HW Quiz
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1. Whose arrest led to the beginning of the Montgomery Bus
Boycott?
2. Name the group of black students who, with help from army
troops, attended a white school in Arkansas.
3. What form of non-violent protest started in Greensboro?
4. What famous speech was made at the March on Washington?
5. The black and white volunteers who rode together on buses
through the South were called what?
Bonus(10 Points): Name the organization of mostly college
students formed to coordinate non-violent protests.
The Civil Rights
Movement
Goal 11
Essential Idea
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Martin Luther King, Jr. used non-violence to
promote civil rights.
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(Remember “Double V”?)
Brown v. Board of Education
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Brown v. Board of
Education ruled that
schools could not
segregate based on
race
The Supreme Court said
that the ruling should
take effect “with all
deliberate speed”
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Where were there laws against segregation?
Why do you think some states had no laws on segregation?
Which states DID have laws requiring segregation?
Plessy v. Ferguson Overturned
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Many Southern states used this phrase to stall
as long as possible
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The Little Rock Nine
Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas,
decided to desegregate
using nine black
students
Governor Orville
Faubus ordered the
National Guard to stop
the action
The Little Rock Nine
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Angry white mobs also
gathered around the school
President Eisenhower used
1000 National Guard troops
(the same ones Faubus had
used!) to secure the school
and allow the students to
attend
Little Rock School Integration
James Meredith
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Meredith attempted
to register for
classes at the
University of
Mississippi
Governor Ross
Barnett personally
denied him access
Integrating Higher
Education
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JFK sent in U.S.
Marshalls, who were
attacked by angry
white mobs
JFK sent in several
thousand troops, and
Meredith was admitted
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Rosa Parks
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
In 1955, Rosa Parks
was arrested for
refusing to give up
her seat to a white
person
Protesting Bus Segregation
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The Montgomery Improvement
Association formed, led by Martin
Luther King, Jr.
Montgomery Bus Boycott – black
citizens boycotted buses by
walking and carpooling
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
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King emphasized NONVIOLENT protests
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After almost a year, the
buses finally desegregated
King formed the Southern
Christian Leadership
Conference (SCLC)
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Violence in Birmingham
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King realized that the
federal government
mostly responded to
violence
In 1963, he led a march
to Birmingham,
Alabama, hoping to
force JFK to support
civil rights
The Violence is Televised
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Marchers were assaulted,
even by police, with dogs
and fire hoses
The March on Washington
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Next, King held the
famous March on
Washington, attended by
200,000 people of all
races
“I Have a Dream”
Here, King made the
famous “I Have a
Dream” speech
 Excerpt from speech
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964
– gave the FEDERAL
government power to
stop discrimination
Selma March
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Voting rights were
still not secured
because of
discrimination at
the polls
King led a march
on Selma,
Alabama, calling for
voting rights
Voting Rights Act of 1965
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The world watched on TV
as the protesters were
assaulted by police
Voting Rights Act of 1965
– removed all
discrimination at the polls
and gave full black
suffrage
Greensboro Sit-ins
In 1959, four black
college students visited
a Woolworth lunch
counter
 The Woolworth refused
to serve them, so they
stayed at their seats
until the counter closed
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The Sit-in Movement Spreads
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Within two months, sit-ins were taking place all over the country
These protesters were punched, kicked, and burned
Non-Violent Protest
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However, the protesters, who were mostly
students, did not fight back
SNCC
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SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee, formed
during the sit-in
movement
The Freedom Riders
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CORE – Congress on Racial Equality,
made of both blacks and whites
Freedom Rides – CORE members rode
buses through the South to bring national
attention to segregation
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Where did
the freedom
rides take
place?
Where did
the rides
meet
violence?
Where were
riders jailed
the most?
Freedom Riders Attacked
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As the Freedom Riders
approached
Birmingham, the police
chief decided to give
the police the day off
One of the buses was
firebombed and
attacked by white
mobs, leading to
injuries and death
Kennedy Responds
The news reported on the
event, and JFK responded by
making enforcement of
desegregation stricter
Freedom Riders
Civil Rights and Television
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Nature of Most Protests:
protests were non-violent, with violent responses
from whites
How did people find out?
The news showed images of the violence
What was the effect?
TV made it obvious who the “good guys” were
Public opinion favored civil rights
The Black Power Movement
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Black Power becomes an
Alternative
Many blacks became
impatient with King’s
methods because change
was slow
Black Power Movement –
a more aggressive
movement to gain rights
Stokely Carmichael
Carmichael was
originally the president
of SNCC
He abandoned nonviolence and helped
form the Black Panther
Party
The Black Panthers
were militant and used
force if necessary
Malcolm X
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Malcolm X
Changed his last name to X
because his original name
had been given to his family
by slave owners
Like Marcus Garvey, he
promoted black nationalism
King Assassinated
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April 4, 1968
King was shot and killed
outside his hotel in
Memphis, Tennessee
James Earl Ray was
arrested and convicted
King’s Legacy
King used NON-VIOLENT
protest to promote equality
King’s methods led to real
changes, such as the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and the
Voting Rights Act of 1965