Aim: Why did Athens and Sparta engage in war?
I Persian Wars
i. In 490 BCE Darius I led Persia against Athens
ii. They met at Marathon
iii. Athens defeated Persia
iv. alliance of Athens and Sparta defeated invading Persians
v. Athens became the center of Greek culture and Greek power.
vi. Greek expansion led to settlements/colonies throughout the Mediterranean (Italy, Eastern
Mediterranean, Black Sea)
II Athenian Empire
1. 477 BCE
2. Controlled Delian League, alliance against the Persians
3. 461-429 Pericles brought Athens to its height
III Pericles
1. Leader of Athens
2. Democracy reached its height
3. Rebuilt the city
4. Pericles Funeral oration speech about Athenian soldiers and ideals
IV Peloponnesian Wars
1. distrust for Athenian rule led to Peloponnesian Wars
2. the city-states of Greece allied with either Athens or Sparta
3. Athens vs. Sparta: series of wars between 431-404 BCE
4. Spartan victory and plague led to a weakening of the Greek city-states
5. 404 BCE the Athenian navy and empire was destroyed
V Outcome
• Greek state was weakened for years which led to mass chaos
• Eventually Greece fell to Macedonia
VI Phillip II
1. King of Macedonia 359-338 BCE
2. Excellent warriors, used Phalanx and military strategy
3. controlled all of Greece
4. Philip II was murdered in 338 BCE
5. Alexander becomes king at 20
VII Alexander the Great
1. Defeated Persia and Darius III
2. Stretched his empire across India, Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia
3. United an area of 22 million square miles
VIII Legacy
1. Died at the age of 33 of disease or poison
2. Hellenistic culture: blending of Greek, Phoenician, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian
cultures; later adopted by Romans
3. Trade: His empire solidified trade between Asia and the Mediterranean
4. Spread Greek culture
5. Empire was split by three generals, which weakened the empire
6. Absorbed into Roman Empire
IX Hellenistic Culture
 Lasting achievements:
 Spread Hellenism: blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian
 Philosophy: stoics or moral standard
 Stoicism: use reason to understand and accept what life brings, use no emotion because it
forces bad judgments and emphasizes self-control
 Made contributions in science, mathematics, medicine, historical writing, and drama.
Greek Achievements
A. Religion
i. polytheistic used mythology
ii. The myths are richly detailed and teach morality
iii. Gods were unique: they had human emotions (got mad, drunk, arguments)
iv. Still a major part of western culture (ex. Horoscopes)
B. Drama
1. dominated by comedy and tragedy
2. ex. Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides these men focused on tragedy
3. ex. Aristophanes focused on comedy
C. Art/Architecture
a. sculptures were very detailed and emphasized realism
b. columns: Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian
c. Buildings like the Parthenon, which was dedicated to the goddess Athena
D. Mathematics & Science
i. Euclid: geometry
ii. Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem (
)
iii. Hippocrates: considered the father of medicine
iv. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical
practice of medicine.
E. Sports
a. Olympics: invented to honor the gods
b. Activities: long jump, discus throw, javelin, horse racing, boxing, wrestling
c. Greek town of Olympia from as early as 776 BC to 393 AD
d. Revised by a Frenchman in 1896
F. Philosophy
i. Socrates: Socratic Method, which is an art of questioning to examine key moral concepts
ii. questioned democracy and was sentenced to death for corrupting Athenian youth
iii. Plato: wrote The Republic, which wanted only philosophers and intellectuals to rule
iv. He mistrusted the common people
v. Aristotle: He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, and
ethics
Aim: Why is Alexander considered great?
VI Phillip II
6. King of Macedonia 359-338 BCE
7. Excellent warriors, used Phalanx and military strategy
8. controlled all of Greece
9. Philip II was murdered in 338 BCE
10. Alexander becomes king at 20
VII Alexander the Great
4. Defeated Persia and Darius III
5. Stretched his empire across India, Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia
6. United an area of 22 million square miles
VIII Legacy
7. Died at the age of 33 of disease or poison
8. Hellenistic culture: blending of Greek, Phoenician, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian
cultures; later adopted by Romans
9. Trade: His empire solidified trade between Asia and the Mediterranean
10. Spread Greek culture
11. Empire was split by three generals, which weakened the empire
12. Absorbed into Roman Empire
IX Hellenistic Culture
 Lasting achievements:
 Spread Hellenism: blending of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian
 Philosophy: stoics or moral standard
 Stoicism: use reason to understand and accept what life brings, use no emotion because it
forces bad judgments and emphasizes self-control
 Made contributions in science, mathematics, medicine, historical writing, and drama.
Greek Achievements
A. Religion
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
polytheistic used mythology
The myths are richly detailed and teach morality
Gods were unique: they had human emotions (got mad,
drunk, arguments)
Still a major part of western culture (ex. Horoscopes)
B. Drama
4. dominated by comedy and tragedy
5. ex. Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides these men focused on tragedy
6. ex. Aristophanes focused on comedy
C. Art/Architecture
a. sculptures were very detailed and emphasized realism
b. columns: Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian
c. Buildings like the Parthenon, which was dedicated to the goddess Athena
D. Mathematics & Science
i. Euclid: geometry
ii. Pythagoras: Pythagorean theorem (
)
iii. Hippocrates: considered the father of medicine
iv. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath traditionally taken by physicians pertaining to the ethical
practice of medicine.
E. Sports
a. Olympics: invented to honor the gods
b. Activities: long jump, discus throw, javelin, horse racing, boxing, wrestling
c. Greek town of Olympia from as early as 776 BC to 393 AD
d. Revised by a Frenchman in 1896
F. Philosophy
i. Socrates: Socratic Method, which is an art of questioning to examine key moral concepts
ii. questioned democracy and was sentenced to death for corrupting Athenian youth
iii. Plato: wrote The Republic, which wanted only philosophers and intellectuals to rule
iv. He mistrusted the common people
v. Aristotle: He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, and
ethics
Aim: How did Rome establish a republic?
I Geography
a. Located on a peninsula and has 3 surrounding islands
b. Rome was built on 7 hills for protection near the Tiber River
c. It was center of trade and commerce
II Early Civilizations
a. 1500 – 1000 BCE Indo-Europeans migrate to Rome
b. 800-500 BCE Greeks and Etruscans migrate to Italy
c. Two groups influenced Rome:
a. Etruscans: Changed Rome from a village into a city
b. Greeks: Lent Rome their art, architecture, literature and alphabet
d. 509 BCE foreigners overthrown by aristocracy, beginning of Roman Republic ruled by
the Senate
III Social Class
a. Patricians- aristocrats, landowners, senators, MOST POWER
b. Plebeians- common people/ had little say in gov’t
IV Republic
a. Landowners and aristocrats had the power, they made up the Senate
b. Senators were patricians
c. 2 Consuls elected annually (they are chief civil and military magistrates)
d. Quaestors: financial officers and administrative assistants
e. Tribune charged with protection of lives and property of plebeians
V Law Code
 451 Twelve Tables of Rome: system of laws created to organize prosecution for crimes
and trials
 innocent until proven guilty; defendants may confront accusers in court; judges can
nullify unjust laws
VI Military
a. Superior discipline, high values, courage
b. Roman Legion 3000-6000 men used phalanx
VII Rome’s Expansion
1- Between 509-264 conquered all of Italy
2- Legion 5000 soldiers did not get paid, supplied their own weapons
3- Hegemony: which is authority over or dominance of a group of people
4- Trade: extensive trade in Mediterranean and with the East along the Silk Roads in the
Middle East
VIII Causes for the Punic Wars
a. 264-146 BCE
b. Carthage was a trading outpost in North Africa
d. Rome and Carthage both wanted control of the Mediterranean
IX Three Punic Wars
A. First Punic War: 264-241
a. Carthage was a first-rate naval power
b. Rome won even with constant mistakes
c. Carthage had to pay reparations and had to give up all claims to Sicily
B. Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE
a. Carthage moves into Spain led by Hannibal
b. Rome wanted control of Spain, which led to war
c. Hannibal had a large force of elephants
d. Rome again forced Carthage to give up her entire empire: Spain, North Africa,
and the army and navy
C. Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE
a. Senator Cato wanted to destroy Carthage
b. Fought Macedonia and Carthage
c. Both defeated in 146 BCE
d. Carthage is destroyed and is said to have been sprinkled with salt so nothing could
grow
Aim: How did Rome become an imperial power?
I Punic Wars
1. The Romans began a period of domination after the Punic Wars
2. They conquered the Mediterranean; expanded in North Africa, Western Europe, and the
Eastern Mediterranean coastal lands
II City of Corinth
a. Greek city-state Corinth was attacked by Rome 146 BCE
b. Romans kill men, enslave women and children
c. They destroyed the city as a warning to other countries
III Siege of Jerusalem
a. 63 BCE Jerusalem becomes a Roman province
b. Zealots- Jews that Rebelled against Romans
c. 66 CE Romans destroy Jewish temples and burn down city
d. Jews flee causing a Diaspora- the dispersion of Jews outside the land of Israel.
IV End of the Republic
a. Conquests brought money  corruption
b. Rise in new wealthy class, huge estates called Latifundia
c. Poor and farmers had no land
d. Gap between rich and poor
e. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus = patricians that tried to reform Rome
f. Tiberius was assassinated for it, Gaius committed suicide
g. 80-31 BCE -- 50 years of civil wars
V Triumvirate
a. 60 BCE Crassius, Pompey, Caesar
b. Senate wants Pompey to rule
c. Civil War Pompey vs. Caesar
d. Caesar wins and is named dictator for life
VI Julius Caesar
• beginning of transition from Republic to Empire
• Military commander
• Courts improved
• Property to the poor
• Public works
• Limited the Senate's power
***Rome had no laws of succession***
VII Assassination
a. March 15th 44 BCE
b. Senate sees him as a despot
c. 60 senators plot and stab him 23 times
Aim: What role did emperors play in Rome?
Notes
I. Augustus
a. 31 BCE comes to power
b. 27 BCE: becomes Emperor, beginning of Pax Romana
c. He won support of the people
d. He restored peace after 100 years of civil war
e. Massive public works bridges, roads, aqueducts
f. Increased work and developed army
g. New coinage system
h. Police and fire protection
i. Status of women rose
j. Entertainment- Coliseum gladiators and games
k. Bread and circuses to feed and entertain the people of Rome
l. 14 AD dies and Rome had no laws of succession
m. Expanded his empire: Spain, Gaul (now France), and parts of Hungary and Croatia
n. He annexed Egypt and most of southwestern Europe
o. Augustus worshipped as a god.
p. 14 CE dies and Rome had no laws of succession
II. Pax Romana
1. 200 years of peace
2. Government- ruled by an emperor
3. Laws- Twelve Tables governed the empire
4. Language (Latin)- The Roman alphabet (basis for western alphabet)
5. Engineering Technology: public works, aqueducts, roads, bridges; architecture such as
the coliseum, roman arches
6. Literature- Literature- Virgil, Horace, Tactitus and Livy wrote poetry and histories of
Rome
7. Religion- Jesus Christ founded a new religion called Christianity
III. Julian Emperors
• After Augustus Rome was ruled by a series of weak emperors
• This set Rome on a course of chaos and disarray for decades
A. Tiberius: 14-37 A.D
a. Great warrior and good administrator
b. kept economy and military stable
c. Unfriendly most people hated him
B. Caligula: 37-41 AD
a. bread and circuses to keep people happy
b. Sexual deviant, homosexual and orgies
c. Went crazy at age 27 started executions
d. Assassinated at age of 29
C. Claudius: 41-54 AD
a. Helped expand Roman empire by conquering Britain, and places in north Africa,
Asia Minor and Gaul
D. Nero: 54-68
a. Cruel and insane
b. Persecuted Christians
c. 64 AD “great fire” he blamed the Christians
d. Commits suicide in 68
e. His death marked the end of Caesar’s family on the throne
IV. Five Good Emperors
1. Nerva- very capable emperor of Rome
2. Trajan- Great general and added territory to Rome
3. Hadrian- Stoic with a high sense of duty to Rome
***Stoic - the calm acceptance of all occurrences as the unavoidable result of divine will or of
the natural order***
4. Antonius Pius- uneventful reign of 23 years
5. Marcus Aurelius-Stoic and last emperor of the Pax Romana
V. Third Century Crisis
a. Commodus- Marcus Aurelius’s son
b. Ruled 13 years and was strangled by followers
c. 50 yrs of civil wars
d. 235-284 CE
e. 26 barrack emperors caused internal and external cracks
f. The empire was on the verge of collapsing
Aim: What contributions to history did Rome make with their achievements?
I. Law
1. Twelve Tables
2. Civil law that incorporated the death penalty, equal justice
3. Is considered the legal basis for the law codes developed in Europe and the US
II. Census
1. Taken every five years
2. Served to count the number of male citizens for tax purposes
III. Roads & Structures
1. Systematic planning
2. Aqueducts: allowed water to flow into the city
3. Helped create public baths and fountains
4. “All roads lead to Rome”
IV. Art
1. Greco-Roman style, which was based on Greek ideas
2. Sculptures were more realistic
V. Philosophy
1. Stoicism: based on moral ideas
2. This style had a Greek influence
VI. Literature
1. The works of Virgil, Ovid, Horace and Livy are still being read today
THE FALL OF ROME
I. Politically
a) 235-284 CE there were 22 different emperors
b) Invasions, civil war and plague
c) The Germanic soldiers
d) dependence on slave labor led to a decline in trade
II. Economically
a) Trade declined
b) High taxes
c) Economy collapses
d) Coinage devalued
e) Labor shortage
f) Inflation
III. Socially
a) Town life declined, religiously divided
b) poverty gap, especially with regards to land ownership
c) People are lazy and unpatriotic
d) Learning declined
IV. Revival
a) Diocletian: 284-305
1. New government
2. New army
3. Divided empire into sections
b) Constantine 306 –337
1. Moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople
2. This is called the New Rome
3. Western portion of empire steadily declined, while eastern portion thrived and
continued to trade with the East
V. Fall of Rome
a) Emperor’s stifled Rome’s vitality
b) Western part of empire was weak
c) 375: Emperor Valen allows Germanic tribes
d) 401: Italy is invaded
e) 410: Rome is sacked
f) Barbarians invade from all over: Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Vandals, Visigoths and Huns
attack the Roman Empire
g) 476 Romulus Augustus declares the fall of Rome
Aim: How did Christianity impact the Roman Empire?
I. Law
4. Twelve Tables
5. Civil law that incorporated the death penalty, equal justice
6. Is considered the legal basis for the law codes developed in Europe and the US
II. Census
3. Taken every five years
4. Served to count the number of male citizens for tax purposes
III. Roads & Structures
5. Systematic planning
6. Aqueducts: allowed water to flow into the city
7. Helped create public baths and fountains
8. “All roads lead to Rome”
IV. Art
3. Greco-Roman style, which was based on Greek ideas
4. Sculptures were more realistic
V. Philosophy
3. Stoicism: based on moral ideas
4. This style had a Greek influence
VI. Literature
2. The works of Virgil, Ovid, Horace and Livy are still being read today
THE FALL OF ROME
I. Politically
e) 235-284 CE there were 22 different emperors
f) Invasions, civil war and plague
g) The Germanic soldiers
h) dependence on slave labor led to a decline in trade
II. Economically
g) Trade declined
h) High taxes
i) Economy collapses
j) Coinage devalued
k) Labor shortage
l) Inflation
III. Socially
e) Town life declined, religiously divided
f) poverty gap, especially with regards to land ownership
g) People are lazy and unpatriotic
h) Learning declined
IV. Revival
c) Diocletian: 284-305
1. New government
2. New army
3. Divided empire into sections
d) Constantine 306 –337
1. Moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople
2. This is called the New Rome
3. Western portion of empire steadily declined, while eastern portion thrived and
continued to trade with the East
V. Fall of Rome
h) Emperor’s stifled Rome’s vitality
i) Western part of empire was weak
j) 375: Emperor Valen allows Germanic tribes
k) 401: Italy is invaded
l) 410: Rome is sacked
m) Barbarians invade from all over: Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Vandals, Visigoths and Huns
attack the Roman Empire
n) 476 Romulus Augustus declares the fall of Rome
Aim: How did the Maurya and Gupta Empires Rise and Fall?
South Asian Empire
A. Maurya: 321-185 BCE
i.
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder
ii.
Conquered northwest India
iii. Strong central government
iv.
v.
B. Asoka
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Army: chariots, infantry and elephants
united almost all of Indian subcontinent
Harsh ruler
Changed his demeanor, switched to Buddhism
helped spread Buddhism along the roads of India
Created public works
Rejected the caste system
Built stupas which are shrines to the Buddha
construction of roads that connected to China’s Silk Roads
Women gain some privileges
After Ashoka’s death, kingdom divided again until the Gupta’s rose to power
185 BCE the empire crumbles
C. End of Buddhism
i.
Monks lose focus
ii.
Brahmins take over
iii. More focus on Hinduism
iv.
Buddha becomes a Hindu god
v.
By the Third century, Buddhism declines
vi.
Moves to Asia and takes the Mahayana form
D. Gupta Empire
i.
320 CE the Gupta family rules India
ii.
Led to 300 years of peace and prosperity: Golden Age of India
iii. Gov’t was decentralized (local rulers retained control but obeyed Gupta law)
iv.
Hinduism is major religion
v.
Strict caste system
vi.
Women lost status (Sati, female babies are killed, are considered outcasts if they
remarry)
vii.
Golden Age of India
viii. Sanskrit becomes language of educated
ix. Technology/discoveries: Pi (3.14), concept of zero, Arabic numerals, decimal
system, astronomy, surgical procedures and medicine (ideas spread to the west)
x. Trade increased with Rome
E. Decline
i.
regional leaders gained more power
ii.
weak emperors, decline in trade, Diseases, bad harvests
iii. taxes overburden peasants
iv.
550 CE Huns invade through the Himalayas
v.
Internal power struggles
vi.
Broke into local governments similar to Rome and Han