain the properties of water. Properties of Water Surface Tension is caused by the capillary action of water – Is the reason some insects and spiders can glide across the surface of the water Specific Heat of Water D. Explain the properties of water. Properties of Water Lab E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. Why is water so important to agriculture? At least 75% of animal body mass is water Plants contain 70-80% water Transports nutrients and wastes E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. Why is water so important to agriculture? Dissolves compounds -“Universal Solvent” Regulates body temperature in animals Provides structure for plants E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. What is this? E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. How much milk does she produce daily? 80- 100 pounds per day – 8 pounds per gallon E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. How much WATER does a milk cow drink daily? 2 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of milk Remember… 80- 120 pounds per day – 8 pounds per gallon 20-30 gallons F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Macromolecules= A Very Large Molecule Remember… Molecules are structures that are made when atoms are joined by a covalent bond. Vs F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Macromolecules= A Very Large Molecule Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Carbohydrates Provide energy Three Types –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Carbohydrates Monosaccharides simple SUGAR contain C6H12O6 –Examples: GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND GALACTOSE F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Carbohydrates Disaccharides double SUGAR contain two RINGS SUCROSE and LACTOSE F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Carbohydrates Polysaccharides complex CARBOHYDRATES made of RINGS of SUGAR –Example: STARCH, CELLULOSE, and GLYCOGEN F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Proteins STRUCTURE and FUNCTION Made of H, O, C, N F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Proteins Structure of Proteins Amino Acids – building BLOCKS – 20 different kinds – all have the same elements but in different amounts Polypeptides – chains of AMINO ACIDS Joined by peptide bonds Proteins – chains of POLYPEPTIDES Used to make SKIN, HAIR, MUSCLE, ORGANS, etc. F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Carbon Atoms Beef Chemical Bonds Protein Lipids FATTY molecules used to store ENERGY Do not DISSOLVE in WATER Lipids have less OXYGEN than carbohydrates Examples of Lipids are: FATS, OILS, AND WAXES F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules Nucleic Acids Store INFORMATION that controls CELL activities Made of a PHOSPHATE SUGAR, and a BASE. Examples of Nucleic Acids are: DNA and RNA Nucleic Acid Two types of nucleic acids: – DNA – RNA DNA stores the genetic information of organisms; RNA is used to transfer that information into the amino acid sequences of proteins. DNA and RNA are polymers composed of subunits called nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Five nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides: – the purines • adenine (A) • guanine (G) – the pyrimidines • cytosine (C) • thymine (T) (DNA only) • uracil (U) (RNA only) Nucleic Acids G. Explain the role of enzymes. Enzymes Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes must collide with enough energy to break bonds creating chemical reactions. Chemical reactions create energy. Substrates and Products Enzymes Lactose and Lactase Bell Quiz: 1- What makes up an Atomic Number? 2- What charge does an electron have? 3- What charge does a neutron have? 4- How do you determine the number of neutrons? 5- What is composed of atoms? Living or non-living things? Bell Quiz: Name 5 elements on the Periodic Table along with their -Chemical Symbol, Atomic Weight, and Atomic Number Bell Work 9/24/13 1- What is an ionic bond? 2- What is a covalent bond? 3- Draw a diagram of what each bond looks like. 4- List 4 major elements of life Bell Quiz: 11/2/09 1- What is PH? 2-Name 5 items we tested on Friday 3-What is a basic solution? (#’s) 4-What is an acidic solution? (#’s) 5- What # on the ph scale is neutral? Bell Quiz: 1- What is adhesion 2-What is cohesion 3- What causes water on a leaf to form into beads? 4-Name 1 force that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up through the stem 5- Draw a picture of a water molecule Bell Quiz: 1- What is a macromolecule? 2-Name 4 macromolecules 3- What helps with structure and function? 4-What macromolecule is NOT water soluble? 5- What macromolecule provides energy Unit Packet 1- Vocab Sheet: 5 pts 2- Notes (all sections stapled together) 5 pts 3-Nutrition Video Notes 5 pts 4- Properties of Water Lab Sheet 5 pts 5- Nutrition Label/ Macromolecule Notes 5 pts 6- Test Review 5 pts