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CHAPTER 25
1) How did Latin America buck the trend of
Western imperialism?
2) In what century did most Latin American
colonies achieve independence?
3) What beliefs did Latin America share with
the west during the 19th century? What beliefs
did they not share?
17) How was post-independent Brazil
politically different than the Spanish America?
18) What role did religion play in the new Latin
American states?
19) When did Mexico end slavery?
20) What was Gran Columbia? Which states were part
of it? Which were not?
21) Who were Caudillos? What did they do?
4) What model was rejected by the Creole
elites as a way to successful revolution? Why?
22) What was the “centralist theory’ of government in
Latin America?
5) Who was Toussaint L’ Overture? Why is he
significant?
23) What political principles were held by Latin
American liberals?
6) What social group saw the Haitian
revolution as a symbol of hope and freedom?
24) How were liberals and conservatives similar and
different in early Latin America?
7) How did the Haitian revolution impact the
rest of Latin America?
25) What colonial power in Europe first recognized
Latin American independence?
8) How did the Napoleonic wars contribute to
independence movements in Latin America?
26) What was the Monroe Doctrine? What did it call for?
9) What was “the mask of Ferdinand”? How
was it used?
10) What did Father Hidalgo do? What
groups did he unite?
11) Who was Iturbide? What was he known
for?
12) Who was Bolivar? What was he known
for?
13) Who was San Martin? What was he
known for?
14) By what year had all of Spanish South
America become independent?
27) What European nation initially replaced Spain as an
economic force in Latin America?
28) What factors led to economic stagnation in Latin
America between 1820 and 1850?
29) What role did quano play in Peru’s economy?
30) What was Positivism? Who created it? Who
adopted it?
31) What were all of the characteristics of Liberal
politicians after 1860 in Latin America?
32) Who was Santa Anna? What was his role in
Mexican politics between 1832 and 1854?
33)What colonial powers intervened in Mexican
politics between 1829 and 1865?
15) How were the Napoleonic wars different
for Portugal as compared to Spain?
34) What was Manifest Destiny?
16) How was Brazilian independence
achieved?
35) What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo do?
When?
36) What was La Reforma? Who led it?
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37) What did the United Provinces of Rio de
la Plata accomplish under de Rosas?
38) What new crop made up 40% of Brazils
exports by 1840?
39) How did the status of women change in
post-independence Latin America?
40) How did skin color and former slave
status affect social advancement throughout
Latin America?
41) Explain the theories of “Modernization”
and “Westernization” in Latin America?
42) What was the “dependency theory?”
43) Describe the core of the Latin American
economy between 1880 and 1920?
44) Who was Diaz? Why is he significant?
45) How did European immigration impact
Argentina between 1880 and 1920?
46) What caused the Spanish-American War?
Where was it fought? What was the outcome?
47) Why did Cuba gain independence from
the United States in 1902?
48) What were the characteristics of the Diaz
government in Mexico?
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CHAPTER 26
1) List the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire
in the 18th century
2) What was the Muslim economy like in the
early 18th century?
3) Which European power took Muslim
territories in the early 18th century?
4) In the later 1700s what power became the
major threat to Ottoman survival?
17) What caused the 1908 coup in the
Ottoman Empire?
18) Who challenged the Ottomans for control of Libya
during WW I?
19)What was the relationship between the Young Turks
and the Arabs after the coup of 1908?
20) Whose invasion of Egypt in 1798 signaled the
beginning of Europe’s colonization of the Islamic
heartland?
21) What Islamic group was deposed by this invasion?
5) What was the first Balkan region to achieve
independence from the Ottoman Empire?
6) By what decade had the Ottoman’s been
driven from virtually all of the Balkans?
7) What European nation supported the
Ottoman Empire to keep a balance of power in
the Mediterranean?
22) What person had established dominance over Egypt
by 1801?
23) List the reforms introduced to Egypt after 1801
24) Why could Muhammad Ali not overthrow the
Ottoman Empire?
25)Which reforms of Muhammad Ali failed? Why?
8) What were Sultan Selim IIIs reforms? What
was the result of these reforms?
9) What Ottoman Sultan eliminated the
influence of the Janissary corp?
10) What were the reforms of Mahmud II?
What was the result of these reforms?
11) What were the Tanzimat reforms? What
was the result of these reforms?
12) What happened in 1876 that was
associated with the Tanzimat reforms?
13) How did the Tanzimat reforms relate to
women?
14) How does Abdul Hamid relate to the
Tanzimat reforms?
15) In what ways did Abdul Hamid press for
Westernization?
16) What group overthrew the Ottoman
Sultanate in 1908?
26) Who were the Ayan?
27) Who were the Khedives?
28) What motivated Europeans to lend money to
Muhammad Ali’s successors?
29) What happened in Egypt in 1882 that allowed
Britain to become politically involved in the country?
30) What was the center of Egyptian administration in
the Sudan?
31) Why did Achmad claim leadership of Sudanic
resistance to Egyptian rule?
32) Who was Mahdi? Who was Khalifa Abdallahi?
33) Who was Nurhaci? What did he do?
34) What did the Manchu dynasty of China call itself?
35) How did the Manchus implement the imperial
bureaucracy?
36) In what areas did the Manchus attempt reform?
37) Why did Manchu reforms fail?
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38) Who were the compradors? How did they
rise in influence?
39) What were all of the causes of Qing
decline in the early 19th century?
40) How large was the Chinese population in
1850?
41) Describe the relationship between opium,
economics, and colonialism in China
42) Who was Lin Zexu? What was his role in
the 1830s?
43) What was the outcome of the opium war?
44) Describe the Taiping Rebellion. What
caused it? What was the outcome?
45) How did the Manchus respond to external
pressure by the end of the 19th century?
46) When was the last Chinese emperor
deposed?
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19) Who was Count Witte? What did he do?
CHAPTER 27
20) What was the relationship between Russian
industry and foreign capital by 1900?
1) How did Russia and Japan defy the
common pattern of Western domination?
2) Characterize Russia’s and Japan’s
development economically and militarily by
the early 20th century
3) How did Russia and Japan approach the
west differently?
21) Rank Russian industrialization by 1900
22) What local advantages did Russia have in terms of
industrialization?
23) List the causes of Russian unrest during the second
half of the 19th century
24) What was the role of the Russian intelligentsia?
4) How were Russia and Japan similar in
terms of industrialization prior to 1914?
25) Who were the anarchists? What did they want?
How did they operate to achieve their goals?
5) What caused Russia to fear too much
westernization?
26) What were the characteristics of Russian Marxism?
6) What were the characteristics of the Holy
Alliance?
27) Who were the Bolsheviks? How did they relate to
Lenin’s ideas?
7) What was the Decembrist ring? What did
they do in 1825?
28) What contributed to working class radicalism in
Russia in the late 19th century?
8) How did Russia avoid revolutions in the
1830s and in 1848?
29) Failure in what war led to the Russian revolution of
1905?
9) Describe Russian territorial expansion
30) What happened in the revolution of 1905?
10)Describe the Russian economy at the
beginning of the 19th century
31) What reforms stemmed from the revolution of 1905?
What was the role of the liberals?
11) How does the Crimean war relate to
Russia’s widening gap with the west?
32) Who was Stolypin?
12) Why did the west win the Crimean war?
13) What czar started reforms in the 19
century? What were those reforms?
th
14) In what ways was serfdom reformed?
33) What was the Duma?
34) Who were the Kulaks? What did they achieve after
1905?
35) Who were the great 19th century Russian novelists?
15) When were serfs emancipated?
36) How did the Tokugawa Shogunate deal with a
central bureaucracy and regional diamyos?
16) What came with serf emancipation?
37) Describe Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life
17) What were Russian reforms in the 1860s
and 1870s?
38) What was the Dutch studies group? What did they
advocate?
18) What was the first step toward
industrialization in Russia?
39) Who forced the opening of Japan in 1853?
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40) When did Mutsuhito take the throne?
What did he implement?
41) What advantages did Japan have over
China in terms of industrialization?
42) What were the political reforms of the
Meji era?
45) What were zaibatsus?
46) How did imports and exports impact Japans
industrialization?
47) What did the Japanese adopt culturally from the
west?
48) How did Shinto impact industrialization in Japan?
43) How did these reforms compare with
those of Russia?
44) How was Japanese and Russian
industrialization similar and different?
49) What were the social stresses associated with
Japanese industrialization?