COURSE GOALS : BSC 2086
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
To present the structure and functions of the systems of the human body, emphasizing aspects most
pertinent to students in the nursing and allied health technology programs.
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
1. Indicate important differences betwoen hormonal and neural controls of body functioning.
The Endocrine System: An Overview
2. List the major endocrine organs, and describe their locations in the body.
3. Distinguish between circulating hormones and local hormones.
Hormones
4. Describe how hormones are classified chemically.
5. Describe two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effects on their
target tissues, & explain how hormone release is regulated.
Major Endocrine Organs
6. Describe the functional relationships between the hypothalamus & pituitary gland.
7. List and describe the chief effects of adeno-hypophyseal hormones.
8. Discuss the structure of the neurohypophysis, & describe the effects of its two hormones
9. Describe the important effects of the two groups ofhormones produced by the thyroid
gland. Follow the process of thyroxine formation and release.
10. Indicate the general functions of parathyroid hormone.
11. List the hormones produced by the cortical and medullary regions of the adrenal gland,
and cite their physiological effects.
12. Compare and contrast the effects of the two major pancreatic hormones.
13. Describe the functional roles of the hormone productsof the testes and ovaries.
14. Describe the importance of thymic hormones in the operation of the immune system.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART
1. Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall.
2. Name each heart chamber & provide the name & route of its associated great vessel(s).
3. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
4. Name the heart valves and describe their location,
5. Describe the structure of cardiac muscle & explain how it differs from skeletal muscle.
6. Name the individual waves and intervals of a normal electrocardiogram.
7. Describe the timing and events of the cardiac cycle.
8. Describe normal heart sounds.
9. Name & explain the effects of factors involved in regulation of stroke volume/heart rate.
10. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiac output.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS
Overview of Blood Vessel Structure & Function
1. Describe the three layers that form the wall of a blood vessel, & state their functions
2. Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
3. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries.
4. Describe the structure and function of veins, and explain how veins differ from arteries.
5. Describe the structure and function of a capillary bed.
Physiology of Circulation
6. Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance and explain the relationships
between these factors.
7. List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure, and how it is regulated.
8. Define hypertension. Note both its symptoms and consequences.
9. Explain how blood flow is regulated in the body in general and in its specific organs.
10. Define circulatory shock. Note several possible causes.
11. Outline the factors involved in capillary dynamics, and explain the significance of each.
Circulatory Paths: Body's Blood Vessels
12. Trace the pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit, and state the importance of
this special circulation.
13. Name & give the location & function of the major arteries & veins in systemic circulation.
14. Describe the structure and special function of the hepatic portal system.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic Vessels
1. Describe the structure & distribution of lymphatic vessels. Note their important functions.
2. Describe the source of lymph and the mechanism(s) of lymph transport.
Lymphoid Cells, Tissues, and Organs
3. Describe the composition of lymphoid tissue (basic structure and cell population), and
name the major lymphoid organs.
Lymph Nodes
4. Describe the general location, histological structure, and functions of lymph nodes.
Other Lymphoid Organs
5. Name and describe the other lymphoid organs of the body. Compare and contrast
them with lymph nodes, structurally and functionally.
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES AND IMMUNITY
Surface Barriers: Skin and Mucosae
1. Describe the surface membrane barriers.
Nonspecific Cellular and Chemical Defenses
2. Explain the importance of phagocytosis & natural killer cells in nonspecific body defense.
3. Relate the events of the inflammatory process.
4 Name the body's antimicrobial substances & functions.
5. Explain how fever helps protect the body.
Antigens
6. Explain antigens & their affects on the immune system.
7. Define complete antigen, hapten, & antigenic determinant.
8. Describe antigen processing in the body.
Cells of the Immune System: An Overview
9. Compare and contrast the origin, maturation process, & function of B and T lymphocytes.
10. Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance.
Humoral Immune Response
11. Define humoral immunity.
12. Describe the process of clonal selection of a B cell.
13. Recount the roles of plasma cells and memory cells in humoral immunity.
14. Compare & contrast active & passive humoral immunity.
15. Describe the structure of an antibody monomer.
16. Explain the function(s) of antibodies.
17. Describe the development and clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
18. Define cell-mediated immunity & describe the process of activation & clonal selection
19. Describe the functional roles of T cells in the body.
20. Indicate the tests ordered before an organ transplant is done, and note methods used
to prevent transplant rejection.
Homeostatic Imbalances of Immunity
21. Give examples of immune deficiency diseases.
22. Note factors involved in autoimmune disease.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System
1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageways. Distinguish between
conducting and respiratory zones.
2. List & describe protective mechanisms of the resp. sys.
3. Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane.
4. Describe the structure of the lungs & pleural coverings.
Mechanics of Breathing
5. Relate Boyle's law to events of inspiration & expiration
6. Explain the relative roles of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in effecting volume
changes that cause air to flow into and out of the lungs.
7. Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space.
8. Describe factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
9. Explain and compare the various lung volumes and capacities.
10. Define dead space.
Gas Exchanges in the Body
11. Describe differences in composition of atmospheric & alveolar air.
12. State Dalton's law of partial pressures & Henry's law. Relate each to events of
external and internal respir.
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood
13. Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood, and explain how oxygen loading
and unloading is affected by temperature, pH, BPG, and Pco2
14. Describe carbon dioxide transport in the blood.
Control of Respiration
15. Describe the neural controls of respiration.
16. Compare and contrast the influences of lung reflexes, volition, emotions, arterial pH, and
partial pressure of oxygen/carbon dioxide in arterial blood on respiratory rate & depth.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Overview of the Digestive System
1. Describe the overall function of the digestive system,and differentiate between organs of
the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.
2. List and define briefly the major processes occurring during digestive system activity.
3. Describe the location and function of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity.
4. Describe the tissue composition and the function of the four layers of the alimentary tube.
Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System
5. Describe the anatomy & function of each organ & accessory organ of the alimentary canal.
6. Explain the dental formula & differentiate between deciduous and permanent teeth.
7. Describe the composition and functions of saliva.
8. Describe the mechanisms of chewing and swallowing.
9. Identify modifications of the stomach wall & small intestine that enhance digestion.
10. Describe the composition of gastric juice; name cell types responsible for secreting it.
11. Explain how gastric secretion and motility in the stomach are regulated.
12. Describe the function of local hormones produced by the small intestine.
13. State the roles of bile and of pancreatic juice in digestion.
14. Describe how entry of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine is regulated.
15. List the major functions of the large intestine, and describe the regulation of defecation.
Physiology of Chem. Digestion & Absorption
16. List the enzymes involved in chemical digestion; name the foodstuffs on which they act
and the end products of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid digestion.
17. Describe the process of absorption of digested food that occurs in the small intestine.
NUTRITION, METABOLISM, & BODY TEMP. REGULATION
Nutrition
1. Define nutrient, essential nutrient, and calorie.
2. List the six nutrient categories. Note dietary sources & the main cellular uses of each.
3. Distinguish between complete & incomplete proteins.
4. Define nitrogen balance & indicate causes of positive and negative nitrogen balance.
5. Distinguish between fat- and water-soluble vitamins.
6. For each vitamin, list important sources and functions.
7. List minerals essential for health; note dietary sources and describe how each is used.
Metabolism
8. Define metabolism, catabolism and anabolism.
9. Define oxidation and reduction and note the importance of these reactions in metabolism.
10. Explain the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
11. Follow the oxidation of glucose in body cells. Summarize important events and
products of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
12. Define glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, & gluconeogenesis.
13. Describe how fatty acids are oxidized for energy.
14. Define ketone bodies and their formation.
15. Describe how amino acids are prepared to be oxidized.
16. Describe the need for protein synthesis in body cells.
17. Explain the concept of amino acid or carbobydrate-fat pools and describe pathways
by which substances in these pools can be interconverted.
18. List important goals and events of absorptive and post-absorptive states;
19. Describe several metabolic functions of the liver.
20. Differentiate between LDLs and HDLs.
Body Energy Balance
21. Explain what is meant by body energy balance.
22. Describe some current theories of food intake regulation.
23. Define basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate.
24. Describe how body temperature is regulated.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney Anatomy
1. Describe the gross anatomy of kidneys & their coverings.
2. Trace the blood supply through the kidney.
3. Describe the anatomy of a nephron.
Kidney Physiology: Urine Formation
4. List several kidney functions that help maintain body homeostasis.
5. Identify the parts of the nephron responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion,
and describe the mechanisms underlying each of these processes.
6. Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and water balance.
7. Describe the mechanism that maintains the medullary osmotic gradient.
8. Explain formation of dilute versus concentrated urine.
9. Describe urine's physical and chemical properties.
10. List several abnormal urine components and name the condition when each is
present in detectable amounts.
Ureters
11. Describe the general structure & function of ureters.
Urinary Bladder
12. Describe the structure & function of the urinary bladder.
Urethra
13. Describe the structure and function of the urethra.
14. Compare the course, length, and functions of the male urethra with those of the female.
Micturition
15. Define micturition and describe the micturition reflex.
FLUIDS & ACID-BASE BALANCE
Body Fluids
1. List the factors that determine body water content and describe the effect of each factor.
2. Indicate the relative fluid volume & solute composition of fluid compartments of the body.
3. Contrast the overall osmotic effects of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
4. Describe factors that determine fluid shifts in the body.
Water Balance
5. List the routes by which water enters & leaves the body.
6. Describe mechanisms to regulate water intake & hormonal controls of water output in urine
7. Explain the importance of obligatory water losses.
8. Describe possible causes/consequences of dehydration, hypotonic hydration, & edema
Electrolyte Balance
9. Indicate the routes of electrolyte entry and loss fromthe body.
10. Describe the importance of ionic sodium in fluid and electrolyte balance of the body,
and note its relationship to normal cardiovascular system functioning.
11. Briefly describe mechanisms involved in regulating sodium and water balance.
12. Explain how potassium, calcium, magnesium, and anion balance of plasma is regulated.
Acid-Base Balance
13. List important sources of acids in the body.
14. Name the three major chemical buffer systems of the body.
15. Describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance.
16. Describe how kidneys regulate hydrogen & bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood.
17. Distinguish between acidosis & alkalosis from respiratory and metabolic factors.
Describe the importance of respiratory & renal compensations to acid-base balance.
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Describe the common function of the male and female reproductive systems.
Anatomy of the Male Reprod. System
2. Describe structure/function of the testes & the importance of their location in the scrotum
3. Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory organs of the male
reproductive system.
4. Describe the structure of the penis, and note its role in the reproductive process.
5. Discuss the sources and functions of semen.
Physiology of the Male Reprod. System
6. Define meiosis. Compare and contrast it to mitosis.
7. Ouline the events of spermatogenesis.
8. Describe the phases of the male sexual response.
9. Discuss hormonal regulation of testicular function and physiological effects of
testosterone on male anatomy.
Anatomy of the Female Reprod. System
10. Describe location, structure, & function of the ovaries.
11. Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs of the female
reproductive system.
12. Describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia.
Physiology of the Female Reprod. System
13. Describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis.
14. Describe the phases of the ovarian cycle, and relate them to events of oogenesis.
15. Describe regulation of the ovarian & menstrual cycles.
16. Discuss the physiological effects of estrogens and progesterone.
17. Describe the phases of female sexual response.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
18. Indicate the infectious agents aud modes of transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis,
chlamydia, and genital herpes.