Name: _______________________________
Date: ____________ Per: _____________
Chapter 7: Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islam
AP World History I
The Late Abbasid Era
• As early as the third Abbasid ___________, al-Mahdi (775-785), issues related to the decline
of the ___________Caliphate were apparent.
• Somewhat typical pattern:
• Caliph abandons ___________ways of predecessors
• Caliph does NOT establish clear pattern of ___________
• In many cases, wives/concubines became involved in the various palace intrigues associated
with the ___________crises.
• ___________al-Rashid (786-809) ascended to the throne after the death of al-Mahdi (and the
___________of his eldest son)
• Harun al-Rashid enjoyed the ___________ palace living
th
•
•
•
•
•
Emissaries sent in the 9 century were dazzled with the splendor of ___________
Power of Royal ___________ grew throughout the rule of Harun al-Rashid.
Caliphs became pawns in the factional ___________ court battles…
Upon al-Rashid’s death, full-scale ___________ broke out amongst those vying for power.
While al-Ma’mum (813-833) was the victor…what he did next truly changed the nature of the
___________ …
Slave Armies
• Al-Ma’mum was convinced to ___________ thousands of mostly Turkic-speaking slaves as his
personal bodyguards.
• As the number eclipsed 70,000 the ___________ regiment became a power center, in its own
right.
• By 846, they had murdered the reigning ___________, and in the coming decades would
murder at least ___________ more
Abbasid Decline
• Caliphs struggle to control the Slave ___________
• Some Caliphs want to move capital away from ___________ turmoil
• Increased ___________
• New ___________ …
• Old irrigation and public works fall into ___________
• Spiraling ___________ /pillaging, etc…
• Abandonment of some of the earlier ___________ of the empire.
Late Abbasid Decline…women
• The ___________ and the ___________ are the twin emblems of women’s increasing
___________ to men and confinement.
• The Abbasid court created the concept of the ___________ for the Caliphate.
Further Abbasid Decline
• The Abbasids were losing ___________ quickly…
• Egypt and ___________ break away from Abbasid rule
• In once-provincial areas of the Islamic Caliphate, independent ___________ had arose to
challenge the Abbasids
• In 945, the ___________ of Persia invade and capture Baghdad.
• Caliphs became ___________ controlled by ___________, like the Buyids.
• Buyid leaders took the title of “___________” meaning “___________” in Arabic, which will
designate Muslim rulers.
The Seljuks
• By 1055, the ___________ control over the Caliphate was broken
•
In 1055, Central Asian Nomadic warriors known as the ___________ Turks ruled over the
Abbasid lands.
• Staunch ___________ …kick Shia’s out of governmental positions
• Resisted the ___________ who were taking advantage of Muslim disunity
Seljuk Turks
• Defeat of the ___________ led to the settlement of ___________ ___________ which would
eventually become the seat of the ___________ Empire
The Crusades
• Knights from Western Europe launched ___________ to capture portions of the Islamic world
that made up the Holy Land of ___________ times.
• Muslim divisions and the element of surprise made the first Crusade a ___________ success.
• 1099: Christian knights took ___________.
• Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were ___________
• For the next two centuries, ___________ would mount in excess of 8 crusades.
Varying degrees of success
• When Muslim were united under powerful rule like Salah-ud-Din (___________) they reconquer most of the lands they lost.
• The last crusader kingdom fell in ___________ in 1291
• ___________ Crusade gets Acre, but then the Europeans lose it!
Impact of Crusades
• The Crusaders’ experiences in the Eastern Mediterranean intensified European “___________”
from the Muslim world.
• Through increased cultural contacts, Europeans began to recover much of the ___________
learning lost during the waves of nomadic invasions after the fall of the ___________ Empire
Age of Muslim Learning and Refinement
• Even though the caliphate was steeped in ___________ turmoil, the ___________ Empire still
experienced growth and prosperity until late in the ___________ era.
• Declining ___________
• Deteriorating conditions in the ___________ /town life
• Expansion of the ___________ classes
• Muslim/Jewish/Christian ___________ amass great fortunes supplying cities with staples
(grain/barley), ___________ (cotton, woolen textiles for clothing), and ___________ items.
• Long-Distance ___________ flourishes
• Artists and ___________ benefit
• ___________ and palaces became more ornate.
• ___________ and rugs from ___________ were in great demand from Europe to China.
• ___________ becomes the language of “high culture.”
• Arabic remains language of ___________, law, and natural sciences
• Persian was language of ___________ expression, administration, and
___________.
• Persian writers in the Abbasid era write on many subjects from ___________ affairs, to
___________, to incidents from everyday life.
• Blend of ___________ and ___________.
• Not only did Muslims revive ___________ -Roman scientific traditions…they developed their
own theories as well!
• Major corrections to ___________ and geometric theories
• Advances in ___________
• Great advances in ___________ and astronomy.
• ___________: best hospitals in the world
• Muslim traders introduce techniques like ___________ and silk-weaving that was developed in
___________.
•
•
Development of ___________
___________ trends in Islamic Civilization
• ___________ strife and ___________ divisions
• Vs
• Expanded trading links and ___________ creativity
• This was felt in the ___________ world, as well…
• A resurgence of ___________
• Vs
• ___________ religious scholars become wary of non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking
(crusades)
Religious contradictions
• Orthodox religious scholars felt that the revival of Greco-Roman philosophical traditions would
erode the ___________ authority of the Qur’an
• ___________ movement…
• Sufis are wandering mystics who sought a personal ___________ with ___________
• A reaction against the abstract ___________ of the Qur’an
• Sufis gain reputations as ___________ and miracle workers…gain sizeable
followings
• Some led militant bands that spread Islam to ___________
The End of the Caliphate
th
•
th
By the 10 and 11 centuries, the Abbasid Caliphate was compromised by many different
___________
th
•
In the early 13 century, the ___________, united under Chinggis ___________ became a
powerful force in Asia, smashing through Turko-Persian kingdoms to the east of Baghdad by
___________ CE.
• Genghis dies before conquest of the Islamic Heartlands, but his grandson, ___________
renewed the assault on the Islamic lands in the 1250s.
• By 1258, the Abbasid ___________ of Baghdad was taken by the Mongols
• The ___________ and last Abbasid Caliph was put to death by the ___________.
• The Mongol advance was stopped by the ___________, or Turkic Slaves who ruled
___________.
• In 1401, Baghdad suffers from another ___________ and round of pillaging by the forces of
___________.
• Baghdad’s glory becomes supplanted by ___________ to the west and Istanbul to the
___________
Islam’s arrival in South Asia
• India through the ___________ Empire had been a crossroads of migration for Central Asian
___________ seeking refuge
• Generally, those people were ___________, and ___________ into Indian Society.
th
•
The arrival of the ___________ in the 7 Century CE, will alter that.
The Hindu/Islam mix
India…Hinduism
• Open, ___________, and inclusive of varying forms of ___________ devotion.
• Search of ___________ with spiritual source of all creation.
• Social system structured on the ___________ system
India…Islam
• Based on ___________, practices (specific) and exclusive worship of a ___________ god.
• Highly ___________ in the sight of god.
• Religious practices are ___________ and obvious
•
Early centuries were characterized by ___________ conflict.
• However, a good deal of ___________ and religious interchange.
• In time, ___________ interactions became the norm
• There were contacts via traders in the Indian Ocean ___________ network as early as
___________ CE
• Indian overlords who took over land in South ___________ brought little change to most
inhabitants of the Indian ___________.
• Many people welcomed the Arabs because they promised lighter ___________
and religious tolerance
Early Muslim encounters in India
• Muslim leaders decided to treat Hindus and Buddhists as the ___________, or “people of the
___________” even though they had no connection to the Bible.
• This meant that Hindus and Buddhists had to pay the tax on non-believers, they
enjoyed the ___________ to worship as they pleased.
• Little effort was put towards ___________, so most people remained Hindu or ___________.
Indian/Muslim cultural diffusion
• Muslims inherit the Indian ___________ learning, which rivaled the Greeks as the most
advanced in the world.
• ___________ numerals originated in ___________
• Indian learning was transferred to ___________ in the age of the ___________.
• Indian doctors, scientists, etc.
• Muslims adopt Indian styles of dress, food, and ride on ___________ as the Hindu
___________ (kings) did.
• Muslims also adopt and infuse Indian ___________ styles
Move towards Empire…
• Early interactions did little to add ___________ to the Muslim Empire, and in some cases, lost
___________
• BUT, in 962 CE, a Turkish ___________ dynasty seized power in ___________.
• Their third ruler, Mahmud of Ghazni, began two ___________ of Muslim raiding
and conquest in ___________ India
th
•
Throughout the 11 century, ___________ defeated one confederation of Hindu princes after
another in the name of ___________.
• The efforts of Mahmud of Ghazni were continued by ___________ of Ghur
• ___________ in 1206
• A ___________ lieutenant seizes power…Qutb-ud-din Aibak
The Delhi Sultanate
•
A new Muslim empire was proclaimed with the capital at ___________, along the Jumna river
on the ___________ Plain.
• For the next 300 years, a succession of ___________ known as the Delhi Sultante (literally,
___________ of the heartland) ruled North and Central India
• This was a period of clashing ___________ between the sultanate princes themselves, as well as
___________ and Turkic invaders.
Conversion
• Carriers of the new faith on the subcontinent were often ___________ and Sufi mystics
• Sufis shared many characteristics with Indian ___________ and wandering
___________.
• Belief in magical ___________ powers
• Accepted lower-___________ and outcaste groups into Islamic faith
• Most Muslims were NOT from the Indo-Gangetic centers of the Delhi Sultanate, indicating low
forced ___________
• Most conversions came from low-caste or ___________ groups.
•
Buddhism became largely debased as a result of ___________ practices
• Buddhist temples and ___________ became lucrative targets for raids, etc.
• Many lower-caste, ___________, ___________ tribes, and Buddhists were attracted to the
egalitarian nature of Islam
Accommodation
• Hindus were convinced that Muslims would soon be absorbed by the superior ___________ and
more sophisticated cultures of India
• Many things pointed that way!
• Muslim princes adopted ___________ styles
• Muslim rulers claim ___________ descent
• Muslim rulers mint coins with ___________ images
• Muslim communities also became socially divided along ___________ lines
• Violation of the original ___________ of Islam!
Islam in South Asia at the end of the Sultanate
• Attempts to fuse Hinduism and Islam soon were recognized as ___________.
• Brahmans soon denounce ___________ leaders, etc.
• Muslims respond by strengthening their ___________ within the Indian Muslim
community
• After centuries of ___________ domination though, South Asia remained one of the least
___________ and integrated of all the areas Islam reached.
Importance
• Southeast Asia was ___________ to the connection of trade from Chinese ports to
___________ vessels along the Indian Ocean Trade network
Southeast Asian contribution
• Aromatic ___________ from rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra
• Spices: cloves, nutmeg from ___________
th
•
From 8 Century onward, coastal trade in India became dominated by _______
SE ASIA
• As a result, elements of ___________ began to filter into the southeast Asian region
th
•
The collapse of the ___________ trading empire (Buddhist) in the 13 century opened the door
for the widespread introduction of Islam
• Trading contacts paved the way for ___________
• ___________ conquest and force
• Muslim ships also carry ___________ to the various parts of SE Asia
• Conversion begins in ___________, then across the Strait of Malacca to Malaya
• Muslims impressed SE Asians by telling them how much of the world had already been
___________
Malacca
• Mainland conversion was centered on ___________, a powerful trading city
• Spreads to east Sumatra and to ___________ on the north coast of Java
• From there, spread to the ___________ and then the Spice Islands, then to Mindanao and
Southern ___________
Conversion
• ___________ was the key to ___________.
• Regulation of commonality in Muslim laws was good to regulate ___________.
• Conversion linked centers culturally, and ___________ to Indian merchants and ports in India,
the Middle East, and the ___________
SE Asian Islam
•
Some areas (like Central ___________) saw conversion take longer than others
• Hindu-Buddhist ___________ contested its spread
• Mainland ___________ Asia did NOT see wholesale conversion, and remained largely
Buddhist
• Because it was spread primarily by Sufis, SE Asian Islam was more dynamic than ___________
Islam
• Infused with ___________ strains
• Tolerated ___________, Hindu, and Buddhist beliefs and rituals.
• ___________ powers
Women in SE Asian Islamic Society
• Women retained a strong position in the family and the ___________
• Trading in local and regional markets was dominated by small-scale
___________ merchants
• As in Western Sumatra, ___________ and ___________ was traced through
female lines
• Many ___________ elements were blended from SE Asian Culture with ___________ Culture.