Name: ____________________________
Date: _____________
Per: _____________
Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
AP World History I
Periodization
 The Middle Ages lasted from approximately ______________ to ______________ CE.
o The medieval era is broken down into ______________ phases
 ______________ Middle Ages: ca. 500 – 1000 CE
 Political ______________
 ______________ Middle Ages: ca. 1000 – 1300 CE
 ______________
 ______________ became defined
 ______________ grew healthier
 ______________ Middle Ages: ca. 1300 – 1500 CE
 Crisis and ______________
o Social Unrest, Warfare, and the ______________ Death
o The ______________
Feudalism
 After the collapse of the ______________ Empire, no single ruler was able to provide Europe with
Central Authority
o No ______________, no money, or ______________ strength
 The solution was: ______________
o Lords and ______________ (lieges) award (infeudated) land to loyal followers
(______________).
o In exchange, the vassals guaranteed that
 their parcel of land (______________) would be governed
 Law and ______________ would be dispensed
 ______________ would be grown
 The land would be ______________.
 Those who monarchs gave land grants to become Europe’s ______________ class.
 All members of the feudal nobility were tied to the ______________ by bonds of loyalty and
landownership.
 Feudalism also provided a ______________ function: to provide an elite force of armored cavalry
(______________).
o Only members of the ______________ class could become knights because of the cost of
______________ and training.
o The code of ______________ theoretically managed the behavior of the knights
 Treated the lower classes with ______________
 Acted ______________ toward women
 Tends to be more ______________ than reality…
Manorialism
 The vast majority of people in Medieval Europe were ______________.
 The basic unit of land ownership was the ______________, which typically surrounded the lord’s
residence (which was an estate or castle) and included the peasant village, fields for farming, as well
as ______________ where animals were hunted and wood was gathered.
Economy of the Middle Ages
 Feudal system relied on the labor of the peasant. Most peasants were ______________.
o Technically, not ______________, but…also, not free
o Not allowed to change ______________ or profession without permission
o Most of their work benefitted the ______________
o Labor devoted to building ______________, clearing forests, gathering firewood, farming the
lord’s private fields.
Had to pay fees to use the manor’s ______________, including the bread oven, water mill,
and cider press.
o In times of ______________, serfs had to fight.
Christianity
 Christianity acted as a ______________ force for European nations following the fall of Rome.
o ______________ and ______________ unification…
 1054: Great ______________
o Doctrinal differences between the Roman Catholic and ______________ Orthodox church
(centered in ______________) led to a permanent split.
 Monasteries preserve ______________ and Greek manuscripts from the Roman Era
o ______________ and philosophical essays, literary works, etc.
 Leader of the Catholic Church was the ______________
o ______________ and Cardinals act as advisors
o Bishops
o Priests
o Monks and ______________
 After 1000 CE, the church became increasingly powerful.
o In contrast to the Eastern ______________ Church, which viewed itself as subservient to
______________ authority
 What did the Pope do?
o Many popes (especially Innocent III 1198 – 1216) went to great lengths to assert the authority
of the ______________ as superior to that of ______________ and emperors.
o Moral authority to determine what was ______________
o Had the right to ______________ worshippers from the Catholic Church
o Had the right to issue calls for holy wars (______________).
o Goal was to join all of Europe into a Single, ______________ Community. The attempt as
this is known as ______________.
 Catholic Church owned vast amounts of land
o Right to collect ______________ (taxes)
 The Church exercised power by controlling ______________, thought, and culture.
o 1231: The Holy ______________ was a set of courts with wide-ranging powers set up to hunt
out and punish heresy and religious ______________.
 ______________: formation of religious communities whose members (______________ and nuns)
are not ordained by priests.
o ______________ model was most influential from 500s – 1100s and stressed contemplation
and seclusion
o After the 1100s, the ______________ and ______________ carry the works of the church to
the wider world.
Early Kingdoms
 Weak states, decentralized governments dominate the 500’s and 600’s
o ______________ raids and Muslim invasions
 The ______________ Kingdom (Carolingian Empire by the 700s)
o The Franks were a ______________ tribe
o Under King ______________ (465-511) who acquired parts of Germany, France, etc.
 Converted his people to ______________
 Under Charles ______________ the Frankish Kingdom grew strong again (688-741)
o Successfully turned the Muslims back at the battle of ______________ (732 CE)
o His son, ______________, strengthened ties with the Catholic church
 Pepin’s son, ______________ (768-814) was even more successful.
o Defended ______________ territory against Viking, ______________, and Muslims.
o Expanded the kingdom and transformed it into the ______________ Empire
o
o
o
o
o
Pope crowned him Holy Roman Emperor in ______________.
Supporter or ______________ (church-based)
Strong, but still ______________.
In ______________, Charlemagne’s three grandsons divided the territory into smaller parts
 The concept of the Holy Roman Empire ______________ though…
 A ______________ allied with the ______________, yet able to provide
______________ authority…
Early Nations…
 800s and 900s
o ______________ Kings unite large parts of England
o ______________ Dynasty comes to rule the area around Paris and gradually all of
______________
o Eastern, ______________ portion of Charlemagne’s empire reformed itself as the Holy
Roman Empire
 Will rule most of ______________ Europe for years…
The Vikings
 Expert Sailors, fierce ______________
 From ______________
 ______________ causes exploration, migration throughout the 800s to the 1100s.
o Raided and ______________ land throughout Europe
o Colonized ______________ and ______________
o Leif ______________ lands in Canada around 1000 CE.
o Settle in parts of ______________, Scotland, and Ireland.
o Establish kingdoms in ______________ and Sicily
o Establish trade route from Scandinavia to ______________, through Russia, creating the first
Russian “state”
England and France
 In 1066, ______________ the Conqueror leads the ______________ Conquest of England.
o Normans were descendents of ______________ who had settled in France.
o William defeated the ______________ King in England.
o The rule of England and France was thus ______________ through blood ties from 1066 to
around 1400.
 Norman Conquest brought ______________ -style Feudalism to England
o Cultural ______________ with ______________ and ______________ -Saxon groups.
 England became more centralized, even as significant ______________ were placed on the monarch.
o 1100’s: ______________ Law (single law code) and Jury based trials
o 1215: ______________ ______________ -Guaranteed rights to English nobility in limiting
the power of King John.
o Later 1200’s: Nobility wins the right to form a ______________
 Will become a ______________ law-making body that governs in conjunction with
the monarch
o 1200s and 1300s: English monarchs extend rule to ______________, Scotland and Ireland
 In France, ______________ kings centralize their nation by increasing their own power.
o They only ruled a tiny part of ______________ at first…
 England controlled ______________ and Brittany
 Flanders and ______________ were independent.
 Capetian monarchs will expand the size and scope of the French ______________ by gaining control
over independent regions and beating the ______________ in a number of wars.
o By the mid-______________, France was ______________ and centralized
o French kings were of the ______________ ______________ in Europe
 French monarchs were not limited or ______________ to ______________ power
100 Years War (1337-______________)
o England vs. ______________
o England was the early victor, gaining control over more than ½ of France.
o After the 1420’s, with the help of warrior maid, ______________ of Arc, the French King
was able to drive out the ______________.
o This ended many of the ______________ connections between the English and French royal
families.
Central and Southern Europe
 Holy Roman Empire dominated most of ______________ Europe
o Multi-cultural monarchy in which the crown passed back and forth amongst a group of
______________ noble families.
o Founded in the 900’s by the heirs of ______________
o The Emperor was supposed to work in partnership with the ______________, but in reality
they ______________ more than cooperated.
 The Holy Roman Empire was one of Medieval Europe's largest states, but the Emperor’s powers were
comparatively ______________.
o Position was not hereditary…chosen by the empire’s most powerful ______________
families
 The Holy Roman Empire was ______________ diverse
o ______________, Italian, ______________, Slavic, and more!)
 Almost 200 duchies, kingdoms, and ______________ in the mid-1300s!!
Central and Southern Europe-movement towards centralization
 Charles IV issues the ______________ ______________ (golden seal…Latin bulla) of 1356.
o Asserted the rights and powers of ______________ under the emperor
o Attempted to ______________ rule from the Pope
o Reduced the number of ______________ allowed to elect the emperor (from all to seven)
 The ______________ family of Austria emerge as major players in imperial politics during the late
1200s.
o By 1438, the Habsburgs will have power over the Imperial throne, not losing it until 1918.
Central and Southern Europe
 Italy: Part of ______________ Italy was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire. Areas in the
south passed in and out of ______________ control (French, Spanish, Muslim, Byzantine).
 The parts of Italy that remained free were governed by dozens of city-states.
 Italy was highly ______________, highly cultured, and had a strong commercial economy.
o ______________, Milan, and Venice in the North, and Naples in the South.
o Venice created this era’s richest and most powerful ______________ and commercial
empires.
Spain and Portugal
 Medieval development of Spain and Portugal was shaped by the fact that they were taken over by
______________ in the 700s (known as ______________).
 From 1031 onward, the people of Spain and Portugal fought the Moors in what was known as the
______________.
o By the 1200s, the Spanish had pushed the moors into ______________, the southernmost part
of the country.
o The Moors held out in Granada for the next 200 years until they were expelled by
______________ and Isabella in 1492.
Effects of the Moorish occupation:
o
Spanish territory was liberated ______________ by region, thereby leaving newly freed areas
as independent, delaying ______________.
o By the 1400’s there were about 6 Spanish ______________
o Only in the late 1400’s when the leaders of the two largest Spanish kingdoms, Ferdinand of
______________ and Isabella of ______________, married and joined their lands together
did Spain take shape as a single country.
o ______________ authorities became rigid in terms of ______________
o Muslims and ______________ were ______________.
 Benefits: Islamic culture was more ______________ than that in Medieval ______________
o Spain had access to ______________, scientific, and ______________ knowledge.
o Spanish city of ______________ was one of Europe’s greatest centers of learning and
science.
o This will have a direct result on Portugal’s move towards world ______________ beginning
in the mid-1400s.
Eastern Europe and Byzantium
 Byzantine Empire becomes the ______________ between Christian Europe and the ______________
Middle East.
 The Byzantine Empire also joined the ______________ East with ______________, India, and the
East Indies via ______________ trade routes.
 While the Byzantine Empire directly inherited the ______________ of the Roman Empire, it had
entered a long period of ______________.
th
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11 Century: The Seljuk Turks become a formidable enemy.
o Battle of ______________ (1071) and onward continually strip territory away from the
______________ Empire.
 Followed by the conquests of the ______________ Turks
 ______________: Ottoman Seizure of ______________, destruction of the Byzantine
Empire, Constantinople becomes ______________
 Eastern Europe tended to be poorly defined, ______________.
o Invasions from the East…______________, Ottomans, etc.
 Hungary, Sweden, and Poland were exceptions
o ______________ and sophisticated.
 Russia was a loose confederation of city-states, governed by feuding ______________.
o ______________ invasions bring the rule of the ______________ Horde in the 1240s
o Freedom in the 1400s under the leadership of the tsars of ______________ (Muscovite
Princes)
The Crusades
 Reasons for:
o Convert ______________
o Crush Christian movements the ______________ considered to be ______________
o Resist attack by foreigners that were not ______________.
 First Crusade (1096-______________): Byzantine Emperor asked Christian Europe for military
assistance against the ______________ Turks, who had captured ______________.
o Pope Urban II summons the Council of ______________ and calls upon the knights of
Western Europe to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the ______________.
o First crusade was a success for the Christian knights by ______________ in one of the
bloodiest examples in military history, butchering every Muslim and Jew within the city
walls.
o Lack of unity amongst the ______________, Arabs, and Muslims contributed to their
______________.

After the First Crusade, the Europeans set up four ______________ Kingdoms, which served as a
______________ and political ground-zero in the middle-east.
o It also allowed Christians to get involved in the lucrative ______________ and commercial
______________ already existent.
 Christians remained for two centuries, but Muslims organized to drive them out on numerous
occasions.
o ______________ fell back to the Muslims in 1187.
o Crusades lost focus in the ______________
 Crusaders sack Christian ______________ in 1204.
o In 1291 the Christians abandoned their last major outpost in the Middle East, ___________.
Effects of the Crusades
 Deteriorating relationship between Christian/______________ worlds.
 Greater awareness of the ______________ -world
 Knowledge of, and desire for the economic wealth to be gained by greater ______________ with the
______________.
 Fighting for a cause…leads to the development of powerful myths of ______________, chivalry, etc.
 Fighting for a common cause united a ______________ Europe.
Urbanization
 From 1000 to 1300 population ______________ in Europe was considerable.
o Advanced ______________ techniques
 ______________ -field system of crop rotation
 Invention of better ______________
o Food supply ______________
 Trade and ______________ become a part of European economy.
 Political stability encourages
o ______________
o Movement of ______________ (on water)
o ______________ routes
 Trade routes sprang up in Italy, on the ______________ River, in the North Sea and English Channel,
and throughout the ______________ Sea
o ______________ League: Group of traders whose influence stretched from England in the
west to Russia in the East.
 Banking made trade more feasible and ______________.
 The majority of people remained on the countryside as peasants and ______________. But, there was
an increasingly large number of people moving to ______________.
o Great sources of ______________
o Attracted artists, ______________, and scholars.
o Urban populations included shopkeepers, ______________, tradespeople, and laborers
 Growth of cities encouraged ______________ of labor.
o Skilled trades were organized in the ______________ System, which were labor groups that
maintained a ______________ on their trade.
 Restricted ______________, established prices, and set standards of quality and fair
practice.
 City life was often ______________, polluted, and many people lived in ______________.
 Cultural opportunities and the opportunity to gain greater ______________ were benefits to city life.
 “City air makes you free”
o If a person left the ______________ and went to the city for a year and a day, they were
released from their status as a ______________.
Social Stress
 Increasing urbanization was coupled with tremendous social ______________
o Uprisings and ______________ by peasants

Causes:
o ______________ of the climate (little ice age) affected harvests
o More and longer ______________ were being fought
 Armies grew ______________
 Increased cost of new technology like ______________
 More peasants were forced into ______________ service
o Taxes ______________
Social Stress
 Persecution of ______________
 Black Death (______________ plague)
o After killing millions of people in ______________, the disease traveled westward to the
Middle East, then onto the shores of ______________ in 1347.
 1347-1348: ______________ Europe
 1349-1350: Central Europe and the British ______________
 1351-1353: Russia and ______________
o The initial bout of the plague killed 25-30 million people, roughly ____of the population of
Europe.
Women in Medieval Europe
 Women were subservient to men in Europe. Rights were determined by ______________ status.
 Lower Status: Cared for the household and assisted with ______________, bore children and raised
them, work as servants for ______________ class families.
o Of the few peasant women to leave a mark was ______________ of Arc (1410-1431)
 Women had some ______________ rights
o Could own and ______________ land and property.
o Women could separate from husbands, but divorces and ______________ were difficult.
o Women had ______________ protection, but often not equal.
Women in Medieval Society
 Aristocratic women could exert much ______________ and ______________ influence.
o If a women was heir to valuable property or a ______________, she was a desirable match.
o ______________ often served as ______________ for young kings whose fathers had died
early, until their sons came of age.
 Some women ruled in their own right…as ______________ (not customary),
o Countries where their legal system was based on ______________ tribal law
(______________), such as France and the Holy Roman Empire did not allow women to
inherit the throne
o Women could rule in ______________, parts of Spain, ______________, and other places.
 Example: ______________ of Aquitane who married Louis VII of France, then Henry
II of England.
Medieval Culture
 Dark Ages?
o Not so during the High and Late Middle Ages, but even so…Medieval Europe lagged behind
______________ and Islamic Middle East
 Most important factor influencing culture was the ______________ Church
o Administered institutions of ______________ (Monasteries, then universities)
o Largest employer of artists, ______________, and musicians.
o Art and ideas that were not in line with Church doctrine could be banned.
 Another factor influencing Medieval culture was classical ______________ that was preserved from
Ancient Rome and ______________.
o ______________ was Europe’s language of ______________ and culture.
o Knowledge of Greek learning came later through ______________ and Arab translations
Aristotle’s writing on ______________, philosophy, ethics, and politics were adapted by
Christian scholars.
Sometimes, Greek science encouraged mistaken ideas in their application to Christianity, such as the
______________ model of the universe, which argues that the sun revolve around the earth.
Medieval Art was ______________ in nature
o ______________, or religious paintings, were inspired by Byzantine styles, even in Catholic
Europe.
Medieval music was ______________, known as ______________ chant…human voice,
unaccompanied by instruments.
o Over time, arrangements become more ______________, including instruments
The greatest achievement of ______________ architecture was the ______________, which required
skill, money, and decades to build.
The ______________
o ______________: thick walls, small windows, square build
o ______________: tall, slender spires, large stained glass windows, ornate carvings, flying
buttresses.
Medieval Europeans were great Castle-Builders…
o
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______________ and Minstrels popularized nonreligious music in the 11 and 12 centuries.
Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey ______________ encourage the use of the ______________, or native
language.
o Latin remains the language of the ______________ elite, but it became more acceptable to
write in the ______________ for serious poetic and literary works.
 Stimulated growth in ______________.
Principal philosophy during the Middle Ages was ______________
o Attempted to reconcile ______________ (logic, the sense, and the learning of the ancient
Greeks and Romans like Aristotle) with faith in God and ______________.
o Thomas ______________ (1225-1274) was foremost in this field of ______________.
Between 1436 and 1437, Johannes ______________ (German) developed the concept of the Printing
Press.
o Originated in ______________, possibly Korea.
o ______________ printing was expensive…Gutenberg created a ______________ -type
printing press in which individual, ______________, metal characters could be placed in a
frame to form text.
 Raised ______________ rates
 Spread ______________
 Increased the impact of new ideas and ______________ theories
 Encouraged the expansion of libraries and ______________.
 Indispensable role in the ______________, Protestant ______________, etc.
Notre Dame Cathedral