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Chapter 19 B BSC 2086 Class Notes Summer 2010
Please list the 4 Vital Signs:
A ________________ pulse taken at the wrist is routinely counted.
Please list the other 8 pulse points:
Systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly by the ______________________ (listening) method using a
____________________________. Pressure is increased in the cuff until it exceeds ______________ pressure
in the brachial artery: you hear _____________________at this point. Pressure is released slowly and the
examiner listens for sounds of ____________________ (tapping) with a stethoscope. Sounds first occur as
blood starts to spurt through the artery at _______________ pressure, normally _________________ mm Hg).
Sounds _________________ when the artery is no longer constricted and blood is flowing freely at
___________________ pressure, normally __________________ mm Hg.
BP ______________ in the morning due to levels of hormones.
Please describe Hypotension:
Please describe the 3 Types of Hypotension:
Please describe Hypertension:
Prolonged Hypertension is a major cause of ______________________, ___________________,
_________________________, and ___________________. Primary or essential hypertension
accounts for 90% of hypertensive conditions. Hypertension if due to several risk factors including (please name
7 risk factors):
Secondary hypertension is less common, and is due to identifiable disorders, including __________________,
_____________________, and endocrine disorders such as ______________________ and
____________________________ that may be caused glucocorticoid drugs.
Please name 4 things in which Blood Flow or Tissue Perfusion is involved:
Rate of flow is precisely the ________________ amount to provide for _______________________.
Velocity ______________________ related to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel. Blood Flow
Velocity is fastest in the ______________ slowest in the ______________, increases again in
_________________.
________________________ is the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its
requirements at any given point in time. It is controlled ________________________ (locally) by modifying
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the diameter of local arterioles feeding the capillaries, and is independent of
________________________________ which is controlled as needed to maintain constant pressure.
What are two types of Autoregulation?
Vasodilation of Arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters occur in response to (name 3 things):
Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles is mainly caused by the release of _______________________ from
vascular endothelial cells.
Vasoconstriction is due to ____________________________ stimulation and release of potent
________________________ by the endothelium.
________________________ responses of vascular smooth muscle keep tissue perfusion constant despite most
fluctuations in systemic pressure. Passive stretch caused by increased intravascular pressure promotes
_______________________ and ____________________. Reduced stretch promotes
_____________________ and ___________________ blood flow to the tissue.
_____________________ occurs when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements. The
number of vessels to a region _________________ and existing vessels __________________. Angiogenesis
is common in the heart when a ____________________________, or throughout the body in people in
________________________ areas.
Muscle blood flow can increase ______________ or more during physical activity.
Blood flow to the brain is ___________________, as neurons are intolerant of ___________________.
As skin or body temperature rises, ________________________signals reduce vasomotor stimulation to reduce
__________________________ of the skin vessels. Arterioles in skin ________________ and heat from
capillary beds ____________________ from the skin’s surface.
Sweat also causes vasodilation via ______________________ in perspiration, which stimulates the release of
________________________ that dilates blood vessels to radiate excess heat.
Direction and amount of fluid flow depends on which two opposing forces?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc) tends to _______________ fluids through the capillary walls. Capillary
Colloid Osmotic Pressure (OPc ) is created by ____________________ plasma _______________, which
____________________________.
At the Arterial end of a bed, __________________________ forces (fluid outward) dominate diffusion in the
capillary. At the Venous end, _________________ forces (fluid inward) dominate diffusion in the capillary.
Excess fluid is returned to the blood via the _______________ system.
Please briefly describe Circulatory Shock:
Please describe the 3 types of Shock:
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