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BSC 2086 Class Notes Chapter 16 – Parts 1 & 2
Spring 2011
The Endocrine System acts with the _________________ system to ____________________ and
__________________ the activity of body cells. It influences metabolic activities by means of
_________________ transported in the ____________. Endocrine glands are ________________.
Responses occur more ______________ but tend to _____________________ than those of the nervous
system.
Please name 5 purely Endocrine Glands:
Please name 2 glands that have both exocrine and endocrine functions:
Please name 1 gland that has both neural and endocrine functions:
Please name 6 other tissues and organs that produce hormones:
Please Label the Figure below:
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(Slides 9 – 14) Please describe the major functions/features of the endocrine glands that are labeled in the
Figure on page 1.
(Slide 16-17) Please name 3 types of chemical messengers. Which chemical messenger will be studying
in this Chapter 16?
What are the 2 main classes of hormones? Please name hormones found in each class:
All steroid hormones are synthesized from _________________________.
Please list 5 Mechanisms of Hormone Action:
(Slide 21) Please list 3 Features for the Mechanisms of Water Soluble Hormones:
(Slide 21) Please list one Water Soluble Hormone that does not have these features:
(Slide 22) Please list 1 feature for the Mechanism of Steroid Hormones:
(Slide 23) Please list the 5 steps for cAMP Signaling Mechanism:
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(Slide 24) Please list 3 additional Features of the cAMP Signaling Mechanism:
(Slides 25-30) Please Label the Figure below:
(Slides 31 -33) Please be familiar with the PIP2 –Calcium Release 2nd Messenger System. Please name
one hormone that uses the PIP2 –Calcium Release 2nd Messenger System:
(Slides 34 – 35) _____________________ hormones and ________________________ hormone use
intracellular receptors and direct _______________ activation.
process:
Please describe the 5 steps of this
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(Slides 36 - 41) Please label the Figure below:
(Slide 42) Target cells must have specific __________________ to which the Hormone binds.
(Slide 44) What are 2 ways Hormones can influence the number of their receptors?
What are 3 ways that two hormones can interact? (Slides 48-49)
(Slide 50) What feedback mechanism controls hormone levels in the blood?
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(Slide 51) Hormones are synthesized and released in response to what 3 types of Stimuli?
(Slide 60) Name the 2 major lobes of the pituitary:
(Slide 61-62) Describe the posterior lobe of the pituitary:
What are 2 hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary?
(Slide 63) Please Label the Figure showing the Relationship of the Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus:
(Slides 64-65) Describe features of the anterior pituitary:
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Please Label the Figure showing the Relationship between the Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus:
(Slide 67) What are 6 Protein hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary?
(Slide 70) Which 4 are Tropic Hormones that regulate the action of other endocrine glands?
(Slide 72) Growth hormone has an ________________________ effect.
(Slide 74) The two hormones that control release of Growth Hormone,
_____________________________ and ___________________________ are released by the
___________________________.
(Slide 76) Please name 3 conditions associated with Growth Hormone imbalance:
(Slides 78, 81, 83, 85) Please describe the major function of Thyrotropin (TSH), Corticotropin (ACTH),
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), and Prolactin:
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(Slide 3) Which 2 Hormones are Stored and Released by the Posterior Pituitary? Which 2nd messenger
system do these use at their target sites?
(Slides 4-5) What are 4 possible effects of Oxytocin, depending on conditions?
(Slide 6) When is ADH released and what is the effect of such release?
(Slide 7) Alcohol ___________________ ADH release and causes ______________ urine output.
(Slide 8) What does hyposecretion of ADH cause?
(Slide 9) What is hypersecretion of ADH called?
Chapter 16 Part 2
(Slides 11-12) The Thyroid consists of two lateral lobes connected by a median mass called the
__________________.
Internally, the Thyroid has follicles that store ________________. Follicular cells produce the
glycoprotein __________________. Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills the lumen of the follicles and
is the ____________________ of thyroid hormone.
Parafollicular cells produce the hormone
_____________________.
(Slide 14) Thyroid hormone is actually two related compounds: _________ or ___________________
has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms, and _________ or _____________________________
has 2 tyrosines + 3 bound iodine atoms.
(Slide 15) __________ is the major hormone secreted by the Thryoid; _____________ is transported
through the blood and converted to __________ at the target cells.
(Slide 16) Thyroid is a major metabolic hormone that affects ________________________.
Similar to steroids, TH enters the cell, binds to __________________ receptors within the
________________ and initiates _____________________ for protein synthesis.
Thyroid hormone turns on transcription of genes concerned with ___________________________.
The result is an increase in the cell’s ________________________ and ______________________
(calorigenic effect).
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(Slide 19) Please name 4 Functions in which Thyroid Hormone plays a Role:
(Slides 20 - 22) _____________________ (= precursor) is synthesized and discharged into the follicle
lumen by thyroid follicle cells. ___________________ are actively taken into the follicle cell, oxidized
to iodine (I2), and released into the lumen. Iodine attaches to _________________, which is is part of
Thyroglobulin molecule. Iodinated tyrosines link together to form ________and _____________ .
Colloid (= thyroglobulin + iodine) is endocytosed back into the follicle cells and combined with a
______________________. T3 and T4 are cleaved by lysosomal enzymes and diffuse into the
_____________________.
(Slides 23- 30) Please Label the Figure showing the Synthesis of Thyroid Hormone Below:
(Slide 32) Rising TH levels provide ________________________ inhibition on release of TSH.
Hypothalamic ____________________________________ (TRH) can overcome the negative feedback
during _________________________ or _____________________________.
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(Slide 34) Please describe 3 conditions that represent homeostatic imbalances of TH:
(Slide 34) __________________________ is due to ________ of iodine, and
__________________________ is a symptom of GD.
(Slide 36) The effect of ________________________ is antagonistic to that of parathyroid hormone
(PTH); it _________________ osteoclast activity and ________________ release of Ca2+ from bone
matrix.
(Slide 37) _______________ levels of calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in the blood stimulate
Calcitonin release. Calcitonin induces Ca2+ ______________and __________________ into bone
matrix.
(Slide 38) How many parathyroid glands are found in the body? Which cells secrete Parathyroid
Hormone (PTH)? PTH is the ______________________ hormone in Calcium (Ca2+) ion
____________________.
(Slide 40) _______________ Ca2+ in the blood inhibits PTH release, yet another example of
________________________ control.
(slide 42) __________________________ due to tumor causes bones to _____________ and
_________________.
___________________________ following gland trauma or removal results in tetany, respiratory
paralysis, and death.
(Slides 44-45) Structurally and functionally, the _________________ gland is two glands in one. The
adrenal medulla is ___________________ tissue that is part of the _____________________ nervous
system. The adrenal cortex has three layers of ______________________ tissue that synthesize and
secrete _____________________________.
(Slide 46) Please name the three corticosteroids produced by the Adrenal Cortex.
(Slide 47) Please label the Figure on page 10.
(Slides 48 - 49) Mineralocorticoids regulate ___________________ primarily _________ and
____________ in the extracellular fluid (ECF). _________________________ is the most important
mineralocorticoid that stimulates Na+ _______________________ and water ___________________ by
the kidneys to _______________ blood pressure and blood volume.
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(Slides 50 -51) Please describe 4 Mechanisms of Aldosterone Secretion:
(Slide 52) ____________________________ is hypersecretion of aldosterone due to adrenal tumors.
(Slide 53) Glucocorticoids keep blood sugar levels relatively constant and maintain blood pressure by
increasing the action of ________________________.
(Slide 54) ____________________ is the most important glucocorticoid that is released in response to
______________, _______________________________ and _______________________.
Cortisol’s prime metabolic effect is ___________________ or formation of ______________________
from fats and proteins, and it promotes a rise in blood ___________________________________.
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(Slide 55) Hypersecretion of Cortisol called _________________________________ has these 4 major
effects:
(Slide 56) Hyposecretion of Cortisol called _____________________________ which also involves a
deficit of ____________________________ has these 4 major effects:
(Slide 58) Most _________________________ are androgens (male sex hormones) that are converted to
_______________________ in tissue cells or _______________________ in females. Androgens may
contribute to which 3 things?
(Slide 59) _____________________ cells of the Adrenal Medulla secrete _______________________
and __________________ as part of the sympathetic nervous system response.
What are 3 sympathetic effects of Epinepherine?
______________________ secreted from pineal gland may affect which 3 things?
(Slide 63) The Pancreas has both ______________________ and ______________________ cells.
Pancreatic islets (islets of ____________________) contain which endocrine cells? What do these cells
produce and what is their effect?
The major target of Glucagon is the ______________________. What are 2 processes caused by
Glucagon and what is their Result?
(Slide 67) What are 4 Effects of Insulin?
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(Slide 68) Insulin binds to and activates a ______________________________________ enzyme
receptor that phosphorylates proteins and initiates a cascade leading to increased
_________________________________ and enzymatic activities that catalyze the _________________
of ___________________________for _________________production to meet________________
needs, and also polymerize excess glucose to form ________________________.
(Slide 69) Please Label the Homeostatic Mechanism between Insulin and Glucagon below:
(Slide 70-71) Please name 2 homeostatic imbalances of Insulin:
(Slide 70) What are the 3 Cardinal Signs of Diabetes Mellitus?
(Slide 73) The Placenta secretes what hormone?
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(Slide 74) The testes produce what hormone?
(Slides 75-77) Please name 12 Hormones (and their source) described in “Other Hormone Producing
Structures”: