CHALLENGES FROM AN INDUSTRIALIZED WEST, 1750-1900:
OTTOMAN EMPIRE, RUSSIA, QING CHINA, JAPAN
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: “THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE”
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Refusal to adapt to:
o
o
Weak central gov’t:
o
o
o
Problems of a multicultural empire:
o
o
Britain & France prop-up Ottoman Empire to prevent Russian expansion:
o
Western European nations gain influence over Ottoman gov’t & economy:
o
o
o

HOW DID THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RESPOND?
Tanzimat Reforms, 1839-1876
 Continued Westernization of Ottoman military
 Enlightenment-inspired Westernizing reforms
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Sultan Abdul Hamid (r1876-1909) abolished
RUSSIAN EMPIRE: PROBLEMS
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Autocratic czars
o
o
Boyars dominate land & serfs
Serfdom
Weak economy
o
o
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Land empire
o
o
Threats from Western Europe
o
o
Crimean war, 1853-56
o
o
Earlier experiences in selectively Westernizing
How did the Russian Empire respond?
Czar Alexander II’s Reforms, 1861-1881
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o
o
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Limits to reforms?
Czar Nicholas II & Revolution of 1905
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r.1894-1917
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Revolution of 1905
o Goals of revolutionaries?
o Results?
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o
o
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imperialism into East Asia
o
 Results?
QING CHINA: PROBLEMS, 1750-1900
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Peasants dissatisfied
o
o
o
Ineffective central government
o
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o
o
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Industrialized nations see opportunity for economic imperialism
o
Foreign/Western Intervention
o British opium imports 
 Opium Wars, 1839-1842 & 1856-1860 
o
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How did the Chinese Respond?
Self-Strengthening Movement, 1865-1890
 local modernizing reforms:
o
o
o
 self-strengthening failed:
o
o
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 proof of failure to modernize?
o
o
The Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1900
 What were the origins of the Boxer Rebellion?
 What was the goal of the Boxers?
 How was China further harmed by the Boxers’ defeat?
JAPAN
TOKUGAWA JAPAN, 1603-1867
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Isolationist policy:
o Exception =
Signs of internal weakness
Threats from industrialized West:
o
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o
o
How did the Japanese Respond?
MEIJI RESTORATION, 1868-1912
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samurai & daimyo revolt
o
o
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Meiji reforms
Main goal?
o
o
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
MEIJI REFORMS, 1868-1912
Social Structure:
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 former peasants 
 former daimyo & samurai 
 modern, westernized military
o
o
Industrialization:
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 gov’t operated:

o
 military industries
 imperialistic in
Political Restructuring:
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o limited authority
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 emperor as figurehead
o
o
Education & Reform:
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o
o
o
o