Name: _________________________________ Date: __________________________ Per: ______________
African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam
AP World History I
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African Development
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Stateless Societies
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All Muslims are equal within the _______________of believers made acceptance easier.
Islamic tradition of uniting the powers of the state in a ruler _______________the concept of the African King.
The equality of the _______________put Africans legally at the same level as the Arabs.
However…
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Northern Africa has always been part of the _______________world
After the age of the _______________, Egypt was an important part of the Greek Empire, then later in the
Roman Empire.
Toward the end of the _______________Empire, _______________had taken hold in Mediterranean Africa.
Wars between the _______________and _______________disrupt this
Between 640 and 700 CE followers of _______________swept across Northern Africa.
By 670, Muslims ruled _______________
_______________ (Africa) for Eastern North Africa and _______________for Western North Africa
By 711 CE, Arab and _______________armies had crossed into Spain, defeated in France in 732 CE.
Conversion was fast and easy in North Africa with the success and unity of the _______________Dynasty.
This unity will break down eventually, and North Africa will divide into several _______________states.
What does Islam offer Africa?
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North Africa: involved in _______________and Arab Trade system
Sub-Saharan varies from one _______________to the next
Throughout the post-classical period, increased _______________ trade was apparent
Arrival of Islam
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_______________migrations offered a linguistic base for Africans
Different _______________
_______________: belief in the power of natural forces personified as spirits or gods in the form of dancing,
drumming, and sacrifice.
Economics of Africa
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Organized around _______________
Lacking the concentration of _______________power and authority normally associated with the “state”
Little need to _______________the people…encouraged people to move to other sparsely populated areas to
create their own _______________.
_______________ pressures, warfare, large building projects and the impact of long-distance trade causes many
of these societies to move towards the formation of _______________.
Common Elements…
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Differences in _______________, language, religion, and politics contribute to Africa’s lack of political unity.
No _______________states, nor universal religions
Christianity and Islam do find adherents in Africa, sometimes leading to large _______________.
Practices differ considerably at the _______________level.
_______________Stratification
_______________divisions
_______________differences
Often led to reformist _______________.
North African Christianity
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Christian converts were made in Egypt long before the _______________of the Roman Empire.
Christian kingdom of _______________, with communities in Nubia and Egypt (Copts).
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Kingdoms of the Grasslands
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_______________maintained religious connection with the Byzantine Empire. When Egypt was conquered by
the Arabs and converted to Islam, the Copts were able to keep their religion.
The _______________kingdom that grew from Axum was the most important Christian outpost.
In the 13th and 14th Century, an _______________Christian State emerges.
Constant struggle with Christian Ethiopia and Muslim _______________
_______________and travelers spread the word of Islam from North Africa across the Sahara towards the
Savanna on the southern edge of the Sahara
The Grasslands
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The _______________was the extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara.
African state of Ghana had already formed there by the 8th Century.
TRADE:
o Exchange ___________ from the forests of West Africa for salt from the Sahara (or goods from North Africa)
o Camels, introduced from Asia, had improved _______________possibilities.
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The Grasslands
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Ghana
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The “_______________” of the West African Kingdoms
Rose to power in the 3rd Century CE by taxing the heavy _______________-Salt trade within its borders.
By the 900’s, its rulers converted to _______________and Ghana was at the height of its power.
_______________armies invade Ghana in 1076, and even though it survives, its power was in decline, such that
by the beginning of the 1200’s (13th Century), new states emerged in the savanna.
Common elements in _______________States
_______________, or council of elders as leaders
Territorial core with peoples of the same linguistic or _______________background
Power extended over _______________communities which were often the result of conquest
Rulers were sacred and were surrounded by _______________.
Islam was used to reinforce _______________ideas of kingship.
Mali and Songhay fit the description of the _______________of Islamic and African culture.
The _____________________________________________
Mali
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The SAHEL becomes an active “_______________” of trade between the forests to the south and North Africa.
States develop along with trading cities to take advantage of their position as _______________in the trade.
Their position in the open _______________of the dry Sahel also leaves them open to attack and drought.
Created by the _______________people who broke away from Ghana.
Rulers supported Islam by building mosques, public prayers, and supporting _______________.
In return, sermons would encourage _______________to the king.
Mali became a model of the _______________Sudanic Kingdoms
Economic base was _______________
_______________: Malinke leader who led towards prosperity as the state of Mali.
The _______________, or emperor
_______________was severely punished (as evidenced by Ibn Batuta, the Arab traveler).
Security of travelers and trade was a key element to Mali’s success as a state where _______________plays
such an important role
_______________dies around _______________CE.
Of his sucessors, _______________Musa was the most famous (r. 1312-1337)
Made pilgrimage to Mecca in _______________
Cities and towns of West Africa came to be modeled after North Africa, but with a _______________flair.
_______________court life.
“Port” cities flourish like Jenne and _______________/
By the 14th century _______________had a population of 50,000.
Contained a _______________and university.
80% of the _______________lived by the agricultural lifestyle.
_______________intensive
_______________was common
Songhay
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Political Life in the Sudan
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From the Horn of Africa to modern-day _______________lay a string of Islamicized trading cities with
contacts from Arabia, Persia, India, and _______________.
As in the _______________Kingdoms of West Africa, Islam was slow to reach the general population in East
Africa, and when it did, it was a fusion of _______________beliefs and the new Islamic faith.
East Africa
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Slave trade between Africa and the Islamic World predated the arrival of _______________
Muslims viewed slavery as a stage in the process of _______________.
Slaves were used as domestic servants, laborers, soldiers, _______________, _______________.
Concentration on women and children across the _______________to the East African coast.
The Swahili Coast of East Africa
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Unified states allowed the various _______________, clans, and ethnic groups to coexist.
Movement and fusion of _______________was constant in the Sudan
Common _______________and law provided solidarity and trust to the _______________.
Organized under Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and _______________authority.
Formation of large state heightened _______________differences and made societies more hierarchical.
Islam tended to accommodate _______________practices and beliefs. Large populations of Mali and Songhay
never converted.
Many Sudanic states were _______________, which is contrary to patrilineal lines of kinship in the
_______________, or Islamic law.
Slavery
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Songhay begins to form around the 7th century. By 1010, a capital had been established at _______________on
the Niger River.
Rulers became Muslim
Dominated by _______________for a while
By 1370’s, had established themselves as an _______________state
Under the leadership of _______________Ali (1464-1492) the Empire of Songhay began.
Tactical _______________
Ruthless _______________.
Successors known as _______________.
Muhammad the Great expanded the _______________of the empire.
By the 1600’s, Songhay dominated the central _______________
Remained the _______________power in the region until the end of the 16th century.
In 1591, a Muslim army with muskets crossed the _______________and defeated the larger forces of Songhay.
Songhay split up, but other groups experienced _______________in the Western Sudan
The _______________peoples of Northern Nigeria
Coastal cities developed from the mixture of Bantu migrants, as well as with _______________seaborne
migrants.
Settled on the island of _______________, introducing bananas and coconuts.
Coastal villages of _______________, farmers dotted the coast
_______________: Arabic for the East African Coast.
13th Century: urbanized East African _______________ports develop.
Shared Bantu-based and Arabic Influenced _______________ (coastal) language.
Different Muslim ruling families, but similar language _______________them in trade.
Towns such as _______________, Mombasa, Malindi, _______________, and Zanzibar.
Ibn Batuta said of Kilwa that it was “one of the most _______________and well-constructed towns in the
world”
Kilwa was _______________because of its control over _______________
Access to the Gold produced in the _______________
Farthest point south in which _______________ships could reach in one _______________season
Many port towns were tied to each other in an active _______________network.
1300s-1400s: large state sponsored sailing expeditions stopped at the East African coast for ivory, and gold.
After 1431, only the _______________and Indians continued this trade.
Central/Southern Africa
While the impact of trade and Islam radically altered the West/North/East African “_______________”, Central
and Southern Africa was developing on its own _______________.
o By 1000 CE, still small _______________societies, preliterate, but with great strides in arts, _______________,
and statecraft…without writing.
Artists…
o Terra _______________objects discovered in Nok, in the forests of Central Nigeria dating to 500-200 BCE.
o _______________Cotta and bronze portrait heads were found among the _______________people of Nigeria
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The Yoruba
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Benin
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Similar _______________patterns as the Yoruba can be found among Edo people who formed the state of
Benin.
_______________the Great (r. 1440-1473) extended Benin’s control from the Niger River to the Coast.
The _______________, or ruler, lived in a huge royal compound.
Central African Kingdoms
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Agricultural society supported by a _______________and dominated by a ruling family and aristocracy.
Spoke a non-Bantu language and recognized a relationship with the _______________, who spoke Afro-Asian
language.
Small city-states, each _______________about 50 miles.
Highly _______________.
By the 5th Century CE, Bantu farmers and _______________reach beyond the _______________
13th Century, they were approaching the _______________end of the continent.
Beyond the scope of _______________
By 1000 CE, many of these groups were forming _______________.
Kongo
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Late 15th Century, the Kongo was forming along the lower _______________River.
_______________base, with skills of weaving, pottery, _______________, and carving.
Men:
Clearing the _______________, producing _______________oil and palm wine, building houses, hunting,
long-distance _______________.
 Women:
o _______________, care of _______________, household duties, made salt from seawater, collected seashells
which were used as _______________.
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Great Zimbabwe
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Farther to the east, among the farming and cattle-herding _______________-speaking peoples.
Creation of GREAT _______________enclaves to serve as the _______________town area.
By the 15th century, a _______________state had begun to form controlling central Africa to the Indian Ocean.