Name: __________________________
Date: ______________
Per: __________
The Consolidation of Latin America
AP World History II
Roots of Political Change
• Political change begins with the ________________
– Held back by class __________________
• Four external events that precipitate Latin American ____________
– American Revolution
– __________ Revolution
– __________ Revolution
– __________ Political Crisis
Haitian Revolution
• Haiti was a French _____________ colony
• Slaves begin a revolution in ___________ under the leadership of _________________
L’Ouverture.
• ____________: The Independent ______________ of Haiti is established.
• Haiti becomes a symbol of _______________ and hope for Latin American
____________________ movements
Iberian Political Crisis
• France invaded Portugal and Spain as a part of the ______________________ Wars.
• By 1810, confusion in _____________ and Portugal provokes a crisis in the colonies.
• The crisis of _______________ reverberates throughout the colonies.
Mexico
• Priest Father Miguel de __________ calls for help from _____________ and American
Indians for independence.
– Won early victories, but lost support of ______________
– Captured and executed
• Later, in 1820, Creoles were able to move towards __________________.
Mexico
• Augustin de __________________, a creole officer at the head of the army, was
proclaimed Emperor of __________________ in 1821.
– This is a __________________ solution…no attempt to incorporate Hidalgo’s ideals
• Central America was attached to the Mexican _________________, but it collapsed in
______________.
• Mexico becomes a _____________________, and central American states declare
independence by _______________
South America
• Simon ______________ emerges as a leader in Northern South America,
• 1817-1822 he won a series of victories in ______________, Colombia, and
______________, otherwise known as Gran Colombia
• Bolivar dies in _____________ as a symbol of independence and republican government.
South America
• In Southern South America, ____________________ organizes a movement in the Rio de
la ______________
South America
• 1816: United ________________ of the Rio de la Plata
• San Martin becomes a crusader of Independence movements
– ________________
– Chile
– _______________
• Newly independent nations of South America were born of the _____________________
and the ideas of 19th century _______________, thus many were republics with
representative governments
Brazil
• Napoleonic invasions were different for __________ than in Spain.
• 1807: French troops enter Portugal and the royal family flees to __________________.
• _______________________ was the capital of Portugal, and Brazil was raised to the same
status as Portugal.
• With Spanish colonies, Napoleonic invasions caused a crisis. In the Portuguese colony of
Brazil, the same invasions brought the __________________ government into the colony!
Brazil
• Portugal was ruled from ______________ until 1820.
– Rio de Janeiro becomes a bustling city of European progress, especially with British
____________________.
• Dom Joao was recalled in 1820, and he leaves his son ___________ in Brazil.
• Pedro declares Brazilian independence in 1822 and becomes _____________________,
constitutional emperor of Brazil.
Latin American independence issues
• ________________ government
• Careers open to ________________
• Freedom of _______________ and trade
• Right to ________________ property
• Belief in individual as basis of ________________
• New nations should be _________________
• New nations should be economically ________________
• New nations should be united under a set of ______________
• Church…Roman ___________________ vs. Freedom of Religion
LA Independence Issues
• Early constitutions impose property or _________________ restrictions on voting
• _______________ are caught in the middle!
– Sometimes they fight for independence, sometimes for _________ forces
– _________________ class distinction still exists
Political Fragmentation
• Mexico: short-lived monarchy, then ______________ by 1823, but _____________ until
1860s
• Guatemala forms ________________________________, but collapses by 1839
• Dominican Republic occupies ___________________, but gains independence in 1844
Political Fragmentation
• South America
– Gran Colombia
• _____________
• _____________
• Panama
• _____________
– Collapses by 1830, the year of Bolivar’s death
– Rio de la Plata
• Modern ___________________
– Chile remains ___________________
– Peru and Bolivia flirt with ____________ from 1829-1839 under Andres Santa Cruz
Caudillos
• Independent leaders who dominated local areas by ____________, and who sometimes
lead the national government itself
– Becomes the arbiter of power in local ________________ differences
– Lead the local military, which puts ______________ on the defense
Government
• Caudillos agree to create some form of republican government, but divisions therein are
– _______________: Strong centralized national government
– _______________: power to flow from regional governments
Government
•Liberals
–Rights of an __________________
–Attacked _______________ structure of society
–________________ society
–_________________, federalist government
•Conservatives
–Strong _______________ state
–Maintain aspects of _________________ society
–Structures groups (guilds, institutions) provide the most _______________ for society
–Want to keep strong ________________ Catholicism alive