Organization Of TheTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Exercise #9 Page # 73
Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology. Custom edition for Miami Dade
College-Kendall Campus. BSC2085L by Michael G. Wood.
Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology by martini, 88h edition
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Competency 4: The Skeletal System
– Upon successful completion of this laboratory, the student
will be able to identify the microscopic and macroscopic
structure of bones and the structural and functional
classification of selected articulations by:
– Distinguishing between compact and spongy bone.
– Identifying the components of the osteon or Haversian
system.
– Locating the major anatomical structures of a long bone.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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STRUCTURE SUPPORT- IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR
ATTACHEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE & ORGANS
STORAGE MINERALS & LIPIDS- CALCIUM (THE MOST
ABUNDANT), FAT IN YELLOW MARROW
BLOOD CELLS PRODUCTION- (RBC & WBC) IN RED MARROW
PROTECTION- TO SURROUND DELICATE TISSUE & ORGANS,
EX RIBS
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EX: RIBS (HEART & LUNGS)
SKULL (BRAIN)
VERTEBRAE (SPINAL CORD)
PELVIS (DIGESTIVE & REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS)
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LAVERAGE- TO PROVIDE SITE FOR MUSCULAR ATTACHEMENT, POINT OF
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SUPPORT AND BODY MOVEMENT
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PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• THE SKELETON (206 BONES)
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MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: OSSEOUS TISSUE
MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE: AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
• THE JOINTS
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THE PLACE WHERE TWO OR MORE BONES CONNECT
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DR. ALFONSO A PINO
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OSSEOUS TISSUE
• ORGANIC MATER:
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CELLS: OSTEOBLAST- BONE FORMING CELLS
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OSTEOCLASTS- BONE DISSOLVING CELLS
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OSTEOCYTES- BONE MAINTAINING CELLS
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POLISACCARIDES- TO FORM GROUND SUBSTANCE
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COLLAGEN FIBERS- TENSILE STRENGHT
• INORGANIC MATER:
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HYDROXYAPATITE- CALCIUM + PHOSPHATE SALTS
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THAT MAKE THE BONE HARD
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TYPES OF BONE CELLS
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Bone Textures
Compact bone
Spongy bone
• Bone Shapes
Classification of Bones
– Long bones
• Are long and thin
• Are found in arms, legs,
hands, feet, fingers, and
toes
– Flat bones
• Are thin with parallel
surfaces
• Are found in the skull,
sternum, ribs, and scapulae
– Sutural bones
• Are small, irregular bones
• Are found between the flat
bones of the skull
• Bone Shapes
Classification of Bones
– Irregular bones
• Have complex shapes
• Examples: spinal vertebrae,
pelvic bones
– Short bones
• Are small and thick
• Examples: ankle and wrist
bones
– Sesamoid bones
• Are small and flat
• Develop inside tendons near
joints of knees, hands, and feet.
• Patella
Classification of Bones
• Structure of a Long Bone
– Diaphysis
• The shaft
• A heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone
• A central space called medullary (marrow)
cavity
– Epiphysis
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Wide part at each end
Articulation with other bones
Mostly spongy (cancellous) bone
Covered with compact bone (cortex)
– Metaphysis
• Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Classification of Bones
• Structure of a Flat Bone
– The parietal bone of the skull
– Resembles a sandwich of spongy
bone
– Between two layers of compact bone
– Within the cranium, the layer of
spongy bone between the compact
bone is called the diploë
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin
Cummings
Bone (Osseous) Tissue
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Characteristics of Bone Tissue
– Dense matrix, containing
• Deposits of calcium salts
• Osteocytes (bone cells) within lacunae
organized around blood vessels
– Canaliculi
• Form pathways for blood vessels
• Exchange nutrients and wastes
– Periosteum
• Covers outer surfaces of bones
• Consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM
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(MARTINI)
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COMPACT BONE
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It forms the walls & outer surfaces of the bones
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Osteon- functional unit of the compact bone
It is thickest where angular stress is applied
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Lamella- the layers of the matrix that makes the bone (
thin plate)
Central canals (Harvesian canals)
F-they contain blood vessels that carry blood
to & from the Osteon.
Perforating canals (Canals of Volkmann)
They extend perpendicular to the surface
F- they connect central canals of adjacent osteons
to each other
• Lacuna- thin holes that contains an osteocyte
It is a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix
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Canaliculus- narrow pathway that penetrates the lamellae
Function- to deliver nutrients and removal of
waste products to and from osteocytes.
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Compact and spongy bone
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HISTOLOGY OF COMPAC BONE
(MARTINI)
Compact and Spongy Bone
• The Structure of Spongy Bone
– Does not have osteons
– The matrix forms an open network of
trabeculae
– Trabeculae have no blood vessels
– The space between trabeculae is filled
with red bone marrow:
• Which has blood vessels
• Forms red blood cells
• And supplies nutrients to osteocytes
– Yellow marrow
• In some bones, spongy bone holds
yellow bone marrow
• Is yellow because it stores fat
Copyright © 2009 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing
as Pearson Benjamin
Cummings
SPONGY BONE
• It makes the inner layer(s) of bones
• It is formed by trabeculae (bony
bars or plates)
• It has spaces for blood cell
formation
• Trabeculae contains lacuna with
osteocytes
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LONG BONES STRUCTURE
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Periosteum: structure that surrounds the bone formed by fibrous
connective tissue.
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It has 2 layers: a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer
Sharpey’s fibers- collagen fibers that penetrate into the bone
tissue
from tendons & ligaments
Epiphyses- enlarge area at both sides of a long bone.
It’s internal part is made of spongy bone that contains the
medullary cavity
Articular cartilage- thin layer of hyline cartilage covering the
surface of the
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epiphysis
Diaphysis- tubular shaft in long bones extending between the
epiphysis
Epiphysial plate or cartilage (textbook fig 6-9)- it is a
cartilaginous disk that join the epiphyses of inmature bone to
diaphysis
Epiphysial line- joins the epiphysis to diaphysis in matute bone
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it remains after epiphysial growth has ended
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LONG BONE
(MARTINI)
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PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM
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(MARTINI)
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EPIPHYSEAL PLATES AND LINES
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REMEMBER, GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND
PRACTICE WITH MODELS!
ROOM 3326
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