Module 1: Topic 1
Program Goals
1. Being a safe and responsible driver takes a combination of knowledge, attitude and skill:
a. You must know _____________ and safe driving practices - breaking the “rules of the road” is the
major cause of collisions
b. You must care about the _________of others
c. You must be predictable and courteous
2. Driver education is a “__________________” course:
a. You will learn to see dangerous situations before they happen and
b. Drive strategically - responding quickly and effectively to prevent collisions
3. The Teenage Brain:
a. The ___________ is the area of the brain that controls understanding consequences and
suppressing impulses and does not mature until about age _______
b. How do you think this could impact your decision making on the road?
4. Restrictions in VA:
a. You have a curfew restriction between the hours of ____am and ____ am with the following
exceptions:
 E____________________
 Driving with a ________ PARENT OR GUARDIAN
 TO AND FROM _______
 YOU are driving to or from a _____________________ event
b. Until you have your license for 1 year, you may only have ____ non-family member in your car
under the age of ______; unless accompanied by a licensed parent or adult acting place of the
parent in the f_____ seat. Once you have had your license for 1 year, you may have up to
______non-family members under the age of 21 in your car at one time in the following situations;
c. Traveling to and from ______
d. A licensed driver over 21 is in the _____ seat
e. There is an emergency
***PASSENGER RESTRICTIONS DO NOT APPLY TO IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBERS
f. Cell phones or other wireless communication devices are ____________.
5. Why do you need a driver’s license?
6. What should you know before you get behind the wheel?
7. Are you mature enough to handle the responsibility of owning and operating a motor vehicle?
8. What do you hope to learn in this course?
1
Module 1: Topic 2
Licensing Laws
1. To obtain your learner’s permit:
a. You must have ______________________
b. You must be at least _____ years and _____ months.
c. Provide proof of residency, identity, social security number and legal presence
2. Proof of Virginia Residency – need one:
a. Verification by the parents if under the age of 19
b. DMV issued ID Card
3. Proof of legal presence – need one:
a. Birth Certificate
b. Legal Passport
4. To obtain a learner’s permit applicants must successfully complete:
a. Must correctly answer all _____ traffic sign, signals and pavement marking questions (_____%)
b. General Knowledge Test (_____%)
c. Vision Test - Correctable Vision (20/40) Day Time only driving (between 20/40 and 20/70)
5. If you fail the learners permit test:
a. Applicants less than 18 must wait ____ days to retake the test.
b. Applicants older than 18 pay $____ or wait 15 days.
c. If you fail the learner’s permit test _____ times you must complete a driver’s education course
subsequent to the third failure.
6. Permit Guidelines:
a. You should practice with a licensed driver who is at least ____ years of age or a family member that
is at least _____years of age.
b. Learner’s Permit carriers may not carry more than ___ passenger who is under the age of 18.
7. To obtain a Driver’s License:
a. You must be at least ____ years and ___ months old.
b. You must hold a learner’s permit for at least ____months.
c. You must also successfully complete an approved driver education program.
d. Having parent permission as well as a certified _____ hours (at least ____of which were after
sunset) is a must for applicants under the age of 18.
e. You must attend Partners for Safe Teen Driving Program with you parent/guardian
f. When you start driving, you must carry with you, your 180 day temporary license (TDL-180), issued
by your in car driver education teacher AND your learner’s permit.
g. Also note that under 21 the license is ________ and 21 and over the license is ________.
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8. Juvenile Licensing Ceremony:
a. You will receive notice of date to appear within the initial _______ licensing period.
b. A Judge will give your ________ the hard copy of your license at a ceremony held by the Juvenile
and Domestic Relations Court that serves your zip code
c. You must dress appropriately, be on time, and bring learner’s permit and 180-day temporary
driver’s license
9. License Expiration Date:
a. License expires on ___ birthday
b. Applicants _______ years of age or less will be required to retake the signs and general knowledge
tests if they have any traffic convictions
10. License Suspensions and Revocation:
a. Suspension - Your privilege to drive has been withdrawn ____________
b. Revocation - Your privilege to drive has been _________
c. 1st offense under 18
 Anyone convicted of a violation under the age of 21 will be mandated by a judge to attend a
driver improvement clinic
nd
d. 2 offense under 18 – Suspension
e. 3rd offense under 18 – Revocation
 Must reapply for a driver’s license after revocation period has passed
11. Administrative License Suspension (ALS):
a. Your driver’s license will be suspended for a minimum of _______ days if you:
 Register a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or higher
 Are under age 21 and register a BAC of 0.02 or higher (zero tolerance law)
 Refuse to take the field sobriety test (implied consent law)
12. School Attendance and Your License:
a. _____consecutive unexcused absences from school can result in a license suspension
13. Consequences for driving with a suspended license:
a. Jail time
b. Fine
c. Extension of the initial suspension
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Module 1: Topic 3
Virginia Driver’s Manual
Signs, Signals and Pavement Markings
Type of Light
STEADY (traffic light)
RED
YELLOW
GREEN
RED X:
Yellow X:
Green Arrow:
TRAFFIC SIGNAL ARROWS
FLASHING LIGHTS
LANE USE SIGNALS
1. When can you turn RIGHT on red?
a. At some intersections you may turn right while the traffic light is red
b. BEFORE turning _____
c. Check for _______ and pedestrians
d. You may _____turn right on red if one of these signs is present
2. When can you turn LEFT on Red?
a. It is permitted on a _________ street.
b. BEFORE turning _____
c. Check for traffic and pedestrians
d. You may _____ turn left on red if one of these signs is present
3. What if the traffic signals do not work?
a. You are required to _____ and treat this situation like a 4 way stop
b. If a police office is there directing traffic than follow the officer’s directions
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4. The color of a traffic sign conveys a specific meaning.
SIGN COLOR
Category
Example
(Draw or name a sign here)
Red used with
White
Black used with
white
Yellow used
with black
Blue
Green
Fluorescent
optic yellow
Pink
Orange
Make sure to slow down, be
alert and protect the workers
who build and maintain our
roads.
You may be fined up to $500
if convicted of exceeding the
speed limit in a highway work
zone.
Brown
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5. The shape of a traffic sign conveys a specific meaning.
Shape
Category
Example
(Draw or name a sign here)
Vertical Rectangle
Horizontal
Rectangle
Round
Cross buck
Diamond
Pentagon
Octagon
Triangle
Flag Triangle
Pennant
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6. Pavement markings:
a. Broken lines – may pass with ______
b. Solid lines – do not cross
c. Yellow lines – _____ way traffic
d. White lines – _____ way traffic
What does a broken white line mean?
What does a double solid yellow line mean?
7. Shared Left Turn Lane:
a. Traffic from both directions uses the lane
to turn _____
b. You may not go more than _____ feet
8. What is an (High Occupancy vehicles) HOV Lane?
a. A lane that is reserved at peak travel times or longer for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver
and one or more passengers
b. The lane has a _______ diamond shape on the road.
9. ________ painted on the pavement show that you must yield.
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Module 2: Topic 1
Understanding the Highway Transportation System
1. Three components of the Highway Transportation System (HTS):
a. ______ - Walking, Driving, or Riding
b. ______ - Bicycles, Cars and SUVs, Mopeds Tractor-Trailer Trucks
c. _______ - From the smallest dirt road to the complex multilane expressway
2. Vehicles on these Roadways:
Type of Vehicle
Characteristics
Minimum following distance, stop at railroad crossings, wide right turns, lower speed
limits
May be driven by someone without a driver’s license, must be at least 16 years old,
cannot exceed 35 mph
May be driven two abreast in one lane, may use HOV lanes even if only carrying the
driver
Signals using arms/hands, cars must give at least three feet of room when passing
3. How do you impact the highway transportation system?
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Module 2: Topic 2
Maintaining Your Vehicle
1. What checks should you perform weekly on your vehicle?
a. _________
b. Outside _________
c. Emergency Kit
d. ______________________
2. Label the parts of the engine
A. Battery ____
B. Engine Oil Dipstick _____
C. Engine Oil Filler Cap _____
D. Drive Belts ______
E. Engine Coolant Reservoir _____
F. Windshield Washer Fluid Reservoir ____
G. Power Steering Fluid Reservoir _____
H. Brake Fluid Reservoir _____
I. Air Filter Assembly _____
J. Transmission Fluid Dipstick
(Automatic Transmission) ____
K. Clutch Fluid Reservoir
(Manual Transmission) ______
3. Checks you should perform every one to two months on your vehicle:
a. Engine _____
b. _____ Fluid
c. ______________
d. ______________
4. Checks you should perform every 6 months on your vehicle:
a. Air pressure in your ___________________
b. Clean _______ connections
c. Power steering fluid
d. Coolant strength
e. Parking brake
f. Body and door drain holes
g. Hinges, door latches and locks
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5. Professional Services
How often
Change Oil and replace filter
Factors Affecting Maintenance
• Number of ______ driven
• Type/quality of motor oil and oil filter
• Usually every 3,000 – 5,000 miles
Replace Brake Pads and Rotors
•
•
•
•
Type & year of vehicle make/model
City vs. county roads/interstates
_______
Your __________ __________
Replace parts of the Exhaust System
•
•
Replace _______ Filter
•
•
•
•
Only driving short distances (<15 mi.)
Living in an area where roads are _______in
winter
Driving in cities or stop-&-go traffic
Driving in areas with high levels of smog
Driving in areas under heavy construction
Recommendations vary greatly depending on
vehicle year/make/model: check owner’s manual
Start monitoring after ~30,000 miles
Years of wear and tear
Contamination by leaked/spilled motor oil or
coolant
Replace ______Filter
____________ Belts
•
•
•
6. Why is it important for you know about the maintenance of your vehicle?
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Module 2: Topic 3
Approaching A Vehicle
1. Approach a vehicle in a parking lot:
a. From the _______ of the vehicle
b. To check for pedestrians, shopping carts, and other items _______ the vehicle
2. Approach a vehicle from the curb:
a. From the _____ of the vehicle
b. To check for ________ traffic
3. Steps to Entering a Vehicle:
a. Approach car, key in hand and unlock doors
b. Store personal items in the ______
c. Control _____ swing
d. Enter Vehicle
e. Place Keys on the dashboard
f. Fasten ___________
g. _____ Doors
4. Adjusting the Vehicle for You:
a. Allow at least ______ between driver’s chest and the steering wheel
b. Driver’s heel should be able to pivot smoothly between foot pedals
c. Angle of seat back should fit driver’s visual needs to help maintain vehicle control
d. Place back/shoulders against the back of the seat
e. Slightly bend knees
f. Rest ______heel on floorboard between brake and accelerator
g. Sit high enough so top of steering wheel is between ___________ and _______
h. Use secured seat cushion if needed to raise seating height
i. Rest left foot on “__________________” (see #4)
j. Tilt or adjustable steering wheels are usually standard equipment in many vehicles
k. They enable different-sized drivers to reposition the steering wheel for comfort and safety while
allowing the instrument panel to be visible at all times (see #5)
5. Dead Pedal
a. Located on floorboard on the ______ side of driver’s compartment
b. Helps maintain driver ________and stability
c. Keeps left foot away from brake and accelerator pedals
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6. Steering Wheel Adjustments:
a. Sit with chest no closer than _____ inches from wheel
b. Adjust steering wheel so airbag aims at ______ area
c. Adjust so top of wheel is no higher than _____
d. Place hands on steering wheel at ____and ____
7. Rear and Side View Mirrors:
a. The ________ mirror provides the widest field of view
b. Adjust to see the entire rear window frame and the area ________ feet to the rear
c. Adjust each _______ until you can barely see the side of your vehicle, so you maximize the view of
the lane next to your vehicle
8. Setting the Side View Mirror – BGE METHOD (B_________ – G_______ – E____________Method)
a. Driver side: Place head near side window, and adjust mirror out until the _____ of the vehicle is
barely visible (15 degrees)
b. Passenger side: lean slightly toward the ________ of the vehicle and adjust right side mirror until
the side of the vehicle is barely visible
9. Adjusting the Head Restraint:
a. Correct position minimizes ________ and ________ injuries
b. Adjust head restraint
 Level with ears
 Not more than 4 inches from head
10. Safety belts (seatbelts) - Designed so the forces in a crash are absorbed by the strongest skeletal bones of
the body:
a. ___________ (pelvis)
b. chest (sternum)
c. __________
11. Children and Safety Seats:
a. All front seat passengers ________ wear safety belts in vehicles
b. Passengers under ______ must wear a seatbelt or restraint wherever they are sitting in the vehicle
c. Passengers younger than ______ are safer sitting in the rear seat
d. Infants must always be secured in a _____________ rear seat restraint
e. Booster seats provide the correct position for children to wear adult safety belts as they grow taller
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12. Starting the vehicle
a. Check the parking __________
b. Place ________foot on dead pedal
c. Press brake pedal with your right foot
d. Gearshift is in __________ or Neutral (N)
e. Insert ignition key, turn to start engine
f. Check dashboard instrument panel for __________ lights
g. Turn on your headlights
h. Visually identify an __________and target where you intend to move the car
i. Shift into the proper gear, usually Drive or Neutral
j. Release the __________ brake
k. Scan for hazards between you and target
l. _________ your intentions
m. When safe, Release brake pedal, and gently accelerate to target
13. Securing Tasks:
a. Find a __________ parking space
b. Park your vehicle squarely in the space
c. Set the __________ brake
d. Shift gear selector into Park (manual transmission Neutral or first gear)
e. Turn off vehicle accessories that will continue to drain battery if power left on
f. Lock the doors and take the keys
14. Steering Wheel Control
a. Different vehicles will steer and handle differently
b. Slower speeds require __________ steering wheel movement
c. Faster speeds require __________ steering movement
d. Steer right – vehicle turns to the __________
e. Steer left – vehicle turns to the _________
15. Accelerator and Brake Pedals:
a. Position the __________ of foot on the floor so the ball of foot can pivot between pedals
b. The accelerator pedal is used to maintain, increase, and/or decrease speed
c. The larger pedal to the left of the accelerator, is the brake, used to _________ or __________ the
vehicle
16. Parking Brake:
a. Small pedal located to the left of the driver or a hand-operated lever near the center console
b. Used to hold vehicle in place when parked
c. Can be used as an “__________________”
17. _________ pedal (manual shift)
a. Pedal located to the left of the brake
b. Depress pedal to switch gears
c. Ease off clutch until friction point to smoothly engage engine
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18. ____________ or Remote:
a. Located on the dashboard
b. Off/Accessories/On/Start
19. Cruise/Speed Control:
a. Located on steering wheel, dash, or lever to the right of the wheel
b. Allows vehicle to maintain constant speed and should be used only on ______pavement
20. Gear Selector Level:
a. Located on steering column or center console
a. Press button on end of lever
b. P=______, R=Reverse, N=Neutral, D=______ (O/D overdrive on/off switch) 2=Stronger engine
braking L=Maximum engine braking
c. Brake pedal must be __________ to place vehicle in gear or park
21. Turn Signal Lever:
a. Located on left side of steering wheel
b. Lift up for right turn, press down for left turn
c. Lane change hold up or press down half way
22. ________ Flashers:
a. Located on steering column to the right or instrumental panel
23. ______________________ and Washer Control:
a. Part of turn signal lever in some vehicles
b. Opposing lever on some vehicles
c. Two controls: one for speed, one for washer fluid
24. Headlights/Running Lights/Tail Lights:
a. Controlled usually by a knob or switch located on the left of the dash or a lever on the steering
column
b. Low to high beam pull toward you or push away
c. On/Off: twist lever away or toward you to proper setting
25. Horn:
a. Located on the steering wheel cross bar or on the pad on the lower half of the wheel, above or
below the air bag cover, and usually marked with horn symbol
b. Used as a ________ device only
26. Hood Release:
a. Usually located on the left side under the instrument panel
b. Pull the lever to release the hood
c. A __________ latch under the hood also needs to be released
d. Drivers often confuse the brake release with the _______ release
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27. Trunk Release (if equipped) :
a. Located in glove box, driver’s door, or keyless remote entry fob
b. Inside trunk of all cars manufactured after 2002 - safety release device ______ in the dark for
_________ trunk escape
28. Fuel Door Release (if equipped):
a. Can be a lever on floor to the left of the driver’s seat or may be located in the glove box
29. Sun Visor:
a. Angle away from face for ______ protection
30. Heater/Ventilation/Air Conditioner (HVAC):
a. _________ control
b. Variable fan speed
c. Air flow movement
d. _________ defroster
e. ______________ defroster
31. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS):
a. The Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) uses a __________ _______ light to alert the driver
when one or more of a vehicle’s tires is significantly underinflated – a leading cause of tire failure
b. A tire is considered significantly underinflated when its pressure is ______percent below the
vehicle manufacturer’s recommended tire inflation pressure
c. Since September 1, 2007, all new vehicles have TPMS
32. Backup Camera:
a. Activates when the vehicle is shifted to ____________
b. Helps drivers see the blind spot directly behind the bumper and beyond
33. Global Positioning System:
a. Gives reliable location and time information anywhere on or near Earth when there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
34. Instrument Panel Gauges and Lights:
a. Location of gauges, controls, alert and warning symbols/lights varies from one vehicle to another
b. Refer to vehicle ________ manual for accurate use and directions
c. Instrument panel is usually back-lit at night
d. Some vehicles have a “________” to regulate the intensity of the light
15
35. Vehicle Alert and Warning Lights
36. Identify the following Vehicle Alert/Warning Symbols Below
Symbol
Meaning and Any Additional Notes
16
Module 3: Topic 1
Laws of Nature
1. Gravity:
a. _________ is the natural force that constantly pulls all things to the earth and affects an object’s
weight.
b. ___________________ is a point where the mass of the vehicle is concentrated and balanced.
c. The higher the center of gravity, the more ___________the vehicle becomes.
d. When a driver _______________________________________________, the G forces are amplified.
2. Kinetic Energy:
a. Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its _________, or __________ (v) and its
__________ (m) : KE = 0.5 ∙ m ∙ v2
b. The _________ the object moves, the ______________ it collects.
c. A _________moving object will have ________ kinetic energy than a lighter object moving at the
same speed.
d. A vehicle’s kinetic energy can be overcome by brakes, friction, air resistance and gravity.
3. Momentum:
a. Momentum refers to the quantity of motion an object has, measured in kg ∙ m/s
b. Formula: p = m ∙ v. The _______ mass and more velocity an object has, the _______ momentum
c. Change in momentum is called impulse; the magnitude of impulse is based on the amount of
opposing force and the time span over which that force is applied.
4. Inertia: an object’s tendency to _____________ any change in its state of motion.
A Vehicle’s
Possible
States of
Motion
• Slowing down or Stopping
• Accelerating or Cruising
• Turning towards the Left
• Turning towards the Right
5. When driving through a curve, inertia creates the sensation that you are being pulled toward the outside of
the curve. Why does this happen?
17
Type of Movement
Definition
Real Life Example
PITCH
Vehicle weight shifts
__________ and ________
ROLL
Vehicle weight shifts
______ to_______
YAW
Vehicle’s rear tires
lose traction and weight
shifts to one side
(rear tires slide)
_______________
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Module 3: Topic 2
Vision and Driving
1. How do you think your vision impacts your driving?
2. Visual Perception:
a. The eyeball’s ability to distinguish the number, shape, and color of an object.
b. Perception
3. Some key points on drivers and decision-making:
a. Drivers make decisions based on about ______ on what they see
b. Drivers make decisions based on _______ of all on what they hear or feel
c. Drivers should search at least _____ seconds ahead in their path of travel to evaluate the situation
and make good decisions about speed, lane position, signs, signals, markings, and potential
hazards.
1
d. You need to know where to look. This takes practice!
2
4. Field of Vision:
***Three Parts
1. _____ Vision – Allows you to read/see details
2. ________ Vision - Allows you to maintain path of
travel
3. __________ Vision – Allows you to see motion and
color
3
2
3
5. Visual Acuity:
a. Visual acuity tests measure the level of detail your eyes can see, (individually, and together), in
optimal light conditions
b. Nearsighted: Able to see _______ things more clearly than distant ones
c. Farsighted: Able to see _______ things more clearly than near ones
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6. Hazards of Driving at Night:
Lack of _________
drastically
reduces field of
vision, visual
acuity, depth
perception and
color recognition
Nocturnal and
crepuscular
____________
become active
Inner and outer
sources of
concentrated
light cause _____
People driving at
night are more
likely to be
_________________
People driving at
night are more
likely to be _______
4. What are some strategies for driving at night?
Darkness
• Drive ____________ to allow more time to react
• Use Focal and Paracentral Vision
Glare
• Oncoming headlights: Avert your gaze to line painted on _____ side of road
• Internal light: keep it dark in the vehicle when it’s dark outside
• Sunbeams: keep windows, headlights, and signal lights ________ inside and out
Animals
• Use your _____-beams on rural roads
• Pay attention to animal crossing signs
_________________
• Watch for erratic driving behaviors from other vehicles on the road
• Stay away from drivers exhibiting signs of distraction, intoxication, or fatigue
8. What are some other factors that affect vision?
20
5. Speed Affects Vision:
a. Hazards that increase with __________________
b. Drivers have ________ time to see and react
c. Minor steering movements cause exaggerated vehicle movements and weight shift
d. Speed distorts and reduces Peripheral vision up to _________
6. How do you compensate for higher speeds?
a. Train your eyes to look farther ahead—you’re covering ground faster
b. Allow more _______ between your vehicle and others
c. Actively move your eyes from one side of the path of travel to the other to search for relevant
information and hazards
7. Depth Perception:
a. Need both eyes to perceive depth (3-D distance)
b. Allows you to judge _______, speed, and distance of other vehicles and hazards in the traffic
environment
c. Essential when ________, approaching a vehicle or hazard; turning, merging, and crossing
intersections
d. To judge the distance between vehicles, look at where the tires contact the road, not the body of
the vehicle
Are these lines Parallel?
8. How can you improve your visual field?
a. ________windows—inside and out
b. Clean vehicle’s outside lights and be sure they work
c. ______ wiper blades for damage and effectiveness
d. Adjust mirrors properly
e. Keep sunglasses and windshield scraper in vehicle
f. Remove objects that interfere with vision
21
Module 3: Topic 3
Vehicle Reference Points and Establishing a Lane Position
1. Line-of-sight is the visible path of travel from your vehicle to the target area.
a. When something obstructs your LOS, you may need to ________ your speed and/or position until it
is clear again
2. Path-of-Travel is the series of continuous ____________your vehicle will occupy while traveling toward
your target area
3. Target
a.
b.
c.
d.
Specific object located straight ahead in the center of your path of travel
Near visual field limit
Steer toward
Changes to whatever appears in the center of your path of travel
** Do ________stare at or fixate your gaze on the target itself…
4. Target Area
a. Rather than focusing directly on the Target, continuously scan to the ____________ of it (the
Target Area) for relevant information and potential hazards
5. Lane Positions:
Lane positions are
based upon an
average lane size of
12-feet wide, and a
vehicle 6-feet wide
Select the lane
position that
gives you the
best line of
sight and safest
path of travel
This Diagram
shows the three
basic lane
positions drives
can use
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Lane Position 1
Positioned in the ________
of lane with an equal
buffer of space on either
side
Lane Position 2
Allows for additional space to the right of
the vehicle. Used to prepare for a
________ turn or when avoiding a
problem to the right of the vehicle.
Lane Position 3
Allows for additional space to the left of the
vehicle. Used to prepare for a ________ turn
or when avoiding a problem to the left of
the vehicle.
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6. Footprint of the vehicle:
a. We need reference points because of the footprint of our vehicle.
b. This is the ground around the car that we _________see!
c. The bigger the vehicle; the bigger the footprint.
In the figure above, the darker cars represent the size and areas
of pavement that the driver of the white car ___________ see.
7. Reference Points:
a. A point on your vehicle that helps the driver determine where he/she is positioned on the road.
Lane Position ___
24
Lane Position ____
Lane Position ___
25
Front Limitation – Use the ___________ mirror
Rear Limitation – Use the _____________ window
26
Directions: Draw the standard reference points onto the vehicles below as requested.
1. Front Reference Point
2. Rear Reference Point
27
Directions: Draw the standard reference points onto the vehicles below as requested.
2. Right Side Reference Point 3-6 inches from the right
3. Right Side Reference Point 3 feet from the right
4. Left Side Reference Point 3-6 inches from the left
28
Module 3: Topic 4
Basic Maneuvering—Steering and Braking
1. Why do we use 8 and 4 for our hand position?
1. Puts the body in a ________ position with
relaxed shoulders
2. Promotes ________control of the steering wheel,
reducing excess motion
3. Improves ________ by lowering the body’s
center of gravity
4. Prevents ____ injury if the airbag deploys
2. Types of Steering
Type of Steering
Hand to Hand or Push/Pull Slide:
Diagram
When it’s used
To TURN RIGHT
Left hand pushes up from ___ o’ clock
to ____ o’ clock
Right hand pulls down from
___ o’ clock to ____o’ clock
Hand Over Hand
Left Turn/left hand:
Left hand pulls down, then reaches up to
about the o’clock position and continues to
pull 11-12 down to the left
Left Turn/right hand:
Right Hand pushes up to about the 11
o’clock position
29
One Hand Steering when backing
straight back.
Backing straight back:
______ arm is behind the front
passenger seat so you can turn
and see the entire view
One Hand Steering when Backing a
Trailer
Backing with a trailer:
Hold the _______ of the wheel
3. Acceleration: COVER the Accelerator
a. Used for a _______transition from braking to accelerating
b. Allows the vehicle to coast which may speed up or slow down the vehicle
c. Permits the driver to be __________ for any needed acceleration
3. Acceleration Techniques:
• Heel pivots foot from the brake pedal to
the accelerator
Progressive, • Gently apply pressure to the
Smooth
accelerator pedal to _____________
Acceleration increase speed to minimize backward
pitch and maintain vehicle balance
• Typically used when ____________________
or merging into higher speed traffic
• Greater pressure is applied to
Thrust
Acceleration accelerator pedal to rapidly increase
speed _____________ losing tire traction
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4. Braking Techniques: 4 Types
Smooth
Braking
Technique
• Is a trait of a skilled driver
• Saves ___________, and wear and tear on
the brake system and tires
• Use ball of your foot to press pedal
Braking Technique
Key Points
a. Most frequently used method to slow vehicle
speed
b. Gradually reduce pedal pressure to avoid abrupt
changes in speed
a. Check the rearview mirror for vehicles coming up
quickly behind you
b. Release accelerator and gradually apply smooth,
steady pressure on the brake pedal
c. For a smooth stop, gently ease off the brake a few
seconds before stopping to reduce the vehicle’s
weight shift so the car does not pitch forward
then backward during the final phase of stopping
a. Slows the vehicle as quickly as possible without
locking brakes or losing traction
b. Release accelerator while checking for traffic
behind you
c. Exert forceful pressure on the brake pedal; you
will feel the vehicle’s weight shift forward
d. If you feel the wheels beginning to slide, ease off
of the brake pedal so the tires can start rotating
again
a. Used for sharp turns
b. Occurs at the transition point where you slightly
reduce pressure on the brake pedal to allow the
vehicle to begin to regain speed before applying
the accelerator
31
5. Methods to Reduce Speed:
a. Use __________ braking prior to reaching the curve
b. Begin easing off brake, and trail brake with very light pressure
until halfway through the turn,
c. __________ out of the turn
6. SPEED LIMIT:
a. A speed limit is the ________ legal speed you can travel on a road under ideal conditions.
b. You may drive slower than the posted speed, but it is illegal to drive any faster.
c. By law, you must drive slower if conditions such as road construction or bad weather make the
posted speed unsafe.
d. It is illegal to use a radar detector in Virginia.
Type of Highway Zone
Interstate highways in certain rural areas
Non-rural interstate highways, public roads not
part of the interstate sys
Rural rustic roads
School, business and residential zones (You are
required to travel 25 mph in a school zone only
when indicated by sign or signal. Otherwise
maintain the posted speed.)
Speed Limit
_____mph
_____ mph
_____ mph
_____ mph
7. Stopping Distance: Three factors determine the distance that it takes to stop your vehicle:
a. ___________ time: The time it takes you to recognize a hazard.
b. __________ distance: The distance your vehicle travels between the time you recognize a problem
and the time you apply the brakes.
c. __________ distance: The distance your car travels after you apply the brakes.
8. Describe at least 10 situations that you must always stop your vehicle.
32
9. Antilock Braking System (ABS):
a. ABS allows maximum stopping force without locking up the brakes (skidding)
b. If standard brakes are applied too hard, the wheels "lock" or skid, and you lose steering control.
If steering control is lost, the vehicle skids in a
_________line wherever it is going
ABS is an anti-lock/anti-skid brake system that allows
the driver to __________ during hard braking
Some things to know about the ABS system:
a. The ABS warning will come on when there is a problem with either the ABS brake system, normal brake
system, or the brake fluid is low in the master cylinder or the ABS brake system
b. To find out if a vehicle is equipped with ABS, turn on the ignition and check the instrument panel for
the __________________________
c. The brake pedal will _________ when engaged
TO PRACTICE USING ABS:
In a parking
lot, go 20-25
mph and
execute an
emergency
stop to
engage ABS
Keep your
foot firmly on
the brake
even when
you feel the
brake pulsate
and/or hear
noise
This
computerized
pumping
action can
pump the
brakes up to
15 times per
second
33
Module 4: Topic 1
Assessing and Managing Risk
1. Driving Risk is the___________ that a chosen action (e.g., speeding, texting, etc.,) may lead to an
undesirable outcome. An average of ______ teenagers are _________ in crashes EVERY DAY.
2. Minimize Risk:
Remaining _____ to your constantly changing surroundings
Identifying potential ___________ and factors that jeopardize safety
Assess your ____________to evade, avoid, or minimize risk
Employ compensatory ____________________
3. To properly assess a specific risk, you need to have some idea of the potential outcomes.
a. For example, if you are a distracted driver, your potential for being involved in a crash increases
______to _______ times.
4. Factors that increase risk:
Driver _________________
•
•
•
•
Speeding
Aggressive Driving
Inattention
Incorrect Seat
Position
• Failure to maintain
vehicle properly
• Not securing seatbelt
properly
Driver _____________
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intoxication
Drowsiness/Fatigue
Anger/Road Rage
Impatience
Distraction
Carelessness
Inattention
Driving
_________________________
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Weather Conditions
Sharp/Blind Curves
Left Turns
Weave Lanes
Heavy Traffic
Pedestrians
Bicyclists
Wildlife Crossings
34
35
5. Actions have consequences:
a. Taking unnecessary risks may result in property _________, injury or _______, and other losses
b. ______ to you or others - permanent or life-threatening,
c. _______ to personal property,
d. ______such as financial loss, loss of license, loss of convenience, loss of time, and other losses.
6. Driver actions that cause crashes in Virginia:
a. S__________ - #1
b. Failure to yield the ______________ - #2
c. Driving while intoxicated - #3
d. Disregarding a traffic _______or ______ -#4
e. Following too _______ - #5
f. I_________ turns
g. U________ passing
7. Other factors that increase risk:
a. Worn or bald ______, poorly adjusted and/or worn b_______, broken headlights, worn windshield
wiper blades, dirty _____________
b. Road _____________
c. _________conditions
d. ______surface – wet, snow, ice, gravel
8. How can you reduce your risk?
S______
• brake light (flash,
slowing, stopping)
• lane position
(intent to change
lanes or turn,
hazard in lane
ahead)
• horn (warn, get
someone’s
attention)
Change ________
• Your options are to
maintain, increase
or decrease speed
Change Postion or
______
• It is quicker to
change position
than to stop, so you
always need to
know what space is
available to:
• move to a different
lane position to
gain more space
• change lanes
• turn onto another
street
36
Module 4: Topic 2
Components of the Space Management System
1. Drivers use SEEiT to reduce risks:
a. Drivers need v__________, s________, and t_______to avoid conflicts and perform safe driving
maneuvers
b. Good seeing habits and the ability to manage space on the roadway are essential ingredients for
low-risk driving
c. Developing space management H_______ can reduce driving risks
S
E
E
____________
Execute
i
T
in
Time
Search
Look for potential
___________
Seaerch at least
__________seconds
ahead
What do you
need to do to
avoid a collision?
Carry out your
_______
What are some things you would be searching for?
2. Space around your vehicle:
a. Drivers must manage all ______zones around the vehicle, and adjust position to maintain a safe
margin of space that provides room to steer in an emergency
3. A Zone can be Open, Closed or Changing
a. OPEN — An open zone is a space where you can drive _________ restriction
b. CLOSED — The space or area is _______ available in the vehicle’s path of travel
c. C_________ — An open zone changes to a closed zone or a closed zone becomes an open zone
Think about a traffic light:
A ______ light would be a CLOSED zone.
A ______ light would be a CHANGING zone.
A ______ light would be an OPEN zone.
37
4. Use the diagram below to answer questions below. You are in the solid colored vehicle.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Which area is an open zone?
a. left lane
b. right lane
c. rear of the vehicle
d. none of these area are open
What area is closed?
a. left lane
b. front of the vehicle
c. right lane
d. none of these area are closed
5. Following Intervals:
a. Drivers have the most control over the space directly in front of the vehicle
b. ___-Second - Following Distance is effective at speeds under 35 mph
c. ___-Second - Following Distance may provide enough time for evasive steering maneuver on dry
surfaces or to brake at speeds up to 45 mph
d. ___-Second - Following Distance provides time to steer out of a problem on dry surfaces and brake out
of a problem at speeds up to 70 mph
Measuring Your Following
Distance
38
_________SECONDS
__________ SECONDS
__________SECONDS
Traffic is moving at 30 MPH
to cross a two lane roadway (vehicles need to be at least a block away)
to cross a four lane intersection
to turn left (vehicles need to be more than a block away or length of a football
field.
__________SECONDS
__________SECONDS
to turn right (vehicles need to be at least a block away)
to change lanes into traffic from parked position
6. When should you increase your following distance?
a. V_____________ is limited
b. T_________ is limited
c. Number of visual and mental tasks _______________
d. Being t________________
e. ________ of sight restriction
f. _______ of Travel restriction
g. Carrying a heavy load or pulling a trailer
h. _______________ to drive
7. When stopping behind a vehicle you should see the ________ tires on the pavement of the car in front of
you.
8. Manage your space to the rear:
a. Regularly
b. Before and while ____________
c. While ______________ in traffic
d. Before and after making ___________
e. Before and after a lane _____________
Can you control the space behind you?
9. Manage the space to the side:
a. Strive to keep ________of the side zones open
b. Respond to an oncoming vehicle by slightly adjusting lane position to __________ space between
your vehicle and the oncoming vehicle
c. Adjust lane position to increase space between your vehicle and parked cars, bicyclists,
pedestrians, etc.
10. Judging Gaps:
In order to judge a gap you need to be able to judge s_________, t________ and d________ while moving.
39
11.
_____________ Time
___________ Time
a. Time it takes to
identify a risk
b. Average
perception time
varies with the
circumstances
Time it takes to
respond with
accelerator, brake,
or steering
b. Average reaction
time is________
second
a.
_____________ Time
a. Total time it takes to
complete the action
12. What are some factors that affect reaction time?
13. Calculating Speed and distance:
a. Formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speed
b. A vehicle will travel 1.467 (rounded up to 1.5) feet per second for each mph of speed
 40 mph x 1.5 = 60 feet per second
 60 mph x 1.5 = _______ feet per second
 80 mph x 1.5 = ________ feet per second
14. Simplified formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speed:
a. Take the speed, divide by two, and add the answer to the speed. Examples:
 40 mph ÷ 2 = 20 + 40 = 60 feet per second
 60 mph ÷ 2 = 30 + 60 = 90 feet per second
 80 mph ÷ 2 = 40 + 80 = 120 feet per second
Why is it important to understand the formulas above?
40
Module 4: Topic 3
Using the SEEiT Space Management System
1. Search:
a. Know when, where and what to look for
b. Search far ahead, to the sides, to the rear
c. Search for ________: intersections, brake lights, warning signs, traffic lights, other vehicles,
pedestrians, animals, parked cars, etc.,
d. Search for changes in front wheels of other vehicles, movement from the side, etc.
e. Search intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, parking lots, construction areas and
playgrounds
f. When driving in rural areas search for hidden intersections and driveways, curves, hills and
varying road conditions
g. Search for trucks and other oversized vehicles, as well as slow moving farm vehicles,
motorcycles, bicycles, etc.
2. Evaluate:
a. Gives ___________ to your search
b. Identifies where the possible points of c_________ may occur
c. Determines _______ the conflict may affect you if it does happen
3. What will you evaluate? Some Examples:
a. Is the traffic light a stale green light?
b. Will the zone I’m entering be open or closed?
c. What lane position is the safest?
d. What is the other driver going to do?
e. Is the driver texting?
f. Is there more than one way to manage this risk?
g. Where will the point of conflict occur?
h. Where is the escape route?
i. Will someone run the light?
j. Will a pedestrian enter the roadway?
k. Is there sufficient traction available?
l. Is the driver in the vehicle behind me paying attention?
m. Will a door of one of these parked cars open?
n. Will a squirrel or deer run onto the road?
4. When you execute, you have made a decision on how to handle the conflict and you carry out your
plan ______________!
5. ____________ proper searching, evaluating (decision making skills), you may execute the _____________
decision
41
Module 4: Topic 4
Moving the Vehicle
1. Once you have completed your pre drive check you are ready to start the car and move into traffic:
a. Start the engine with ______ foot on brake
b. Check _________________ panel
c. Adjust a__________________ (HVAC/sound system, etc.)
d. Select proper __________________
e. Release p_____________ brake
f. S__________________
g. Check t______________
2. Moving straight forward:
a. With ________ foot on brake and hands at ____ o’clock and ______o’clock
b. Select __________ gear
c. Select a ________________
d. R________________ traffic
e. Take foot off brake (do not ____________________)
f. Straighten _____________ if necessary
g. Move straight towards _______________
h. __________________ slowly
i. ________________as you approach the target
3. Backing:
a. Many new drivers’ first “fender bender” is a __________ collision!
b. Make proper adjustments
c. Start the vehicle with ________on the brake
d. Shift to ____________________
e. Assume the straight backing position
f. Left hand at _______ o’clock
g. Looking over ________ shoulder
h. Check traffic to f________, s_________ and r__________
i. Select a t______________
j. Gradually release ______________ pressure
k. Move __________________
l. ________________gradually
m. ___________ the brake when needed
4. Backing and Turning:
a. Signal
b. Readjust seat position according to direction that you turn wheel - Right Side/Left Side
c. Establish ___________target
d. Use __________________ _________________to determine when to start turning steering wheel
e. Turn the wheel in the direction you want the ____________ of the vehicle to go
f. Monitor ______________ in front of the vehicle
42
5. Entering the Roadway:
a. Review _____________ tasks
b. S________ the vehicle
c. S_______to drive
d. Release ___________ brake
e. Check traffic and _______________
f. Move to first available lane
g. Targeting center of lane – lane position ______
h. Cancel Signal
6. Moving to the curb/side of the road:
a. Check _____________
b. S________ intentions
c. Visually target destination
d. Use _____________ ____________ to position vehicle 6 – 12 inches from curb
e. __________ the vehicle
43
Module 4: Topic 5
Turnabouts and Parking
1. Why do you use a turnabout?
a. If you miss an address or building and you do not have the option of driving around the block
2. Types of Turnabouts:
a. ________-point turn:
 Pull into driveway on right side
 Pull into driveway on left side
b. _________-point turn
c. ___________________
 Midblock
 At an intersection
3. Minimize risk for a turnabout:
a. Being sure local laws permit a turnabout — look for any signs ________________ the turn
b. Making sure you have at least __________feet of visibility in each direction
c. Being sure you have enough __________ and _______ to complete the turn safely
d. Never making a turnabout near or on __________and ________
e. Checking continually for other t_________ and pedestrians — check all zones around your vehicle
4. Two-Point Turnabout: Backing into driveway on the right side:
a. Check traffic flow
b. Signal, and position yourself ______________ from curb
c. Drive beyond the driveway and __________
d. Shift to -_____________, monitor intended path
e. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the _______ as you enter driveway
f. Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway and stop with the wheels s__________
g. Signal _____ and exit driveway when the way is clear
44
5. Two-Point Turnabout: Pulling into driveway on the left side:
a. Check traffic flow
b. Signal and position your vehicle to ________ inches from center yellow line
c. When traffic is clear, drive into the driveway and s______
d. Shift to ______________, monitor intended path
e. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the _______ as you exit driveway
f. ______________wheels, centering car in roadway
g. Shift into _________ - Check traffic and accelerate to normal speed
6. Three Point Turnabouts:
a. Three-point turns are also called _________, and are an option if no driveway is available, traffic is
light, you cannot drive around the block, or the available space prevents a U-turn
b. This is the most dangerous turnabout!
These steps match the diagram below:
#1. Stop close to the right edge or curb
Search for a ______________-second gap, signal a left turn
#2 Move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel rapidly to the left
When the front wheels are almost to the curb, stop — Check traffic left and right
#3. Shift the vehicle into r__________ and, while slowly backing up, turn the wheel to the r_______
#4. Shift into drive
Check ______________________
S___________ your intent and accelerate to normal speed
45
7. Mid-Block U-Turn:
a. Make sure local and state law permits this type of turnabout
b. A midblock U-turns require a _______ space
c. This is a high-risk turnabout
8. U-Turn at an Intersection:
a. When making a U-turn at an intersection, begin the U-turn in the _______ lane closest the center
line or median
b. Complete the turn in the lane farthest to the _____ in the opposite flow of traffic, and accelerate to
the appropriate speed
c. Why is the U-turn a high-risk turnabout?
46
9. Parking Strategies:
a. Look for a parking space with enough room for entering and exiting easily
b. Observe and follow all signs, _________, pavement markings
c. Look for vehicles _________parking spaces
d. Avoid spaces at the _______ of parking lanes where being hit is more likely
e. Avoid spaces near a _______vehicle that block your vision when existing and other people’s ability
to see you
f. Avoid spaces with a ___________ parked vehicle on either side
10. Parking is NOT allowed: *these appear on the knowledge part of the permit test very often
a. Beside another parked vehicle (________ parking)
b. On crosswalks or s_________________
c. In f________of driveways
d. Next to painted y_________ curbs or no parking signs
e. In a parking space reserved for disabled persons
f. On the hard surface of a road when no curb is present
g. Within ______ feet of an intersection
h. Within _____ feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or Rescue squad station
i. Within ______feet of where fire trucks or equipment are stopped answering an alarm
j. Within ______ feet of a railroad crossing
k. Within ______feet of a fire hydrant
11. Angle Parking:
a. Signal intention, position vehicle -_________ feet away from the space
b. Move forward until ________ mirror appears to align with the first pavement line
c. Visually target the __________ of the space and move slowly turning the wheel sharply
d. Once front enters space, gradually begin unwinding the steering wheel while monitoring the
vehicles parked on either side
47
12. Exiting an Angle Space:
a. Place foot on brake, signal intention, shift to r_________, search path of travel
b. Back until your vehicle’s ________ seat is even with the back of the space, and begin turning the
steering wheel in the direction you want the rear to go
c. Constantly monitor the _________bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turning
d. Back into the c_________ lane; shift to ________ and move ________
13. Perpendicular Parking: Entering a Parking Space:
a. Signal intention and position the vehicle _______________ away from the space
b. Move forward until the ___________ mirror appears to align with the first line of the space
c. Turn the wheel rapidly in the direction of the space controlling speed
d. Steer towards a target in _________ of the space and straighten the wheels
e. Position the front bumper ____________ inches from the curb or end of the space
48
14. Perpendicular Parking: Exiting:
a. Place foot on ________, signal direction of turn, shift to ________, search area to the rear/sides
b. Back until your ___________ mirror is even with the bumper of the vehicle located to the side, begin
turning the steering wheel in the direction you want to go
c. Monitor the rear and your front bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turning
d. When the f________ bumper clears the back of the vehicle, stop, and shift to _______
15. Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street
STEP 1
a. Select a space that is at least ________ longer than your vehicle
b. Flash your brake lights, put on your turn ________as you approach the space, and monitor rear
traffic
c. Place your vehicle approximately _____ feet from the vehicle you want to park behind, aligning your
r_____ bumper with the other vehicle's _______bumper
d. Put the vehicle into __________ and turn the wheels all the way to the ________
49
STEP 2
a. Slowly back up until you are at a _____-degree angle using your side view mirror
b. Back until you can see the _________ closest to the curb of the vehicle behind to establish the 45degree angle
c. Stop
STEP 3
a. Turn the wheels all the way to the ________
b. Slowly back up monitoring the ________ front fender until you are parallel with and within 12
inches of the curb.
50
16. Parallel Parking – Exiting the Space:
a. Back-up as far as you can go without touching the vehicle behind and signal
b. Turn your wheels all the way to the _______ and shift to _______
c. Check traffic and make sure your right front fender will clear the rear of the vehicle in front of
you
d. Turn wheels slowly to the right when your ________________ mirror aligns with the bumper of the
vehicle ahead
e. Select ______________ in your path of travel and _________ accelerate
17. Parking on a Hill – Facing Downhill
a. Parking with or without a curb
b. Position your vehicle 6” from the curb
c. Let the car move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel sharply to the ______ until the
right front tire rests against the curb
d. Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or into REVERSE
gear for a manual transmission
Downhill
Parking
51
18. Parking on a Hill – Uphill with No Curb:
a. Drive as far off the roadway onto the shoulder as possible and stop
b. Turn wheels _________ from traffic
c. Shift into “P” (Park) automatic transmission, or into FIRST gear for a manual transmission
d. Engage the ___________brake
Parking Uphill
with NO Curb
19. Parking on a Hill – Uphill With a Curb:
a. Position your vehicle 6” from the curb and stop
b. Turn your steering wheel ________ from curb and let the vehicle move slowly back until the back of
the front tire touches the curb
c. Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or FIRST with a
manual transmission
d. Engage the parking brake
Uphill Parking
With a Curb
20. Parking Lot Strategies:
a. Obey speed limits
b. Obey the signs and pavement markings
c. Do not drive diagonally across parking lot lane markings
d. Be alert for pedestrians, bicyclists, roller-bladders and skateboarders
e. Avoid tight parking spaces
f. Avoid competing for a parking space
g. Park so the front and rear of vehicle is not in the flow of traffic
h. Position the vehicle properly in the space
i. Secure parking brake
j. Secure the vehicle, locking valuables in the trunk
k. Search all directions before exiting the parking space
l. Watch for drivers backing who may not see vehicles to the rear
52
21. Parking Garage Strategies:
a. Watch for ____________lights
b. Observe and follow all signs
c. Stay to the _________
d. Use h_____________
e. Be aware of people in and around the garage
f. When entering the parking garage, be aware of your surroundings, approach the vehicle with key
in hand, look around and in the vehicle for unwanted passengers
g. Drive slowly and watch for __________________
22. Handicapped Parking:
a. Vehicles displaying this symbol on their license plate or in the car on a special card may park in
handicapped spaces
b. Non-handicapped drivers are prohibited from parking in handicapped parking areas and may be
fined _________ for violations
c. A disabled person will be fined ____________ if he/she lets someone use his/her parking placard and
can have parking privileges revoked.
53
Module 5: Topic 1
Intersections
1. Why do you think more crashes occur at intersections?
2. One in every _____ fatal crashes occur at intersections:
a. Drivers fail to _______ and identify a safe path of travel when approaching an intersection.
b. Drivers don’t _________ or understand the risks.
c. Drivers fail to develop _______ driving habits to effectively manage the risks.
3. What do these intersection-warning signs mean?
a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. ___________________
e. ___________________
4. Approaching an intersection:
a. S__________ all corners; make sure you are in the proper lane.
b. If restriction to line of sight, change p__________ and reduce s_________.
c. Check m_____________.
d. Adjust speed.
e. Look to the front, left, and right.
f. Check traffic and count to __________ before moving.
g. Continue if traffic light is green or intersection is clear.
h. Do not ________ intersections.
5. Stopping at Intersections:
a. May have to stop if there is a yellow or red light, stop sign, yield sign or something in your path of
travel.
b. Begin braking.
c. If there is someone following close behind, tap your brake pedal a few times to let them know the
front car is stopping.
54
6. Where to stop at intersections:
a. _____________________________
If there is a crosswalk, the vehicle with a bumper or vehicle with
wheels must stop with the front bumper or front wheels behind
the nearest crosswalk line. Drivers must yield to pedestrians
entering or in a crosswalk.
b. __________________________________
White line found at most intersections. Sometimes there is a
crosswalk and a stop line. Should there be a stop line and a
crosswalk line, the stop line must be obeyed first.
c. ____________________________
On streets that have sidewalks, but no painted crosswalks,
remember that the crosswalks are still considered to be there even
though there are no pavement markings. Handle these situations the
same way as a painted crosswalk. If a driver is leaving a driveway,
alley, or building area such as a gas station or parking lot, the driver
must stop even if there is not a stop sign before entering the public
roadway.
d. _____________________________
If there are no identifying pavement markings and the sign or
traffic control device says stop, then the stop must be made with the
front bumper or front wheel behind an imaginary curb line, which
stretches from curb to curb closest to the driver.
7. Controlled Intersections:
a. Intersection flow is regulated by S_______ signs, YIELD signs or traffic SIGNALS
8. Right of Way Laws:
a. Right-of-Way is not a right or privilege – it must be ____________!
b. Right-of-Way is determined by a set of ________________.
c. Drivers must understand right-of-way rules governing:
• Intersections
• Merges
• Special conditions
55
9. Uncontrolled Intersections: There are No Signs or Traffic Lights Traffic Light is Malfunctioning:
a. The __________ vehicle that arrives at the intersection may proceed first if the other yields right
of way.
b. If two vehicles arrive at the same time, the driver on the _______must yield to the driver on the
_________________.
10. How do you use SEEiT at an intersection?
SEARCH: When you can see the intersection, begin SEARCHING for the:
a. Type of intersection
b. Intersection controls
c. __________ or problems in your intended path of travel
d. Also monitor the areas to the _____________
EVALUATE: How will you handle the potential _______________:
a. Traffic Controls
b. No traffic controls
c. Open, closed or changing path of travel
d. Cross traffic
EXECUTE in TIME:
a. If proceeding straight across a 30-feet wide, 2-lane roadway from a stop, you need a ____second
gap.
b. If turning right and blending into the traffic flow, you need a _______second gap.
c. If turning left and blending into the flow of traffic, you need an ________second gap.
11. Select the best lane at least a block ahead:
a. __________ lane(s) – safest when traveling straight through
b. __________ lane is used when turning right. Cross traffic, turning right on red will enter this lane
c. __________ lane is used to turn left - yield to oncoming traffic
12. How to turn at an intersection:
a. Check mirrors for presence and actions of following traffic.
b. Signal intent to turn at the intersection __________ seconds in advance or _____feet before the
turn.
c. Position the vehicle for appropriate turn.
d. Steer into proper lane. (___________________________ steering).
e. Tap brake pedal to alert following driver.
f. Adjust speed as necessary, stopping if required.
g. Recheck cross and oncoming traffic. Remember that ________% of drivers do not stop for stop
signs in residential area
13. Right Turn Risks:
a. Right-of-way rules not followed
b. Failure to signal
c. Failure to search intersections
d. Failure to stop on red before turning right
e. Turning too wide and crossing into adjacent lane
56
14. In this diagram, a right turn should be made from 2 into lane 3.
15. Why do you think a left turn is more dangerous than a right turn?
a. Crossing multiple lanes
b. Vehicle is in the intersection ______________
16. Making a Left Turn:
a. Determine if you have a safe path of travel through the intersection.
b. Be prepared to ___________ or ________________.
17. In this diagram, a left turn should be made from lane 1 into lane 3:
18. Protected Left Turn:
a. Vehicles turning left have a ____________ arrow.
b. All other traffic has a red light.
c. Red Arrow – Stop - no left turns
d. Solid Yellow – Clear the intersection; the signal will turn red.
e. Flashing Yellow Arrow – Left turns allowed but must yield to oncoming traffic – oncoming
traffic has a green light.
f. Green – Go if the way is clear – oncoming traffic has a _________ light.
57
19. Shared Turn lanes:
a. Shared lanes help keep traffic moving by giving drivers turning left a designated shared lane in
the center of the roadway.
b. Use shared lanes to start and complete _______ turns.
c. You cannot travel more than ________ feet.
d. Crossing traffic entering a shared lane from a driveway
 Move all the way into the lane to avoid blocking through traffic lane.
 Stop in the shared lane and wait to merge safely with traffic.
20. Roundabouts:
a. A ___________ intersection controlled by yield signs
b. Entries and exits into and out of the circle can be at multiple locations
c. By yielding at the entry, rather than stopping and waiting for a green light or stopping at a stop
sign, significantly reduces delays
21. Advantages of Roundabouts:
a. Fewer points of conflict
b. The data shows a 90% reduction in fatal crashes
c. 75% reduction in injury crashes
d. Reduces ____________ and keeps traffic moving
e. Reduction in pollution and fuel use
58
Module 5: Topic 2
Curves
1. Curves:
a. Curvy roads present a high risk.
b. There are many line-of-sight and/or path-of-travel restrictions (trees, hills, etc.).
2. Blind Curve:
a. Only a portion of the corner is visible; the rest is _____________.
3. S- Curve:
a. A curve in one direction with a second curve in the __________ direction.
4. Crowned Roadways:
a. Most roadways are higher in the middle and slope to the outside for better drainage.
5. Banked Curve:
a. The outside of the curve is ___________ than the inside.
6. Why do vehicles “slow down” going uphill and “speed up” coming downhill?
a. Uphill: _______________________is needed to maintain speed.
b. Downhill: vehicles will _______________ pick up speed.
7. Warning signs for curves:
8. Parts of the Curve:
Always reduce speed prior to entering the curve and slow prior to the apex
Accelerate out of the apex
Gradually accelerate – lane position 1
59
9. How do you overcome inertia in a curve?
a. Need traction to overcome inertia
b. If a vehicle loses traction in a curve, the vehicle will continue traveling in a ________________line and
the driver will have _________ control.
10. How do these statistics below apply to you as a driver?
NHTSA data suggests that over 90% of the vehicles in fatal, single-vehicle rollover crashes were involved
in routine driving maneuvers (going straight or negotiating a curve) at the time of the crash. This
further suggests that driver behavior (distraction, inattentiveness, speeding, and impaired driving) plays
a significant role in rollover crashes.
11. How can you prevent a roll over?
12. Curves
Curve Direction
Curve to the Left
Curve to the Right
Diagram
Key Points
a. Approach the curve in Lane
Position ______, as far away as
possible from oncoming
traffic
b. This position also provides
the best targeting
point for your line of sight
a. Assume outside road position
on the entry to a right curve
(Lane Position _____)
b. Allows for a longer braking
distance on entry and a better
chance of establishing a
sightline to the apex and exit
of the curve
60
Module 5: Topic 3
Hills and Mountains
1. Applying SEEiT space management process to hills and mountains:
S
E
__________ for
Evaluate
advisory
speed signs,
oncoming
traffic, road
condition/sur
face traction
control and
slow moving
vehicles
E
i
T
in
Time
Execute
Does the hill
have
curves?
Determine type
of curve, and
make decision
about safe
speed and lane
positions
Adjust
______________
and/or
position as
needed
2. Driving Uphill—Speed Control:
a. Extra ________ may be needed to maintain uphill speed.
b. Slower moving vehicles should travel in the right-hand lane.
3. Cresting the Hill:
a. Limited LOS at a hill crest
b. Be prepared for:
 Stopped vehicles
 Slow moving vehicles
 Oncoming vehicle in your lane
c. Be prepared to adjust speed or position to avoid a hazard.
4. List potential hazards that may exist on the other side of the hillcrest.
61
5. Descending Hills & Mountains:
a. Gravity will make the vehicle go _____________.
b. ___________ vehicles going downhill will pick up more speed .
c. Check the ________ zone for vehicles that may be having trouble controlling speed.
d. Turn off ____________ control.
6. Runaway Ramps:
a. Runaway ramps are designed for large trucks that lose braking control on steep hills.
b. They have deep gravel, sand barrels and other materials to help slow down the runaway
vehicle.
c. Pull off the road if you see a runaway truck behind you.
62
Module 5: Topic 4
Passing
1. Did you know that?
a. At 55 mph, you traveled 968 feet; you need TWICE as much distance to pass a vehicle ahead.
b. If the oncoming car seems to be getting closer, it’s already too close.
c. When curves or hills keep you from seeing far enough ahead: Assume there’s a car just out of
sight or just about to appear.
d. Don’t start to pass unless there’s room ahead to return.
2. Estimating Passing Gap Needs:
a. __________ the seconds it takes for an oncoming vehicle to pass in the opposite lane.
b. Do this until you can accurately estimate the time.
c. If you can see a vehicle approaching it is _________ safe to pass.
3. Passing Procedures:
 Prepare to pass
a. Position the vehicle _________ seconds behind the vehicle to be passed
b. Check mirrors and oncoming traffic
c. Check ahead for safe passing distance
d. Signal left
 Overtake the ongoing car
a. Accelerate and move into passing lane
b. Accelerate quickly to the legal speed
c. Concentrate on the path ahead
d. Check ___________ for following vehicles
 Return to lane
a. Check inside rear-view mirror for the __________ of the vehicle being passed
b. Signal right
c. Change lanes, steer to center of lane and ___________ speed
d. Cancel turn signal
4. Pass on the Right:
a. When another vehicle is waiting to make a left turn and when multiple lanes are available
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5. _______________ to Pass:
6. What do you know about passing?
a. If the oncoming car seems to be getting closer, should you pass?
b. When curbs or hills keep you from seeing far enough ahead, should you pass?
c. Don’t start to pass unless…
7. Passing on Multi-Lane Roads:
a. One of the most dangerous maneuvers a driver can attempt
b. Higher the speed the greater the risk
c. High volume of traffic increases the chance of collisions
d. Passing may occur on the left or right
8. When Being Passed:
a. Check passing vehicle’s position
b. Move away slightly if too close
c. _______________ speed
d. Once passed, create space ahead and behind
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Module 5: Topic 5
Characteristics of Urban and Rural Roadways
CHARACTERISTICS
a.
b.
c.
d.
URBAN ROADWAYS
High volume of traffic with many hazards
Multiple intersections with left and right
turn lanes, stop signs and traffic signal lights
Stores and businesses
present
Public transportation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
KEY POINTS FOR
DRIVING
REDUCING RISK
SPECIAL
SITUATIONS
RURAL ROADWAYS
Low volume of
traffic and speeds
Road and shoulders
may be narrow and
of varying surfaces
Few signs, signals and pavement
markings
Steep hills and curves
Open bridge gratings, uncontrolled
railroad crossings and intersections
Manage speed to increase control
Brake and steer without losing control
Adjust speed when conditions are unsafe
Position vehicle to maintain 20 – 30
second visual lead
Side roads intersect with a main road
Maintain 3-second following distance
Slow down, move to right side of lane
without going on shoulders
a. Stay within the posted speed limit
b. Look at least two blocks or two traffic signals
ahead
c. Use the SEEiT system
d. Watch for situations with closed zones and
line-of-sight restrictions
e. Be alert for areas where
sudden stops may occur
f. Keep as much space as
possible from oncoming
vehicles
g. Take action if driver in
oncoming lane crosses
center line
h. Right lane usually for slower traffic
i. Avoid driving next to other vehicles
j. Drive in correct lane, indicated by arrows on
pavement
a. Increase following distance
b. Search ahead, to the sides and rear
c. Move slightly to the right and signal early to
prevent tailgaters
d. Slow down as you approach traffic signals
and do not
block intersection
e. Select lane with fewest
number of hazards
a.
b.
c.
d.
a. Driving on one and
two-way streets
b. Parked vehicles
c. Blocked intersections
d. Unexpected situations on crowded streets
e. Pedestrians and bicyclists
f. Public transportation
a. Slow moving vehicles
 Use caution
 Do not honk your horn
b. Animals
 Do not swerve into oncoming traffic
or off roadway with no shoulder
 Safest alternative may be hitting
animal
c. Railroad crossings
 Look left and right before crossing
tracks
 Be alert for multiple tracks
e.
f.
g.
a. More dangerous on two-lane roadway
b. Only pass one vehicle at a time
c. If you can see an oncoming vehicle, do
not attempt to pass
65
Module 5: Topic 6
Expressway Driving
1. Characteristics of Expressways:
a. High speed
b. Controlled access (entry and exit)
c. Divided by barrier
d. _____________ lanes going in the same direction
e. Only for motorized vehicles
f. _____________ access
g. Higher speeds (up to _____ mph)
h. Designed to carry a lot of traffic quickly and efficiently
2. Safety Design Features:
Select three of the safety design features and explain how they help to protect drivers.
3. Expressway Numbering:
Even Numbers (I-64, I-66)
a. Even numbers go ___________________
b. Even numbers begin in the south and get
larger as they move north
Odd numbers (I-77, I-81, I-95)
a. Odd numbers go _______________
b. Odd numbers begin in the west and get
larger as they move east
3-digit numbers designate an alternate route:
1st digit is even (I-664)
If the first digit is even, the alternate route goes
around the city
1st digit is odd (I-164)
If it is odd, it leads into the city.
What route near us goes AROUND the CITY?
66
4. Expressway Entrance Components
Parts of Ramp
Key Points
As you enter the
ramp, immediately
begin searching for a
gap/open space.
Some entrance ramps
have ramp meters:
 Entrance ramp
traffic lights are
designed to
distribute traffic
onto the
expressway when
traffic is heavy
 Permits one car at
a time to enter the
expressway
Accelerate to speed of
traffic
Monitor gap, and
blend with the speed
of traffic on the
expressway
Area used to move
onto the expressway
and is usually marked
with a broken white
line
Help drivers enter
expressway by
adjusting speed or
changing lanes if it is
safe to do so
Good Habits
a. Make sure the
entrance ramp is
the correct one
b. Search for “Do Not
Enter” or “Wrong
Way” signs
c. Check front and
rear zones
d. Observe traffic
conditions on the
limited access
roadway
e. Signal, check
mirrors and blind
zones
f. Prepare to adjust
speed for heavy
traffic on the ramp
g. Avoid stopping or
backing up on a
ramp
a. Maintain speed and
safe following
distance
b. Signal
c. Accelerate to the
speed of vehicles
on the expressway
d. Continuously check
front and rear
zones, mirrors and
blind spot
e. Decide when and
where to merge
a. Check Front, Rear
and Left Rear
Zones
b. Select Gap
c. Move into the open
space on
expressway
Mistakes/Concerns
Oh no! You have entered the EXIT
ramp and traffic is coming at you!
a. If you see the ramp area marked
with “DO NOT ENTER” and/or
“WRONG WAY” signs,
immediately pull over to the
edge of the road
b. The possibility of a head on
collision is very high
c. When the way is clear, turn
around and get off the ramp
d. Avoid backing or stopping on
ramp
a. Search ahead and to
the side for a gap on
the expressway
b. Prepare to adjust
speed with traffic
c. Prepare to use the shoulder if no
gap is available
a. Heavy traffic
b. No gap to move onto expressway
c. Traffic slowing or stopping
ahead
67
5. Steps for entering an expressway:
a. Identify entrance ¼ mile in advance
b. Check traffic
c. Signal the proper lane
d. Enter ramp and adjust speed
e. Identity gap for merging, signal into the travel lane
f. Adjust to travel speed
6. Weave Lane:
a. A “weave” lane serves as both an ____________ and an ___________ lane
b. Traffic entering and exiting must use the same lane
c. Conflicts can occur
d. The driver entering from the entrance ramp should __________to the driver leaving the expressway
7. Types of Entrance/Exit Ramps:
a. ___________________
b. ___________________ c. ___________________
d. ___________________
8. List 10 signs or markings you would see on an expressway:
9. Wolf Pack:
a. Wolf packs” are groups of drivers traveling together at higher speeds.
b. Driving in a “wolf pack” allows you little or no margin of safety.
c. Avoid “wolf packs”
d. If you see a “wolf pack” approaching from the rear, ______ over and let them by.
68
10. It is important to mange space on a highway. How can you manage your time and space on a highway
to reduce your risks?
11. Exiting an Expressway:
Parts of Exit
Key Points
Potential Exiting Problems
Ramp
a. Deceleration lanes
a. Short deceleration lane
allow drivers to reduce b. Sharp curve on ramp
their speed without
c. Traffic stopped on the exit ramp
blocking traffic on the
d. Very slow ramp speed - there may be a STOP sign
expressway
or a traffic light at the end of the exit ramp. The
b. Look for the advisory
driver must adjust from a fast speed to a STOP in a
speed sign for the
short distance.
deceleration lane
e. Weave lane conflicts
b. Wait until reaching the
deceleration lane
before reducing speed
a. The exit ramp allows traffic to enter adjoining roadways
b. Brake to warning sign speed
c. Check behind
d. Search for traffic control signs or signals
69
Module 6: Topic 1
Sharing the road with Pedestrians
BE AWARE
Strategies to reduce risk
Check for pedestrians before passing a stopped
vehicle.
Crosswalks may be marked or painted on the
roadway.
Search for pedestrians in shopping centers.
Yield to pedestrians in crosswalks whether
marked or unmarked.
Be careful in school and residential areas.
Slow down and obey the slower speed limit.
Be Aware! More than 50 percent of pedestrianmotorist crashes occur at intersections.
Yield to pedestrians when making a right turn on
red or a left turn at an intersection.
Motorist speeding is a major factor in crashes
with pedestrians.
Watch for seniors or people in wheelchairs at
intersections
Help pedestrians cross roads safely.
Stop for a pedestrian with a white cane or guide
dog.
Are you a safe pedestrian?
What is I one thing you can do to be a safer pedestrian?
70
Module 6: Topic 2
Sharing the road with Bicyclists
**Bicycles are considered vehicles when the cyclist rides on the road.
He/she must follow the same right-of-way laws and legal responsibilities as drivers of motor
vehicles.
BE AWARE
Strategies to reduce risk
Motorists should not drive in the bicycle lanes
except when necessary to turn right.
Bicycles are legally entitled to use the road.
Use caution around bicyclists at night, and when
the roadway is wet or covered with sand or
gravel
Yield to bicyclists the same as you would for
pedestrians and vehicles.
Yield to bicyclists when a bike lane intersects a
road.
Do not attempt to share a lane with a cyclist.
Just as wind produced by a passing tractor-trailer
can pull a car off course, it may also cause a
cyclist to swerve out of control.
After parking and before opening vehicle doors,
use caution and check for bicyclists.
Experienced bicyclists can ride 20-25 mph and
may be closer than you think.
When approaching or passing a bicyclist, slow
down and give space.
Do not sound horn close to bicyclists.
Young riders may not fully appreciate the
dangers, or understand the rules of the road.
LAW
Check for bicyclists before turning and backing.
Do not slow down or stop quickly after passing a
bicycle.
What will you do as a driver when you are sharing the road with a bicyclist?
71
Module 6: Topic 3
Sharing the road with Mopeds/Scooters
**Mopeds are typically classified as bicycles
BE AWARE
They have pedals that must be used to gain
momentum before the low-powered engine can
kick in and supply additional power.
Strategies to reduce risk
Leave plenty of room when passing a moped.
Mopeds/scooters cannot be driven on a roadway
where the speed limit is faster than _____________
If it went any faster, it would be classified as a
motorcycle, which requires a motorcycle license.
A rider may turn sharply to avoid something in
the road or a door being opened from a parked
car.
You must wear a DOT-approved _________ when
operating a moped.
You may not operate a moped if you have been
declared a habitual offender or your license is
suspended or revoked for driving under the
influence of alcohol or drugs.
72
Module 6: Topic 4
Sharing the road with Motorcycles
**Please look TWICE for BIKES
BE AWARE
Motorcycles are smaller and easily
hidden/harder to see in the traffic mix.
Strategies to reduce risk
Do not share a lane with a motorcycle.
Research shows drivers, who also ride
motorcycles or have family members or close
friends who ride, are less likely to collide with
them - this indicates that drivers can mentally
train themselves to see motorcycles.
Check ____________ and _______ spots for
motorcycles.
A motorcyclist will often move within his/her
lane to be seen or to see well.
Most motorcycles do not have self-canceling turn
signals.
Before ____________ check for motorcycles.
Do not assume a motorcycle is turning.
When following a motorcyclist allow for more
___________.
Maintain lane position and speed when passing a
motorcycle.
Always signal intentions.
Many people believe incorrectly that a
motorcycle can stop quicker than a car.
Passengers can distract the rider.
Education Courses for Motorcyclists
If the rider is not wearing warm protective gear
Virginia Rider Training Program
during colder temperatures, the rider can be
Basic Rider Course – 2/3 wheel licensing
affected by hypothermia and be less aware of
Basic Rider Course II
surroundings.
Advanced Rider Course
If the rider does not have a helmet, the eyes can
In-Street, In-Traffic Training
be affected by wind and debris.
What can motorcyclists do to manage risk?
• Education, know limits, riding gear, mental attitude, physical condition, visibility
73
Module 6: Topic 5
Sharing the road with Large Vehicles
1.
Match the following signs and their meaning?
1. Steep grade
A.
B.
2. Truck Rollover
3. Low Ground Clearance
C.
D.
4. Height Limit Overhead
2.
Materials transported that may be solid, liquid, or gas, that have physical and/or chemical
characteristics and may pose dangers to the environment and/or humans are known as
3. Tanker trucks that carry liquid loads are often dangerous. When the liquid inside the tank
shifts from side to side causing the center of gravity to change in the tank, it is a situation
known as …
a.
b.
c.
d.
Surging
HazMat
Sloshing
Rotation
4. When a tanker truck stops suddenly, the liquid inside the tank rolls from front to back and
back to front. This is called …
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
Surging
HazMat
Sloshing
Rotation
In the picture to the right, identify and shade the
blind spots or No Zones around the truck.
74
6. The front blind spot or No Zone may extend up to
the truck.
a. 15 feet
b. 20 feet
c. 25 feet
d. 35 feet
feet in front of
7. The largest and most dangerous of the truck’s blind spots is found on the __________
a.
b.
c.
d.
8.
front
rear
left side
right side
Besides being illegal and dangerous to “draft” a truck, list 2 other reasons why this might be
dangerous to do.
a.
b.
9. After passing a large truck and before returning to the lane in front of the truck, you must
signal your intention, and you must also see the entire front of the truck and its wheels …
a.
b.
c.
d.
in the side view mirror of your car
in rearview mirror of your car
with a head check after you pass the truck
as you pass the truck’s front bumper
10. When merging or exiting the freeway, you should, if possible, adjust your speed and
spacing to help the truck’s driver merge onto or exit the freeway.
a. True
b. False
11. Total stopping distance is made up of 3 parts. Match the components to its definition.
1. Perception Time
a. Time to move your foot to the brake
2. Reaction Time
b. Time to Push down on the brake until the car
3. Braking Time
comes to a complete stop
c. Time to See and evaluate the situation
12. Identify 3 things that affect the stopping distance of a large truck.
a.
b.
c.
75
13. While it takes a car going 55 miles per hour about 265 feet to stop, the distance it would take
a fully loaded tractor trailer truck to come to a complete stop when going 55 miles per hour is
___________
a. 5 city blocks
b. Just over the length of a football field
c. The height of the Washington Monument
d. The straight line distance from home plate to second base
14. When traveling beside or behind a large
truck that is turning right or left, you should
be careful because a truck will often swing
wide in the opposite direction of the turn
causing you to have a partially or fully
blocked path of travel.
a. True
b. False
15. The truck on the right is making a right-hand turn.
Mark on the picture the area or areas where you
should not enter while the truck is making its turn.
16. Stop lines at intersections are designed to …
a. Warn pedestrians not to walk near a turning truck
b. Indicate where cars should stop to allow trucks the maximum turning space (radius) to
complete a turn safely
c. Provide reflective strips that help drivers and pedestrians know where the curb ends
and the intersection begins
d. Assist police officers when blocking intersections for specialized truck convoys
17. High winds do not cause any driving problems for large trucks.
a. True
b. False
18. When traveling behind or beside a loaded flat bed truck, you need to allow enough space
between you and the truck to avoid objects that might spill or drop unexpectedly onto the
roadway.
a. True
b. False
76
Module 6: Topic 6
Sharing the Road with School Buses and
Transit Buses
BE AWARE
Flashing yellow signals caution drivers that the bus is
preparing to stop.
Flashing red means the driver is ___________ loading or
unloading children.
LAWS
You must _______ for stopped school buses with
flashing red lights and an extended stop sign
when you approach from any direction on a
public or private road.
When stopped behind a stopped School Bus, leave
adequate spacing between your vehicle and the School
Bus. This may prevent your vehicle from being pushed
into the rear bumper of the bus if it is struck from
behind.
Use the three-second rule to keep a safe distance
between your vehicle and the bus.
School zone speed limits are often only in force when
school is in session and children are likely to cross
roads.
Stop and remain stopped until all children are
clear and the bus moves again.
The school zone may double as a playground zone and
the speed limit could be in effect longer or even
continuously.
When the roadway is not divided by a physical
barrier such as a median, ditch, or guardrail,
_____________________ when the School Bus has its
warning devices on or is loading or unloading
passengers.
You must also stop if the bus is loading or
unloading children and the signals are not on.
When the roadway is divided by a physical
barrier such as a median, ditch, or guardrail, only
traffic traveling in the _______ of the school bus
must stop when the school bus has it’s warning
Flashing amber lights are designed to draw attention to devices on or is loading or unloading passengers.
the school zone.
SCHOOL PROPERTY
Always exercise safe driving on school grounds. The school itself has many moving parts: staff, students,
buses and other vehicles. The student driver should be aware of proper entrances and exits. Drivers
should operate their vehicle within the speed limits while on school property.
Transit Buses
BE AWARE
Watch for buses that have stopped.
Unlike a school bus, drivers do not have to stop for a
transit bus.
Do not pass a ____________ bus, wait until bus
starts moving.
Strategies to Reduce Risk
Transit bus lanes are intended to save time for
bus riders by enabling them to bypass the areas
of heaviest traffic congestion such as a business
district.
Bus lanes are identified by the HOV diamond and
usually the words “__________________”.
Use of the bus lane is restricted to buses.
Be careful when passing a stopped bus - passengers may be exiting and _____________ the street
77
Module 6: Topic 7
Sharing the Road with Construction Vehicles





Construction vehicles are typically very large, and when loaded, very heavy.
Acceleration and braking takes ________ time.
The heavy vehicle will have a _______ stopping distance.
The blind areas around the vehicle can be large and restrictive.
Use reduced risk-driving skills when sharing the roadway with construction vehicles.
Nine Simple Rules for Driving Safely in the Zone
1. Minimize ______________—Avoid activities when driving such as using cell phones, changing
radio stations, eating or engaging in any activity that takes your eyes off the roadway.
2. Pay close attention—Signs and work zone flaggers save lives.
3. Turn on your ____________—Workers and other motorists must see you.
4. Don't tailgate—Unexpected stops frequently occur in work zones.
5. Don't speed—Note the speed limits in and around the work zone.
6. Keep up with traffic flow—Dedicate your full attention to the road and those traveling around
you.
7. Don't ____________________ in the work zone—The time saved just isn't worth it.
8. Expect the unexpected—Keep an eye out for workers and their equipment.
9. Be ______________—Remember, the work zone crewmembers are working to improve your
future travels.
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Module 6: Topic 8
Sharing the Road with Recreational Vehicles
1. Sharing the Road with Recreational Vehicles
a. Recreational motor homes can be 40 feet long, not including a tow vehicle.
b. Visibility is a major problem—this vehicle can block the following driver’s _________________—
increase following distance to improve line-of-sight.
2. Sharing the Road With Towed Vehicles
a. Vehicles can be seen towing a variety of trailers: conventional travel trailers, including folding
trailers, fifth-wheel trailers, motorcycle, boat, and cargo trailers.
b. Watch for trailers swaying in high winds, particularly side winds, or when passing approaching
larger vehicles—leave lots of ______________ space.
3. Sharing the Road With Oversized Vehicles
a. When mobile homes are being transported, they are often preceded and followed by vehicles
that carry a “Wide Load” sign.
b. _________cars help warn motorists of oversized loads and/or slow moving vehicles.
c. Take extra precautions when you see oversized vehicles.
4. Sharing the Road With Slow Moving Vehicles
What color is the sign?
a. The most collisions occur when a slow-moving vehicle makes a ________ turn after the motorist
behind begins to pass.
b. Recognize and respect the slow-moving vehicle emblem – the triangular fluorescent orange
emblem bordered in red—slow down as if approaching a stoplight.
c. Don't assume that a slow-moving vehicle pulling to the right side of the road is going to turn
right or is going to let a driver pass.
5. Sharing the Road With Horse-Drawn Vehicles
a. When encountering horse-drawn vehicles, adjust speed.
b. The horse-drawn vehicle should display a slow-moving vehicle emblem on the rear.
c. Pass with caution—while passing, do not use the ________ and do not _____the engine, it could
scare the horse and cause an accident.
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6. Sharing the Road with Snowplows
a. Snowplows travel slowly, usually 25-30 mph.
b. When driving behind one, resist the temptation to pass - road conditions
could be much worse in ______________ of the plow.
c. Snowplow drivers need to concentrate on their task and the road conditions
in front of them, so they may not spot a vehicle trying to pass.
7. Sharing the Road With Farm Machinery
a. Slow down when a slow-moving vehicle's flashing turn signal is seen.
b. Be patient--it's not easy for the operator to move aside to let others pass, especially when road
shoulders are questionable.
c. Don't pull out in ________ of a slow-moving farm vehicle, then stop or slow down rapidly.
d. Farm equipment cannot stop or slow down as __________ as an automobile.
8. Sharing the Road With Animals
a. Many animals are most active around _______ and _______ when they look for food.
b. Use headlights smartly; at night, use high beams when possible to illuminate the road's edges.
c. Avoid high beam or flashing the headlights—the animal could become confused and move into
the vehicle’s path.
d. When encountering animals in or along the side of the road, _________ and be aware where there
is one there is likely to be many more.
9. Sharing the Road With Funeral Processions
a. Never________ a funeral procession.
b. Funeral processions can be a few cars or vehicles covering a mile or more.
c. Police officers need unhindered lanes to speed by the procession to block off side streets or
guide the cars through dangerous intersections.
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10. Sharing the Road With Emergency Vehicles
BE AWARE
LAW
a. Emergency Vehicles have the Right of Way drivers must immediately drive as close as
possible to the _______ edge of the roadway.
b. On one-way streets, drivers should pull to the
right or left–whichever is the nearest curb.
c. If it is impractical or dangerous to stop on the
right side of the roadway, clear a path and
stop and stay stopped until the emergency
vehicle has passed.
Do NOT block intersections, driveways, or a. Pull off the road.
other roadways.
b. Stay _______ feet from vehicle.
• Follow the instructions of the emergency
c. Observe the move-over law – slow or change
staff – Police, fire, flagger, etc.
lanes when approaching incident.
• Do NOT stop at the scene of an emergency
unless you are asked to do so.
• Don't gawk or rubberneck.
• Do NOT drive over fire hoses or any other
emergency equipment.
POLICE AND TRAFFIC STOPS
1. Move to right side of road.
2. Turn off engine and turn on flashers.
3. When requested, locate license, insurance and registration.
4. Remain in vehicle unless requested to get out.
•
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Module 6: Topic 9
Sharing the Road with Trains
1. What should you do when approaching a railroad crossing?
2. Where do you stop at railroad crossings?
3. How long does it take the average train to stop when traveling at 55 mph?
4. What will you do if the vehicle stalls on the tracks?
Remember to:
a. _________ down.
b. Pay _______________ to signs, lights and gates at crossings.
c. Look both ways and cross tracks quickly.
d. Stop at the ________ line if train is approaching.
e. Do ________ stop on tracks.
Sharing the Road with Light Rail Vehicles and Trolleys
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Traffic signals used to control these vehicles marked with a “T”
Do not drive through or park on tracks or safety zone for passengers
Do not pass on the _______.
Never ______ in front of an approaching light rail vehicle or trolley.
Maintain safe following distance
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Module 7: Topic 1
Distracted Driving
Distraction
Visual
Definition
Taking your _____ off
the road
Manual
Taking your ______
off the wheel
Cognitive
Taking your _____
off what you’re
doing
Example
Distractions
are anything
inside or
outside of the
vehicle that
takes the
driver’s
focus away
from driving.
MULTITASKING – ___________ to perform two or more tasks at the same time
SHOULD BE CALLED DIVIDED ATTENTION
DIVIDED ATTENTION compromises your cognitive, manual and/or visual abilities
1. Critical Driving Behaviors:
a. Attending to the ____________________________
b. Maintaining a line of ____________
c. Allowing ______ and _______ needed to make speed and position adjustments
d. Coordinating driving skills
e. Eye-hand coordination, selecting pedal and controlling pedal pressure, procedural tasks,
repetitive actions, etc.
2. Consequences of Divided Attention:
a. Missed brake lights
b. Missed traffic sign or signals
c. Not seeing an animal or pedestrian
d. Drifting out of the lane position
e. Running off the road
f. __________________________: The brain is overloaded with input
 Impossible for the brain to pay attention to every input it encounters
g. You see what you expect to see
h. The object blends and is not obvious
3. What do you think are the riskiest teen driving distractions?
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4. Do you know?
a. You are _____ times more likely to be involved in a crash if you are texting.
b. Drivers who send and receive text messages take their eyes off the road for an average of _____
seconds out of every _____ seconds while texting.
c. At 55 miles per hour, this means that the driver is traveling the length of a ______________, including
the end zones, without looking at the road.
5. How can children create distractions for the driver?
6. How can pets create distractions for the driver?
7. What is the law in VA?
a. Under 18 and bus drivers
 No cell phones – hands free or handheld - ______________ law
b. No texting – ______________ law
GET THE WORD OUT
What can you do to help other teens reduce distractions while driving?
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Module 7: Topic 2
Driver Performance and Driver Fatigue
1. How many hours of sleep do you get during week day nights?
2. How many hours of sleep do you think you need?
3. Effects of Fatigue:
a. Impairs reaction time, _______________, and vision
b. Impairs senses and abilities - may not see objects clearly or in a timely manner
c. May miss ___________ information – signs, lights and sounds
d. Takes longer to process information or make decisions
4. Some Facts:
a. 103 million people admit to have fallen asleep at the wheel
b. Drivers may experience “heavy lids” (short bursts of sleep) or fall asleep for longer periods increasing the
chance of a collision dramatically.
c. The NHTSA estimates that ______________ police-reported crashes a year are the result of drowsy driving.
d. Sleepiness and driving is a dangerous combination. It can impair drivers by causing slower reaction times,
vision impairment, lapses in judgment and delays is processing information.
e. Studies show that being awake for more than ______ hours is equivalent to a ________% BAC (blood alcohol
concentration).
5. Causes of Fatigue:
a. Physical strain (hard work)
b. Mental strain (stress)
c. Monotonous tasks (long driving trips)
d. Illness
e. Lack of sleep
f. Sun glare
g. Overeating
h. Riding in a warm passenger compartment
6. Warning Signs of Fatigue:
a. ________ eyelids
b. Yawning repeatedly or rubbing eyes
c. Daydreaming
d. Trouble ________________ miles driven
e. Trouble keeping head up
f. ____________ from lane, following too closely or hitting a shoulder rumble strip
g. Restless and irritable
7. Three Types of Fatigue:
a. The first is lack of rest or _____________ .
b. The second is _______________ fatigue, brought on by driving long hours in heavy traffic or adverse weather
conditions.
c. The third is the personal ____________ rhythm fatigue.
 Circadian rhythm is the body's natural "down time".
 It affects nearly everyone between 1 and 5 p.m. and around normal bedtime.
8. Preventing Drowsiness Behind the Wheel:
a. Get adequate sleep – ________to _______ hours
b. Prepare route to identify total distance, stopping points, and other logistics
c. Drive with a __________________
d. Avoid medications that cause drowsiness
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9. Maintaining Your Alertness:
a. Wear sunglasses
b. Avoid heavy foods
c. Be aware of “___________” during the day
d. Drive with a passenger and take __________
e. Take periodic breaks
f. Take a nap if needed
g. Consume caffeine – but do not rely on it
10. THIS DOES NOT WORK:
a. “Toughing it out”
b. Playing the radio loudly
c. Driving at a faster or slower speed
d. Chewing gum
e. Opening the windows
11. Preventative Actions:
a. Take a _______ for a few minutes before you start to drive
b. Take a quiet, less congested route home
c. Drive at a reduced speed
d. Increase your following distance to allow more time to respond
e. Be well-rested before starting out
f. Don’t overextend yourself
g. Determine a reasonable distance in advance and stop driving when you have reached your limit
h. Start driving again in the morning when you are well rested
i. It is better to take an extra day to arrive at your destination safely than to take the chance of not arriving at
all.
j. Keep your eyes moving
k. When driving, avoid staring at a fixed position, as this will make you drowsy
 Force your eyes to scan; use orderly visual search patterns to keep your eyes moving and your mind
alert.
l. Avoid ___________ forward
 Leaning forward and/or resting on your steering wheel will hinder your ability to control your
vehicle properly.
 The more relaxed position of leaning forward often leads to a person dosing or falling asleep while
driving.
m. Let in fresh air
 Ventilate your vehicle, open the window for fresh air or set the air vents to open and allow outside
air to refresh the air in the vehicle.
12. Roadway Design to Help Fight Fatigue:
a. __________ strips are designed to arouse sleepy drivers before they drive off the road.
b. People who have driven over a rumble strip in the past could personalize the risk, and even seeing the
strips on the highway in the future could repeatedly remind people of the message.
c. The strips are useful as alerting devices, but they will not protect drivers who continue to drive while
drowsy.
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Module 7: Topic 3
Effects of Emotions
1. How do you think your emotions can effect your driving?
2. General Effects of Emotions:
a. Interfere with your ability to think
b. Create _______ distractions
c. Create __________________________
d. Can cause you to ________ out your emotions
e. Increase risk taking
f. Create a lack of concentration
g. Interrupt the ability to process information
3. Physical Effects of Emotions:
a. Heartbeat __________________
b. Breathing quickens
c. Digestion ____________
d. Palms sweat
e. Feeling of exhaustion
f. Physical stress
4. Control Your Emotions on the Road:
a. Identify ______________ that cause emotional stress
b. Expect other drivers to make mistakes
c. Understand that emotions are contagious
d. Delay driving when upset or ask someone else to drive
5. Dealing with Passengers and Emotions:
a. Take responsibility for passenger safety
b. Do not let ________________________ allow you to take more risk
c. Do not get into an _____________ with other passengers
6. Reduce Driving Stress:
a. Leave plenty of time
b. Drive ______ speed limit
c. Minimize distractions
d. Don’t drive when _______, upset or overly tired
e. Alter schedule to avoid peak drive times
f. Know where you are going
g. Relax and ______________ on driving
h. Be polite
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Module 7: Topic 4
Aggressive Driving
1. Have you ever seen aggressive driving on the road?
What did it look like?
2. Aggressive Driving:
a. Occurs when a driver operates a vehicle in a pushy or bold manner, without regard for others’ safety
b. Examples of aggressive driving include:
 Exceeding the speed limit
 Following too closely
 Failing to obey traffic controls
 Making improper turns and maneuvers
3. Road Rage:
a. Occurs when a driver uses the _________ or some other ______ to threaten or cause harm to another roadway
user in response to a traffic incident with the intent to harm others. Road rage is an escalation of emotions
generally ignited by ___________ driving behaviors.
b. Examples of road rage include:
 Throwing objects at a vehicle
 Yelling at a specific roadway user
 Attempting to ram another vehicle
4. Types of Aggression:
a. _________ aggression: yelling, cussing, gesturing, honking, insulting (aggressive driving)
b. ________ aggression: complaining, rushing, competing, resisting by not letting others in (aggressive driving)
c. ________ aggression: cutting off, blocking, chasing, physically fighting, shooting (road rage)
5. Avoid Triggering Aggression in other drivers:
a. Keep a _______ following distance
b. Don’t _________ other drivers
c. Give others ______ to merge
d. Keep right except to pass
e. Do not drive in passing lane
f. Use turn signals
g. Avoid rude gestures
h. Use _______sparingly
Based on our lesson, answer the following questions:
1. Name two causes of fatigue.
2. Name two effects of fatigue.
3. What can you do to prevent drowsiness before a trip?
4. What are two general effects of emotions?
5. What is the difference between aggressive driving and road rage?
6. What are some ways to reduce stress when driving?
7. What should you do when confronted by an aggressive driver?
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Module 8: Topic 1
Alcohol Facts
1. Why do you think teens would drive under the influence of alcohol?
2. Why is binge drinking so dangerous?
3. Alcohol Poisoning:
a. Seizures
b. Vomiting
c. Bluish or pale skin
d. Low body temperature
e. Inability to be awakened
f. Extreme confusion
g. Slow or irregular breathing
2. Long Term Physical Effects of Binge Drinking:
a. _____________________
b. Overweight
c. Unplanned pregnancy
d. Sexually transmitted diseases
e. Unprotected sex
f. ____________________ pressure
3. Long Term Effects on Mental Health from Binge Drinking:
a. Difficulty in school
b. More likely to drop out
c. Disrupts ________ pattern so it is harder to stay awake and concentrate during the day
d. Lose friends
e. Becoming angry or moody when drinking
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Module 8: Topic 2
Alcohol, Motor Vehicle Crashes, and the Law
1. Alcohol Intoxication:
a. Alcohol is quickly and directly absorbed into the blood without being
digested.
b. The ____________ then carries the alcohol throughout the body.
c. As more alcohol is consumed, the effect on many of the body’s organs
intensifies and your thinking and reasoning abilities become blurred.
d. At this level, you have become intoxicated resulting from alcohol levels reaching a “toxic” level
in the brain.
e. The immediate effects hinder your ability to operate a motor vehicle safely.
2. BAC: Blood Alcohol Content:
a. The amount of alcohol an individual consumes enters the person’s blood stream and can be
measured by a ____________ test.
b. This chemical analysis of the blood can determine that person’s
____________________________________ (BAC).
c. The BAC levels will tell the ______________ of alcohol in the bloodstream and thus indicate the
level of intoxication.
3. How are BAC levels tested?
a. Example: if an individual has a BAC of 0.08% BAC (8/100 of 1% alcohol), this means that there
is 8/10 of a drop of alcohol for every 1,000 drops of blood in a person’s body.
b. BAC can be determined by testing a person's _________, breath, urine, or saliva.
c. However, testing the __________is the quickest, least complicated and most frequently used test
to determine BAC.
4. Factors that Affect BAC Level:
a. Gender
b. Body weight
c. Size of drink
d. Food
e. Time spent drinking
Note: NO two individuals having the same number of drinks are affected in the same way.
5. Elimination of Alcohol:
a. Removed in three ways:
 Breath
 Sweat
 ________________ (liver)
b. __________ is the only proven method to remove alcohol from the system
c. __________ hours or longer to eliminate one drink from the system
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6. Not All Alcohol Drinks Are Equal:
a. Even one drink impairs driving:
b. A drink is _______ ounce of alcohol
c. To compare the different drinks you need to know the size of the drink and the % of alcohol
7. Teen Drivers and Alcohol:
a. Nationally one in _______ teens drives under the influence of alcohol
b. Young drivers (ages 16-20) are _______ times more likely to die in a crash when they have a
blood alcohol concentration of .08% than when they have not been drinking.
8. Alcohol and Law Enforcement:
a. Nationally there are approximately 1.5 million arrests each year for DUI.
b. Driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs is a criminal offense.
c. Nineteen states (including Virginia) consider drivers over 21 to be intoxicated if their blood
alcohol concentration (BAC) is ___________ percent or higher.
d. Young drivers between the ages of 15 and 20 are at great risk, not only to themselves but also
to anyone who accompanies them.
e. In 2014, 795 Virginia drivers less than 21 years old were involved in alcohol-related crashes.
f. A national survey showed that in a 30-day period, 28.5% of high school students nationwide
had ridden one or more times in a vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol.
g. A national study found that one out of every three pedestrians, 16 and older, killed in traffic
accidents was intoxicated.
9. Alcohol and Marijuana:
a. When a driver is under the influence of both alcohol and marijuana, the risk increases to
_______________________that of a sober person.
10. Alcohol and the Law:
a. Driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs is a ____________offense
b. Under age 21 with a BAC of at least 0.02 percent, but less than 0.08 percent, you can be fined
up to ____________ and have your driver’s license suspended for _______ months.
c. You also face a possible jail term for driving while intoxicated.
11. Zero Tolerance:
a. If you knowingly allow someone to drive your car whose license has been revoked or
suspended for an alcohol-related offense, you can be charged with a __________________________.
b. If you are 18-20 years of age and buy, possess or drink alcohol, you can be fined as much as
$2,500, lose your driver’s license for as long as one year and possibly go to jail.
c. If you are 13-17 years of age and caught for public intoxication, buying, possessing or drinking
alcohol, you can lose your driver’s license for _____months or lose the right to apply for a
driver’s license until you are age _______
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12. Implied Consent:
a. Under _____________________________, when you operate a motor vehicle on Virginia’s public roads,
you have agreed to take a chemical test upon request.
b. You are _____________ to take the test.
c. If you refuse, your license will be immediately suspended for ________days and the judge may
suspend it for one year, regardless of whether or not you are convicted of driving under the
influence.
d. If you are convicted of DUI, the suspension period for refusing the test will be added to the DUI
revocation period.
13. Transporting Children While Under the Influence:
a. In Virginia, if you are charged with a DUI offense and have a minor (someone 17 years old or
younger) in the vehicle, you are subject to:
 An extra 5 days in jail
 Additional fines between $500 and $1,000 (COURT COST)
b. This is in addition to the other offenses that you are subject to.
14. Ignition Interlock Device:
a. The Virginia courts and DMV require anyone with a DUI conviction to have an Ignition
Interlock Device (IID) as part of their restricted driving privileges.
15. Involuntary _________________________:
a. If you kill another person while driving under the influence, the court will convict you of
involuntary manslaughter or aggravated involuntary manslaughter, depending on the
circumstances.
b. These convictions carry:
 Up to ____________ years in prison
 License revocation for an indefinite time period
 A ____________ charge, which means your vehicle is subject to seizure and forfeiture
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Module 8: Topic 3
Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on the Driving Task
1. Driving Skills Impairment:
a. Blood Alcohol Level as low as .03 reduces ability to search and evaluate
b. Produces more aggressive behavior and poor decisions
c. Alcohol affects judgment first, but also affects muscular actions
d. Shown by failure to maintain vehicle in straight line
2. Common Signs of the Drinking Driver:
a. Straddles center or lane marker
b. Almost _________________ an object
c. ___________________
d. Drives on shoulder
e. Slow speed
f. ____________ or abrupt turns
g. Stops for no apparent reason
h. Follows too closely
i. Drifts
j. Drives into opposing or crossing traffic
k. Drives at night with lights _________
l. Fails to dim high beam headlights
3. Effects of Alcohol on Space Management:
a. The space management system is based on vision, understanding what you have observed,
deciding what the best course of action is and executing that action.
b. Alcohol and /or drugs impair these courses of action.
c. Searching/Identifying — The primary sense that humans use when driving is vision
d. About __________ of what a driver “identifies” is by the brain telling the eyes what to look for.
e. Alcohol affects vision in a number of ways.
 Eye focus, double vision, judging distance, night vision, color distinction
f. The prime reason for visual problems after alcohol use is impaired eye muscle control.
4. Drugs Other than Alcohol:
a. Over-the-counter medications - Purchased legally without a prescription
• Read label, may cause _______________ or impair driving ability
b. __________________ medications
• Written note from doctor to obtain medications
• Check label, may reduce level of alertness or ability to perform complex tasks
c. Illegal drugs
• Against the law
• Impact driving in ways similar to alcohol
5. Mixing Alcohol and Drugs:
a. ______________ the effects of alcohol
b. Has additional effects of its own
c. Further reduces the driver’s ability to operate a vehicle
d. Could cause serious health problems or ___________
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Module 8: Topic 4:
Resisting Negative Peer Pressure
1. You Are Responsible:
a. As a Driver it will be ___________responsibility to say no to alcohol to keep yourself, your
passengers, and others on the road safe.
2. How Can You Say No?
a. Say what the problem is (that's mean or that's illegal, etc.).
b. Say what the ________________ are.
c. Suggest something to do instead.
d. If your friends insist on the behavior, leave ─ but leave the door open for them to change their
minds and join you.
e. Find or invent a reason to leave the scene
f. Treat the suggestion as if it is not serious or making a joke of it.
g. Get involved in a new activity with a new group of people.
h. Get help from a __________ adult (for example, a coach, teacher, counselor, or family member).
3. Stopping Another Person from Driving Drunk:
a. Take their ________ away
b. Arrange for a driver who has not been drinking
c. Call a cab
d. Have them stay overnight, if possible
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Planning Ahead Questions
What is the event?
Where is it taking place?
Who is attending?
How can we prevent problems from happening?
What are the potential problems that might occur?
What is my plan for handling these problems? My plan for making sure my friend and I are healthy? My
plan for getting home safely?
96
Module 9: Topic 1
Visibility
1. Driving at Night:
a. Dirt on the lens of headlights can reduce light by up to _____ percent.
b. How can you check to see if the lights are working properly?
c. How far do high beams let us see?
d. What is the sight distance rule?
e. When driving at night, drivers need to leave more ________than they would in the daytime.
2. Visibility:
a. The distance a driver can see ahead is limited and headlights do not illuminate off-road areas.
b. Visibility is also compromised by the ___________ from other vehicles.
3. Headlights:
a. High beam headlights
 Used when safe and legal at speeds of ___________ mph
b. Low beam headlights
 Used in bad weather or when following or meeting
another car at night - safe at speed of __________ mph
4. Night Driving Skills:
a. Adjust speed to distance illuminated by headlights
b. Keep your eyes ____________ searching ahead and at edges of the roadway
c. Flash lights once quickly if oncoming vehicle is using high beams
5. Night Driving Risks:
a. Reduces ability to see risks
b. Requires eyes to adjust quickly to glare
c. Places limitations on gathering and processing information in time
d. The distance you can see ahead is shorter - especially at higher speeds
e. Headlights provide little illumination of off-road areas
f. Ability to judge distances is compromised
g. The glare from oncoming and following vehicles impairs vision
h. Must drive “blind” while recovering from the glare
6. Driving Tips for Poor Visibility:
a. ________speed to accommodate shortened sight distance
b. Use _______________ flashers when traveling below speed limit
c. Maintain appropriate lane position
d. If stopping distance longer than sight distance, slow down and don’t drive “blindly” into the
darkness.
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7. Safety Tips for Driving at Night:
a. Before passing, the driver passing can flash his/her headlights to warn the other driver.
b. When two vehicles are ______ by _______, the passing driver may switch to high beams and the
driver being passed should switch to low beams.
c. Be alert for pedestrians walking on unlit roadways.
d. If you must walk on a dark roadway due to vehicle breakdown or another reason, carry a
white handkerchief or wear _______-colored clothing or reflective clothing to increase your
chances of being seen.
e. In snow, wear ________ clothing to create a contrast.
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Module 9: Topic 2
Severe Weather Conditions
1. Drifting Fog:
a. Reduce speed
b. Turn on ______ beam headlights
c. Turn on windshield wipers
d. Turn on defroster or air conditioner
2. Heavy Fog:
a. Reduce speed
b. Turn on emergency flashers and fog lights
c. _________ stop in a travel lane
d. Look for an exit from the highway
e. If impossible to leave the highway, stop beyond the _____ of guardrail as far to the right of the road
as possible, and turn ______ lights and wait for fog to lift.
3. Visibility Limited by Rain and Snow:
a. Keep headlights clean
b. Turn on the defroster to remove ice and condensation
c. Clear the windshield and rear windows
d. Reduce Speed
e. Turn headlights to low beam
f. Turn on windshield wipers
g. Be alert for vehicles stopped in roadway
h. Be prepared for effects of gusting winds
i. Make adjustments gently and smoothly
4. Sources of Glare
a. Other vehicle headlights
b. Paper on the dashboard
c. Snow covered landscape
d. The sun at dawn or dusk
5. Reducing Glare
a. Look to the ______ edge of roadway
b. Do not place paper on dashboard
c. Wear ____________ during the day
d. Adjust sun visors and mirrors
e. Clean window
6. Describe how the conditions listed below affect a driver’s ability to see and what adjustment a driver
should make to better cope with these conditions:
1. Sun glare:
2. Driving at night:
3. Fog:
4. Rain:
5. Snow:
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7. Driving in Snow:
a. In severe snow conditions look for an exit on highway
b. Check weather report
c. If impossible to leave highway, stop beyond outboard end of guard rail
d. Use cell phone to check conditions
e. Snow may require use of windshield washer fluid
8. Strong Winds:
a. Keep a _______ grip on the steering wheel
b. __________ speed
c. Adjust lane position
d. Do not over steer
e. Stay off the brake
f. Prepare to counter steer
g. Make all steering, accelerating, and braking actions gently and smoothly
h. Check for debris in roadway and oncoming traffic
9. Low water crossings:
a. Flash flooding conditions are unpredictable
b. Not specific to a time of year
c. Affects braking, steering and engine systems
10. Flash Flood Dangers:
a. Nearly ______% of flash flood fatalities are vehicle related
b. Search for flood prone areas:
 Highway dips
 Bridges
 Low areas
c. Most vehicles will float
d. Very little water on the road surface can cause loss of control
e. ________ feet of water will “carry” most cars
f. Because visibility is limited at night, driving during flooding conditions is very dangerous
g. Heed all flash flood watches and warnings
h. Monitor road conditions through the news media
11. Hot and Cold Temperatures:
a. Vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of temperatures, from very hot to extremely
cold.
b. Extreme conditions cause stress on vehicle parts sensitive to temperature change
c. Make sure to check tires, fluids, and belts
12. Cold Weather Driving Tips:
a. Check your _______________
b. Check your cooling system
c. Check your windshield wipers
d. Check your tire tread
e. Check your gas
f. Check your windshield washer reservoir
g. Check radiator coolant, hoses, and connections
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h. Clean snow off of your entire car
13. Hot weather checks
a. ______________ tires are subject to excessive flexion causing pressure buildup, especially when
driving for extended distances at higher speeds.
b. The air conditioner, radiator coolant hoses, connections, and drive belts need special attention
due to the extra load placed on these cooling systems.
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Module 9: Topic 3
Occupant Protection
1. Occupant Protection:
a. Occupant protection refers to safety features designed to protect occupants of motor vehicles in
the event of a crash. These systems can be 'active' or ‘passive.’
b. Wearing a safety belt is your best defense for preventing severe life-altering injuries:
 Slows occupant’s rate of deceleration in a frontal crash and keeps occupants securely in place
2. Airbags:
a. The driver side airbag is located in the center of the steering wheel and the passenger side airbag
is located inside the dashboard.
b. Side airbags that inflate during side collisions are usually located within the seat.
c. Curtain airbags are installed above the side windows, in the headliner, on both sides.
d. Knee airbags are located in front of the legs of the driver and front seat passenger.
 They are concealed within the steering column or the lower part of the dashboard and deploy
during frontal impacts.
e. Driver and front passenger air bags are designed to inflate in a frontal impact.
 Drivers should sit at least ______inches from the air bag because it inflates to six or seven
inches in size at speeds up to _______ mph.
 If you can, tilt the steering wheel to point the air bags at your _______, not your face.
f. Always wear a safety belt and secure children in the rear seat.
g. To reduce forearm and hand injuries, place hands on the _______ half of the steering wheel, with
knuckles on the outside and thumbs along the inside of the rim of the wheel.
h. Side impact air bags are designed to protect the ______ and ______ in side impact collisions.
 Care should be taken not to sit too close to the door or to lean towards the air bag.
3. How do you adjust your seat and steering wheel hand position to protect you from the airbag?
4. We learned in Module 2 that adjusting the head restraints protects us from whiplash.
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Module 9: Topic 4
Highway Safety Design
1. Roadway Safety Design:
a. ____________ sign support posts
b. ________________ with ends angled away from roadway and buried
c. _______ attenuators - such as vinyl liquid or sand filled drums
d. Protected left and right turn bays
e. Collector/distributor lanes on high speed, high density highways
f. Variable message signs alerting drivers to weather conditions, construction, and traffic problems
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Module 9: Topic 5
Vehicle Design and Technology
1. How do you think vehicle design and technology make a vehicle safer?
2. New Advances:
a. All-wheel drive
b. Antilock braking systems
c. Electronic stability control
d. Telematics (i.e. OnStar)
e. Tire pressure monitoring
f. Active head restraints
g. Adaptive cruise control
h. Adaptive headlights
i. Advanced airbags
j. Advanced seat belt pre tensioner
k. Fatigue warning
l. Forward collision warning systems
m. Lane departure warning systems
n. Side view assist
o. Park assist and back over prevention
3. In Module 3 we learned about anti lock braking systems (ABS).
a. What is the primary task of ABS?
b. What are the ABS rules?
c. What may you notice when using ABS brakes?
4. Electronic Stability System (ESP):
a. What is the electronic stability program designed to do?
b. During an over-steering or skidding condition (rear-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the
brake to which wheel?
c. During an under-steering or sliding condition (front-wheel lock-up), the ESP system applies the
brake to which wheel?
Answer:
5. Functions of Tires:
a. Tires are air-filled cushions designed to reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on
the vehicle and are designed to flex and give as they meet the road surface.
b. Absorb shocks caused by road hazards
c. Provide Traction — enables drivers to accelerate, brake and steer
d. Tires ratings are indicated on the sidewall of the tire
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6. Traction:
a. Measured by the ability to stop a car in straight-ahead motion on a wet surface - tires graded A
have the best traction performance, B grading is an above average rating and C indicates the
tire meets government standards.
b. Temperature —tire’s ability to withstand heat. Tires graded A are the most heat-resistant and
less likely to suffer a blowout under the same conditions as tires with grades of B or C.
c. Tread wear rating — the higher the tread wear rating, the greater the mileage – a tire with a
tread wear rating of 150 is expected to last 50 percent longer than one graded at 100.
7. After watching the tire safety video, list 3 things you learned about tires.
105
Module 9: Topic 6
Dangerous Road Conditions
1. Dangerous Road Conditions:
a. Ice, snow, or frost/sleet
b. Wet--particularly the first 15 minutes of rain after a long dry period when oil and rubber
particles have collected on the road surface and mix with water
c. Heavy rain or standing water
d. Mud near farm entrances, construction sites, and truck crossings
e. Wet leaves
f. Broken or uneven road surface
g. Sand or gravel - frequently found on curves in rural areas
2. Slippery Conditions:
a. Ice on the road
b. Dangerous curves and turns
c. Roads with slippery when wet warning signs
d. Most dangerous when the temperature is near freezing
e. Just after a rain has fallen on a hot day
f. Heavily traveled intersections when raining
3. Controlling Consequences:
a. _______ off road rather than skid off the road
b. Hit something ______ rather than something hard
c. Hit something going your way rather than something stationary
d. Hit stationary objects with a glancing blow
e. Hit a stationary object rather than an approaching object
f. Steer to avoid oncoming traffic and head on collision
4. Preventing Loss of Traction:
a. __________ speed
b. ___________ space
c. Make gradual changes to speed
d. Avoid abrupt changes in direction
e. Find the best path
5. Causes of Traction Loss
a. Road surface conditions
b. The condition of the vehicle
c. Actions of the driver
6. Signs of Hydroplaning:
a. Standing water
b. Raindrops that bubble when they hit the road
c. Slushing sound
d. Sensation that the steering wheel is loose or disconnected from the vehicle
e. A vehicle ahead that is not leaving a track
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7. Preventing Hydroplaning:
a. _________down when there is water standing on the surface of the pavement.
b. Tires should be properly __________ and have adequate tread.
c. ___________ following distance, particularly when behind a large truck.
d. Drive in the tracks left by any vehicle ahead.
8. If Hydroplaning Occurs:
a. Ease off the ______________ gradually
b. ______________ speed until your tires regain traction.
c. Do not ___________ until traction has been restored.
d. Steer no more than necessary, continue to ______ and steer where you want to go.
9. What do you know about skids?
a. When do most skids occur?
b. What are the steps to recover from a skid?
c. What is the best way to handle skids?
10. Causes of Skids
a. Slippery surfaces
b. ____________ too hard
c. ____________ too hard
d. Steering too much or too quickly
e. Entering a curve with too much speed
11. Preventing skids:
a. Apply the brakes in a __________ and progressive manner
b. Make smooth, precise steering wheel movements
c. Slowing down well in advance of curves
d. Maintaining speeds appropriate for conditions
12. Types of skids:
a. There are two main types of skidding:
 ________-steering (fishtailing)
 ________-steering (plowing)
13. Front wheel loss of traction:
a. Called “Under steer” and is when the vehicle moves straight ahead in spite of steering input
 Look and steer toward intended path
 Smoothly ease up on accelerator
 Smoothly apply brakes to regain traction
 Do not steer more than necessary
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14. When Brakes are Applied Too Hard or Too Quickly:
a. Vehicle weight shifts to the front causing:
 A noticeable drop of the hood
 A noticeable rise of the rear
 Forward movement of driver, passengers and items in vehicle
15. Correcting Front Traction Loss:
a. Direct vision to targeted path of travel (look where you want to go)
b. Activate ________ (if vehicle equipped)
 Ease off conventional brake system
 Reestablish rolling traction (wheels rolling/not sliding)
c. Ease off steering inputs
 Abrupt steering can create traction loss
 Steer toward intended path of travel
d. Jab/Stab brake to move weight forward if no ABS
 (ABS performs this function automatically)
16. Rear-Wheel Loss of Traction:
a. This is called an “over steer” when vehicle moves sideways without any additional steering input
• Look and __________ toward intended path
• Ease off the accelerator and avoid using the brakes
• Continue to steer and counter-steer until the vehicle is traveling straight
• Use a light and progressive acceleration if the vehicle does not recover
17. Acceleration and Traction Loss:
a. When acceleration is applied too hard or too quickly weight moves to the rear of the car causing:
• A noticeable rise of the hood
• A noticeable drop of the rear
• Rearward movement of driver and passengers
18. Causes of Traction Loss:
a. Brakes __________ adjusted - Brakes pulling in one direction or the other can cause a skid - as can
wheels that are out of alignment when brakes are applied
b. Unevenly worn tire __________
 The size of the front and rear tires do not match.
 The tread depth or the front and rear tire type are not the same.
19. Driver Actions that Cause Loss of Traction:
a. Sudden steering movements on a slippery surface
b. Abrupt and sudden changes in vehicle speed
c. Panic stop or applying the brakes too hard on a hill, curve or slippery surface
d. Suddenly engaging the clutch on a slippery surface
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20. Traction Loss – Shifts in Vehicle Weight:
a. Sudden shifts of vehicle weight (left, right, forward or backward) will cause loss of traction.
b. Simultaneous steering, braking and/or acceleration creates sudden shifts in vehicle
balance.
21. When Steering is Applied Too Hard or Quickly Weight Moves to the Opposite Side of the Car:
a. Vehicle weight shift causes:
• A noticeable ______ and tilt of the hood
• A noticeable rise and tilt of the rear
• Driver, passenger, items in car move towards the car’s corner
22. Managing Rear Traction Loss:
a. Look at desired/targeted path of travel
b. Activate traction control system or
c. Ease off brake or accelerator
d. Reestablish rolling traction to rear wheels
e. Steer toward targeted path of travel
f. Apply light progressive acceleration (2 mph is goal) to shift weight to the Rear
g. Traction control system will adjust the speed/braking automatically when activated)
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Module 9: Topic 7
Emergency Recovery & Controlling Consequences
1. What do you think causes run off the road crashes?
2. Run-Off the Road Crashes: Recognize, React, And Recover
a. What are some reasons run-off the road crashes occur?
b. What increases the risk of being in a run-off the road crash?
c. What is the #1 tip from America’s best drivers when it comes to run-off the road crashes?
d. What steps should you take if you run-off the road?
3. Causes of Run Off the Road Crashes:
a. _________ or distractions
b. Drowsiness
c. Steers onto the shoulder to avoid a collision and tries to return to the roadway
d. Vehicle may collide with a vehicle in the next lane, or drive off the far side of the road
4. Off road recovery
a. To return to the pavement safely:
 Keep a firm grip on the steering wheel
 Slow down, ease off the accelerator and allow the vehicle to slow ________ - avoid braking
 ________ the edge of the pavement, after speed is reduced and there is a gap in traffic .
 Steer back to the road with _______inputs, do not over steer
 Return to the pavement ________ wheels at a time, as soon as the front tire is back on the
roadway, counter-steer quickly left or right as necessary to stay in the correct lane
b. Blocked Roadside: If an object beside the road such as a tree, bridge abutment or pedestrian
forces the driver to return to the road quickly, he/she has little time to slow down, to do this the
driver should:
 Steer left or right so the off-road wheels are about 12 inches away from the edge of the
pavement
 Remove his/her foot from the accelerator and stay off the brakes. Turn the steering wheel
quickly about one-eighth turn toward the roadway
 Immediately, as the outer wheel makes contact with the edge of the pavement, counter-steer
about a quarter turn and make steering corrections to straighten vehicle
5. Reminders:
a. Do not panic and steer abruptly
b. Ease off accelerator
c. DO ______ BRAKE
d. Get both wheels off the pavement
e. Steer the vehicle parallel to the roadway
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f.
g.
h.
i.
If clear, ease back on to the roadway one wheel at a time
_______ steering inputs to less than 1/8 of a turn of the wheel
Use even less input when edge of road is high
Target the center of the adjacent lane to avoid a “Slingshot” maneuver into oncoming traffic
6. Evasive Maneuvers:
a. With ABS brakes, how can you stop quickly?
b. What is the safest maneuver if there is enough room?
c. What are the steps for making quick turns?
d. If there is a car beside you in the left lane and you need to avoid a car ahead, what should you do?
7. When do you use Evasive Steering?
a. When there is __________ to the side
b. When stopping distance is questionable
c. When there are cars close behind
8. Procedures for Evasive Steering:
a. Turn the wheel __________ degrees
b. Counter-steer immediately
c. Turn the wheel back to the original straight-ahead position
9. Evasive Braking:
a. If the vehicle has ABS:
 __________ press brake pedal until the vehicle stops
 May feel pedal pulse back against foot
b. If the vehicle does not have ABS:
• Apply firm, steady pressure just short of lockup
• Ease up on brakes if wheels lock, then apply the brakes again
10. Evasive Acceleration:
a. Used less frequently
b. Can be used to avoid crashes at intersections and in merging situations
c. May move point of impact to rear of vehicle if you can’t get out of the way
11. Controlling Consequences
a. Avoid __________collisions
b. Drive off the road rather than skid off the road
c. Hit something __________
d. Hit something going in the __________ direction
e. Hit stationary object with glancing blow
f. Hit stationary object rather than approaching object
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Module 9: Topic 8
Reporting Crashes
1. What are the four things that need to be done in the event of a crash?
a. What should you do to protect the scene?
b. What should you do to take care of anyone who is injured?
c. What information should you get from the other driver if involved in a crash?
2. What should you do?
a. __________ immediately
b. Aid the injured
c. Prevent further damage
d. Send for __________
e. Exchange __________
f. Record witnesses’ names and addresses
g. Notify __________ agent
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Module 10: Topic 1
Vehicle Warning Systems
Warning Symbol
What does it mean?
_____________________
_____________________
It warns you when the coolant in
the engine is too hot or too low.
HOT
_________________________________
It warns you when the oil is not
circulating at proper pressure or
there is not enough oil.
_________________________________
_________________________________
When the “ALT” light comes on or
the gauge shows “discharge” while
the engine is running, the vehicle’s
electrical system is not
functioning properly.
The engine must now use
electricity stored in the battery.
ALT
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
This warning light serves two
purposes:
(1) indicates the parking brake is set;
and
(2) alerts you that part or all of the
braking system is not working
properly; or, (3) in some vehicles, the
brake fluid is low
The ABS light comes on when you
start the vehicle indicating the ABS
system is functioning normally. If the
light stays on, or comes on while you
are driving, there is a problem.
When you start the engine, this light
should illuminate momentarily
indicating the system is activated. If
the air bag readiness light stays on or
comes on while you are driving, it is a
warning that there is a problem.
What should you do if you get a
warning light?
If temperature warning light comes
on or the gauge reads too hot, don’t
drive the vehicle - seek professional
help.
Caution: Never attempt to remove
the radiator cap when the engine is
hot - the pressure and hot steam may
cause severe upper torso and facial
burns.
When the oil warning light comes on
it is recommended that you stop at
the nearest service center and have
the oil level checked.
The alternator is not generating
enough electricity to charge the
battery.
Turn off as many electrical devices as
possible. (i.e., the radio, heater/AC,
etc.)
Have this checked without delay. If
the battery is drained, the car can
shut off.
If the parking brake is set, than take it off.
If it is not the parking brake, stop as soon
as possible. Have the vehicle towed and
the vehicle repaired.
It should be checked by a qualified
mechanic
If the air bag system in your vehicle is not
working properly, it can be dangerous as
the air bags:
 May NOT inflate in a crash or
 May spontaneously inflate while
you are driving.
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SERVICE
ENGINE SOON
_________________________________
DOOR
OPEN
_
________________________________
LOW
FUEL
The SERVICE ENGINE or CHECK
ENGINE light should flash for a
few seconds when you start the
engine and then go out.
If the light stays on, there may be a
problem - make an appointment to
get it checked.
This warning light will illuminate Pull off the road as soon as possible to
when starting the engine and then
secure the door.
goes out. If this light remains on,
one or more of the vehicle doors is
not completely latched. If it comes
on while driving, someone has
opened a door or the door latch
was not properly fastened.
The fuel gauge measures how
Get more fuel immediately.
much fuel is in the vehicle's fuel
tank. When the fuel level is low,
the fuel warning light will come on
and stay on until you add more
fuel to the tank.
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Module 10: Topic 2
Vehicle Malfunctions
Type of Malfunction
_________________________________
_________________________________
What happens to the
vehicle?
This occurs when you hit a
curb or sharp object.
You have a defective tire
Or
You have an under-inflated
tire that builds up heat and
explodes or loses its seal to
the rim while the tires are
rotating.
If a front tire blows out, the
vehicle will pull sharply in
the direction of the blowout.
If a rear tire blows out, the
vehicle will wobble and pull
slightly in the direction of the
flat tire
The accelerator will not
return to idle when you
_________________________________
release it and the engine is
_________________________________
racing.
Accelerator failure is caused
by either a broken spring or
the pedal getting stuck in the
down position.
In either case, you no longer
have control over the
vehicle’s speed.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
When the engine stalls, the
steering mechanism will still
work but will require more
effort.
What should the driver do?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Grip the wheel firmly
Foot off accelerator
DO NOT BRAKE
Allow vehicle to slow
Check traffic
Turn on flashers
Drive to a protected area
Change tire
1. Shift to Neutral (engine may
race but no harm done)
2. Search for an escape path
3. Steer smoothly and brake gently
4. Pull off the roadway and park
5. Turn off the vehicle. Caution —
DO NOT turn the ignition off
while the vehicle is moving--this
may lock the steering wheel
6. Have the pedal repaired before
driving again
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Shift to neutral
Look for escape path
DO NOT BRAKE HARD
Pull off roadway
Restart engine
If unsuccessful, raise hood and
turn on emergency flashers.
Turn off AC
Turn on heater
Pull off roadway if all
else fails
Turn engine off
DO NOT OPEN RADIATOR
Seek help
115
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
The most likely cause of
steering failure is a loss of
power steering. This can
happen if a hydraulic pipe
breaks or is cut by debris
from the road.
1. The vehicle can still be steered
2. It will require much more effort
on the driver’s part.
Total Brake Failure —
Pump the brake pedal to try
to build up brake pressure –
after 3 or 4 pumps you will
know if the brakes are going
to hold.
.
Power Brake Failure — is
the loss of power when the
booster unit assisting the
brakes no longer functions.
1. Rapidly pump the brakes
2. Shift to lower gear
3. Activate the hazard lights to
warn others
4. Apply parking brake
5. Find “soft” crash area
NEVER use water on an
engine fire — water will
NOT put out an oil or fuel
fire - in fact, it may even aid
in spreading the fire.
1. Quickly steer the vehicle out of
traffic and away from buildings
and people.
2. Get everyone out of the vehicle
and have him or her move at
least 100 feet away.
3. If the engine is on fire, call the
fire department and leave the
hood closed.
4. If the passenger compartment is
on fire, smother it, use a fire
extinguisher, or call the fire
department.
Use an A-B-C-type fire
extinguisher.
116
Module 10: Topic 3
Handling Special Vehicles & Pulling a Trailer
Two of the most important things to have when you tow are basic common sense and the ability to adjust
your driving.
1. Handling Large Vehicles:
a. Weigh more than a passenger vehicle
b. Affect the ability to __________________, turn and slow down:
 Allow enough space to get up to speed
 Slow down in advance of turns
 Allow more space between vehicles
c. Do not exceed load limits
d. Practice driving where there is no traffic
e. Allow a _________________in traffic before pulling out
f. Check both side mirrors to be sure the trailer does not intrude into adjoining lane
g. Roads that curve right
 Allow more _________________ from edge of pavement
 Keep toward the center line
h. Roads that curve left
 Stay to the right so you do not cross the center line
Vehicle
Normal Following
Distance
Additional Following
Distance
Total Following
Distance
Automobile with no
trailer
Automobile with 20-foot
trailer
_________________
None needed
3 to 4 seconds
_________________
2 seconds
5 to 6 seconds
35-foot motor home
_________________
2 seconds
5 to 6 seconds
2. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in Direction Driver Wants to Turn:
a. Back slowly and look directly over your shoulder through the rear window
b. Keep your hand at the _________________ of the steering wheel
c. To move the trailer left, move your hand to the _________________
d. To back to the right, move your hand to the _________________
3. Backing a Trailer by Turning Steering Wheel in the Opposite Direction:
a. To back to the left, turn the steering wheel to the right
b. Straighten the wheel
c. Turn the wheel in the opposite direction
d. Straighten the wheel
e. Turn the steering wheel to the right
f. Straighten the wheel and back the towing vehicle and trailer
117
4. Errors to Avoid When Backing:
a. Turning the steering wheel too far
b. Holding the steering wheel in a turned position too long if trailer starts to _________________
5. Essential Equipment for Towing:
a. Additional equipment
 Heavy-duty suspension
 Increased-capacity cooling system
 High-ratio axle
 Oversize mirrors
b. Emergency equipment
c. Trailer hitch
d. Hitch ball
6. Connecting a Trailer:
a. Ball and coupler combinations – sized correctly for tight fit
b. Safety chains – crossed beneath the coupler and connected to the hitch
c. Breakaway chains – hooked to hitch or frame member
d. Electrical connections – set up so lights function properly
7. Pre Trip Check:
a. Attach tongue of trailer to hitch
b. Snap locking mechanism
c. Put lock pin in place
d. Connect electrical wires
e. Check Brakes and Lights
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8. Loading a Trailer Properly:
a. The rear of the vehicle should support 10 – 15% of the trailer load.
b. Arrange _________ of weight in the front half of trailer and _________ in rear.
c. Make sure trailer is level.
9. Pulling Heavy Loads:
a. The larger the load, the _________________ it will take to stop
b. _________________ following distance and test your stopping power
c. Use caution
d. Slow down
10. Jackknifing a Trailer:
a. Common when backing – will damage the hitch and the trailer
b. Occurs when angle between vehicle and trailer is less than ________ degrees
c. Back slowly and keep steering wheel movements to a minimum
d. If you get in trouble, pull _________________.
119
Module 11: Topic 1
Insuring a Vehicle
1. Vehicle Ownership Costs:
a. Insurance Costs
b. Purchase and Financing Costs
c. Maintenance and Operating Costs
d. Registration and Inspection Costs
2.
Looking at Edmunds.com; TRUE COST TO OWN, select 2 cars, enter information below and do a 5- year
comparison.
Vehicle 1:
______________ Make
______________ Model
______________ Year
______________ Style
Purchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________
Vehicle 2:
______________ Make
______________ Model
______________ Year
______________ Style
Purchase Price: _________________ Cost to Own: _______________
a. Based on your research which vehicle has a lower cost to own?
b. What areas on the pie chart show how the vehicle is more expensive?
c. What do these results mean to you as a future vehicle buyer?
3. Insuring Your Vehicle:
a. Virginia law requires proof of ____________responsibility.
b. Your parents’ policy covers you while you have a ____________.
c. If you owe money on your car, the lender may require ____________ insurance.
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4. In Virginia, the financial responsibility requirement can be met in one of three ways:
a. The vehicle owner can insure the motor vehicle with minimum ____________through a policy
issued by an insurance company licensed to do business in Virginia. OR
b. The vehicle owner can show proof that a Surety Bond has been duly executed, by depositing cash
or securities with DMV, or apply for and receive a self-insurance certificate from DMV. OR
c. The vehicle owner must pay the Uninsured Motor Vehicle fee.
d. Every person registering an uninsured motor vehicle shall pay a fee of ______at the time of
registration. Payment of this fee allows a motor vehicle owner to operate an uninsured motor
vehicle. Payment of this fee does not provide the motorist with any insurance coverage. If
involved in an accident, the uninsured motorist remains personally liable. The fee is valid for twelve
months but may be prorated for the unexpired portion of the registration period.
e. Note: If liability insurance coverage on a vehicle terminates or cancels during the registration
period, the vehicle owner must reinsure the vehicle, pay the uninsured motor vehicle fee or
surrender the license plates to DMV.
5. The required minimum liability coverage is:
a. Bodily injury/death of one person $____________
b. Bodily injury/death of two or more persons $____________
c. Property Damage $____________
d.
6. You must show Proof of Financial Responsibility when:
a. A ____________asks to see it
b. You have a ____________
c. You register your vehicle or renew license plates
7. Penalties for Driving without Proof of Financial Responsibility:
a. $500 fine
b. ____________ of your driver’s license
c. Suspension of your vehicle registration
d. Higher insurance premiums for the next 3 years (SR-22)
e. You are ____________ for other people’s losses if you caused the crash
8. Declaration Page of Policy:
a. The exact name of your insurance company
b. The policy number
c. Your coverage and how much it costs
d. Your deductibles, if any
e. The vehicles insured on the policy, their vehicle identification numbers and their classifications for
rating purposes
121
9. Types of Insurance:
Type of
Pays
insurance
____________ Other people’s medical expenses
Other people’s auto repairs
Property damage
Covers
Required?
You
Your family
Others driving with your
permission
Yes, required by Virginia
law
____________ Medical expenses
Funeral expense
You
Your family
Your passengers
Not required by Virginia
law
Medical expenses
Funeral expenses
Car repairs
Car rental
Replacement of damaged
contents
You
Your family
Your passengers
Not required by Virginia
law but company must offer
it
Your car repair
Your car replacement
Your car
Regardless of driver or who
was at fault
Not by Virginia law, but
often required by the
finance company that
loaned you the money to
buy the car
Car repair or replacement after:
 Fire
 Hailstorm
 Theft or other non collision
event
 Theft of rental car
Actual cash value of your car
Not by Virginia law, but
often
required by
car finance companies
Towing
On site labor charges such as
changing a tire
Your car
Not required by Virginia
law
A rental car while your car is
being repaired:
 After a crash
 After comprehensive losses
You
Your family
Not required by Virginia
law
10. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium:
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Age, marital status, driving record, and grades
Highest rates- _______drivers under 25 and unmarried ____________ under 21
Type of car - highest for luxury, high-performance, and sports cars
How you use your car
Higher for cars driven a lot of miles and used for school, work or business
Where you live and drive
Urban counties have more crashes and auto thefts, so rates tend to be higher than those
in rural areas.
11. Factors Used to Determine Cost of Premium:
a. Your ____________
 Your share of the cost of a collision or comprehensive claim
 You can reduce your premium by raising your deductibles
e. Surcharges
 Penalties added for crashes and certain traffic violations
f. Discounts
 Some are required by the state, while others are incentives offered by insurance companies
12. Discounts for Education and Car Equipment: (Some insurance companies offer the following discounts)
Auto Insurance Discount
Savings
Defensive driving courses
Safety technologies, airbags and other
passive restraints
Percent off liability, collision, and medical payments
Drug/alcohol education
Anti-theft devices
Two or more cars on a policy
Percent off medical payments and bodily Injury
Percent off liability, collision, medical payments, and
bodily Injury
May reduce comprehensive premium; amount varies
by device and county
May reduce liability, medical payments and collision
Insurance costs
13. High Risk Drivers (bad driving record):
a. Each company has rules for deciding whether to insure high-risk drivers (called “underwriting
guidelines”).
b. Usually much harder to get car insurance
c. Pay much higher premiums
14. Assigned-risk Drivers:
a. Virginia Auto Insurance Plan requires all insurance companies to take some high risk drivers
b. High-risk drivers are ____________ to an insurance company by the state.
c. Surcharges are added to the premium for at least ____years.
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15. You Will Pay More for a Bad Driving Record:
16. Paying for Insurance:
a. Many people can’t afford to pay their car insurance premium in one installment.
b. Insurance companies must offer installment plans.
c. Look for insurance companies that offer installment plans with low interest rates and fees.
d. Agents and insurers may use finance companies that will lend you money at higher interest rates to
pay insurance premiums.
17. What do you ask the agent?
a. Who will provide my installment plan?
 The insurance company, or
 A premium finance company
b. If it is a premium finance company, what is the interest rate?
c. How much is the down payment?
d. How much is the monthly payment?
e. How many payments do I make?
f. How much is the total payment? (annual or six-month premium plus interest)
18. Compare the installment packages offered by agents and companies
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19. Losing Your Insurance:
a. Cancellation
 First ___ days, company can cancel for any reason,
including a ticket or a collision.
b. After policy is in effect more than 60 days, insurance company can cancel the policy but:
 Must give ___ days notice before canceling
 Must refund unearned premium
c. Note: Cancellation for non-payment is effective immediately
d. Non-renewal
20. If a Company Will Not Offer a New Contract:
a. Request reasons in writing
 Why company canceled the policy
 Why company will not renew the policy
21. After the Collision:
a. Know what your policy requires you to do after a collision.
b. Your uninsured motorist coverage pays for hit-and-run collisions only if the crash is reported to the
police.
c. Stop as close to the scene as possible.
d. Check for injuries - make sure your passengers and those in the other vehicle(s) are OK
 If anyone is injured or killed, contact police immediately.
 If no one is injured and your vehicle can be moved, move it from blocking the traffic flow
e. Notify police
f. Warn oncoming traffic
g. Exchange information
h. Provide insurance information
i. Obtain information from others involved and witnesses
22. What should you do when you are involved in a crash and have a claim?
a. Notify your insurance company promptly.
b. Your agent can help you file the claim correctly.
c. Keep a copy of the forms for your records.
d. If the company rejects your claim or pays only part of it, request an explanation for that decision.
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Module 11: Topic 2
Purchasing Vehicle
1.
What do you need to think about before you purchase a vehicle?
a. New or used?
b. Do I really need It?
c. What safety features do I need?
d. How much will it cost?
e. How economical is it?
f. What options do I need?
2. Calculating Your Monthly Payment:
a. Purchase price x Interest rate x length of financing
Purchase price
$10,000
Interest rate
8 percent
Length of finance
24 months
b. Purchase price + Sales taxes + Interest = Total price Approximately $11,592.00
3. What will you pay each month?
a. Cost of vehicle $10,000.00
b. 3.5% Titling tax
c. 8% Interest on loan (based on unpaid balance)
d. Loan is over 24 months
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Module 11: Topic 3
Trip Planning
1. Preparing the Vehicle:
a. Loading considerations
b. Basic and emergency equipment needs
c. Personal preparation
2. Plan the Route:
a. Identify route
b. Use ____________ which give directions
c. Know route numbers, entrance and exit numbers
d. Consider rest, fuel and food stops, construction and time of day
e. GPS can be useful, but set before driving
3. Prepare and Maintain the Vehicle:
a. Before traveling check:
 ____________, windows and wiper blades
 Lights
 Tires
 Fluid levels, belts, hoses, and brakes
 Engine compartment (tune-up, oil change)
b. Follow vehicle manufacturer’s maintenance schedule and have vehicle repaired if any problems are
detected.
4. Pack Emergency Equipment:
a. Be prepared for anything
b. Maps with routes marked
c. Flashlight, first-aid kit
d. Tools
e. Jack, spare tire, lug wrench, jumper cables
f. Tow line, gloves, blanket, radiator coolant, anti-freeze and windshield wiper fluid
g. Window scraper, chains and warm clothing
5. Load the Vehicle Properly:
a. Do not overload vehicle
b. Load trunk area first and secure loose items
c. ____________. per belted seat plus 125-175 for luggage
d. Car-top carriers affect braking and steering
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6. Driver Readiness for a Trip:
a. Get plenty of sleep
b. Drive during waking hours
c. Take breaks and do not drive for long periods
d. Be aware of “highway hypnosis” and “down time”
e. Be prepared for anything
f. Make reservations in advance
g. Let others know where you are staying
h. Determine costs
7. Trip Costs:
a. Lodging (hotel/motel)
b. Meals
c. Tolls
d. Possible repairs
e. Fuel
f. Calculating fuel costs
 1,500 mile trip
 Car gets 22 mpg
 Fuel costs $2 per gallon
Formula: 1,500 x $2 = $136.36
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8. Reading a Road Map:
a. North orientation
b. ____________ (explains the markings and symbols on the map)
c. Town/City index
d. Coordinates
 Letters/numbers reference location
e. Maps of major cities
f. Determining distances
 Map scale
 Mileage chart
9. Destination Driving:
a. Using a Virginia map, plan a trip from your home to a point in Virginia more than five hours away
 Your car gets 20 mph - cost of fuel is $3/gallon
b. List the route numbers (Example: I-95 North)
c. How long it will take?
d. How many miles?
e. Location of rest stops?
f. Cost of fuel?
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Module 11: Topic 4
Conserving Natural Resources/Driving Green
1. How can the driver conserve natural resources?
a. Accelerate ____________
b. Drive at moderate speeds
c. Avoid unnecessary braking and try to anticipate the traffic ahead
d. Avoid excessive ____________
e. Join a car pool for commuting to and from school or work
f. Keep your vehicle in good working order
g. Recycle old oil and fluids
h. Recycle old vehicle parts
2. Disposal of Vehicle Parts and Fluids:
a. Hazardous substances need to be disposed of in the ____________- not just dumped onto the ground
or poured down the drain.
b. Take items to the nearest hazard waste collection center or other appropriate collection location such
as an automotive repair shop
c. Contact your local health department to find an appropriate drop-off location.
3. Tips for Protecting the Environment:
a. Call your local recycling center, service station, sanitation center, or local health department to review
proper recycling procedures.
b. Read all labels carefully to ensure you are using the correct container.
c. Monitor and fix automotive fluid leaks.
d. Use a funnel for pouring automotive fluids to prevent spills.
e. Catch any drained fluid and store in a container, or a well-sealed and labeled plastic jug
f. Never discard used automotive fluid in sinks, storm drains, the garbage, or on the ground
g. Store automotive fluids separately — ____________ mix them together.
4. Ways to Save Gas:
a. Drive fuel efficient cars
b. Reduce cargo weight
c. Avoid excessive idling
d. Use cruise control
e. Use overdrive gears
f. Keep your engine tuned
g. Keep tires properly Inflated
h. Commuting and public transportation
i. Plan and combine trips
j. Drive less - walk and bike more
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5. Checking on Gas Mileage:
a. When shopping for a new or used vehicle (or even renting a vehicle), choose the cleanest, most fuelefficient vehicle that meets your needs.
b. You can also learn more about the fuel economy and environment label that you’ll see on all new
vehicles.
 The label has been redesigned and updated for even easier comparison-shopping.
 These new window stickers provide fuel economy and environmental ratings for all new vehicles,
including advanced technology vehicles like electric cars and plug-in hybrids. And while at the
showroom, you can scan the QR Code® on each vehicle’s label to be connected to additional
information online, including personalized cost and energy-use estimates.
Unless your vehicle is designed for premium fuel or knocks severely with regular fuel, there is no benefit from
using premium fuel over regular gas.
6. Driving in Hot Weather:
a. Hot weather can actually increase your fuel economy.
b. Running your car's air conditioning is the main contributor to reduced fuel economy in hot weather.
c. Driving with your windows down can also reduce fuel economy.
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