SOL USII.4e
Life After the Civil War
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United States Becomes an Imperial Power is about
is shown by resulting in
I.
Effects of
Industrialization

Unsafe working conditions

Labor organizes

Reforms in the workplace
II. Other Significant
Movements
 Women’s suffrage

Temperance Movement


NAACP
TERMS, PEOPLE AND PLACES
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS:
1.
How did workers respond to the negative effects of industrialization?
2.
What were the reforms of the Progressive Movement?
3.
How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change
American lives?
Anthony, Susan B.
Homestead Strike
Roosevelt, Theodore industrialization
18 th Amendment
19 th Amendment
AFL 1 reform restriction union wage
Meat Inspection Act muckraker
Sherman Anti-Trust Act working spoils system condition
NAACP suffrage
Progressive Movement trust

Is about…
The rise of organized labor and how laws were created to protect workers and child laborers
Examples
Unions formed to deal with problems in the workplace
Essential Details
Laws improved safety conditions
American Federation of
Labor
Used threat of strikes

Child labor banned
So what? What is important to understand about this?

Honors Read All
Academic Read 2 paragraphs
Four
on
U
As you read the Child Labor article you will use this note taking strategy.
1.
Use these symbols in each paragraph as you read . (highlighters are a good idea)
Yellow Main Idea
Blue Important Detail/Fact
Green Most Interesting
? Confusion/Question
Main Idea !
2.
With a partner, discuss what you marked in your paragraphs.
3.
Then place 3 bullets of information in each four squares below.
Important Details/Facts *
Confusion/Question ? Most Interesting
3

Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor
Background
" There is work that profits children, and there is work that brings profit only to employers. The object of employing children is not to train them, but to get high profits from their work." -- Lewis
Hine, 1908
After the Civil War , the availability of natural resources, new inventions, and a receptive market combined to fuel an industrial boom. The demand for labor grew, and in the late
19th and early 20th centuries many children were drawn into the labor force. Factory wages were so low that children often had to work to help support their families. The number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed from 1.5 million in 1890 to 2 million in 1910. Businesses liked to hire children because they worked in unskilled jobs for lower wages than adults, and their small hands made them more adept at handling small parts and tools. Children were seen as part of the family economy. Immigrants and rural migrants often sent their children to work, or worked alongside them. However, child laborers barely experienced their youth. Going to school to prepare for a better future was an opportunity these underage workers rarely enjoyed. As children worked in industrial settings, they began to develop serious health problems. Many child laborers were underweight. Some suffered from stunted growth and curvature of the spine. They developed diseases related to their work environment, such as tuberculosis and bronchitis for those who worked in coal mines or cotton mills.
They faced high accident rates due to physical and mental fatigue caused by hard work and long hours .
By the early 1900s many Americans were calling child labor "child slavery" and were demanding an end to it. They argued that long hours of work deprived children of the opportunity of an education to prepare themselves for a better future. Instead, child labor condemned them to a future of illiteracy, poverty, and continuing misery. In 1904 a group of progressive reformers founded the National Child Labor Committee, an organization whose goal was the abolition of child labor. The organization received a charter from
Congress in 1907. It hired teams of investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions and then organized exhibitions with photographs and statistics to dramatize the plight of these children. These efforts resulted in the establishment in
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1912 of the Children's Bureau as a federal information clearinghouse. In 1913 the
Children's Bureau was transferred to the Department of Labor.
Lewis Hine, a New York City schoolteacher and photographer, believed that a picture could tell a powerful story. He felt so strongly about the abuse of children as workers that he quit his teaching job and became an investigative photographer for the National Child
Labor Committee. Hine traveled around the country photographing the working conditions of children in all types of industries. He photographed children in coal mines, in meatpacking houses, in textile mills, and in canneries. He took pictures of children working in the streets as shoe shiners, newsboys, and hawkers. In many instances he tricked his way into factories to take the pictures that factory managers did not want the public to see . He was careful to document every photograph with precise facts and figures. To obtain captions for his pictures, he interviewed the children on some pretext and then scribbled his notes with his hand hidden inside his pocket.
Hine believed that if people could see for themselves the abuses and injustice of child labor, they would demand laws to end those evils. By 1916, Congress passed the
Keating-Owens Act that established the following child labor standards: a minimum age of 14 for workers in manufacturing and 16 for workers in mining; a maximum workday of
8 hours ; prohibition of night work for workers under age 16; and a documentary proof of age. Unfortunately, this law was later ruled unconstitutional on the ground that congressional power to regulate interstate commerce did not extend to the conditions of labor. Effective action against child labor had to await the New Deal. Reformers, however, did succeed in forcing legislation at the state level banning child labor and setting maximum hours . By 1920 the number of child laborers was cut to nearly half of what it had been in 1910.
Lewis Hine died in poverty, neglected by all but a few . His reputation continued to grow, however, and now he is recognized as a master American photographer.. Hine's images of working children stirred America's conscience and helped change the nation's labor laws.
Resources
Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty, eds. The Reader's Companion to American History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991.
Nash, Gary B., et al. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1990.
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U .S II 4e
Read The Jungle and write down 5 really Gross.
Read Triangle Shirt Fire and write down 5 Really Bad
Really Gross: The Jungle
6

THE JUNGLE – Upton Sinclair --1906
From Chapter 12
But perhaps the worst of the consequences of this long siege was that they lost another member of their family; Brother Jonas disappeared. One Saturday night he did not come home, and thereafter all their efforts to get trace of him were futile. It was said by the boss at Durham's that he had gotten his week 's money and left there . That might not be true, of course , for sometimes they would say that when a man had been killed; it was the easiest way out of it for all concerned. When , for instance , a man had fallen into one of the rendering tanks and had been made into pure leaf lard and peerless fertilizer, there was no use letting the fact out and making his family unhappy.
From Chapter 14
With one member trimming beef in a cannery, and another working in a sausage factory, the family had a first-hand knowledge of the great majority of
Packingtown swindles. For it was the custom, as they found, whenever meat was so spoiled that it could not be used for anything else, either to can it or else to chop it up into sausage. With what had been told them by Jonas, who had worked in the pickle rooms, they could now study the whole of the spoiledmeat industry on the inside, and read a new and grim meaning into that old
Packingtown jest--that they use everything of the pig except the squeal.
Jonas had told them how the meat that was taken out of pickle would often be found sour, and how they would rub it up with soda to take away the smell, and sell it to be eaten on free-lunch counters; also of all the miracles of chemistry which they performed, giving to any sort of meat , fresh or salted, whole or chopped, any color and any flavor and any odor they chose. In the pickling of hams they had an ingenious apparatus, by which they saved time and increased the capacity of the plant--a machine consisting of a hollow needle attached to a pump; by plunging this needle into the meat and working with his foot, a man could fill a ham with pickle in a few seconds. And yet, in spite of this, there would be hams found spoiled, some of them with an odor so bad that a man could hardly bear to be in the room with them. To pump into these the packers had a second and much stronger pickle which destroyed the odor--a process known to the workers as "giving them thirty per cent ." Also, after the hams had been smoked, there would be found some that had gone to the bad.
Formerly these had been sold as "Number Three Grade ," but later on some ingenious person had hit upon a new device, and now they would extract the bone, about which the bad part generally lay, and insert in the hole a white-hot iron. After this invention there was no longer Number One , Two , and Three
Grade -there was only Number One Grade .
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Leap for Life, Leap of Death (Triangle Shirt Fire)
275 girls started to collect their belongings as they were leaving work at 4:45 PM on
Saturday. Within twenty minutes some of girls' charred bodies were lined up along the
East Side of Greene Street. Those girls who flung themselves from the ninth floor were merely covered with tarpaulins where they hit the concrete. The Bellevue morgue was overrun with bodies and a makeshift morgue was set up on the adjoining pier on the
East River. Hundred's of parents and family members came to identify their lost loved ones. 146 employees of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company were dead the night of March
25, 1911. The horror of their deaths led to numerous changes in occupational safety standards that currently ensure the safety of workers today.
At the time of the fire the only safety measures available for the workers were 27 buckets of water and a fire escape that would collapse when people tried to use them.
Most of the doors were locked and those that were not locked only opened inwards and were effectively held shut by the onrush of workers escaping the fire. As the clothing materials feed the fire workers tried to escape anyway they could. 25 passengers flung themselves down the elevator shaft trying to escape the fire. Their bodies rained blood and coins down onto the employees who made it into the elevator cars. Engine
Company 72 and 33 were the first on the scene . To add to the already bleak situation the water streams from their hoses could only reach the 7th floor . Their ladders could only reach between the 6th and 7th floor . 19 bodies were found charred against the locked doors. 25 bodies were found huddled in a cloakroom. These deaths, although horrible, was not what changed the feelings toward government regulation. Upon finding that they could not use the doors to escape and the fire burning at their clothes and hair , the girls of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, aged mostly between 13 and 23 years of age, jumped 9 stories to their death. One after another the girls jumped to their deaths on the concrete over one hundred of feet below. Sometimes the girls jumped three and four at a time . On lookers watched in horror as body after body fell to the earth. "Thud -- dead; thud -- dead; thud -- dead; thud -- dead. Sixtytwo thud -- deads. I call them that, because the sound and the thought of death came to me each time , at the same instant," said United Press reporter William Shephard. The bodies of teenage girls lined the street below. Blankets that would be rescuers used ripped at the weight and the speed the bodies were falling. Fire Department blankets were ripped when multiple girls tried to jump into the same blanket. Some girls tried to jump to the ladders that could not
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reach the ninth floor . None reached the ladders. The fire escape in the rear of the building collapsed and trapped the employees even more .
Many people were outraged at the tragedy. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire helped to solidify support for workers' unions like the International Ladies' Garment Workers'
Union. The owners, Isaac Harris and Max Blanck, were tried for manslaughter but were acquitted in 1914. Though most people were disgusted with what had happened, there were no regulations in effect that would have saved lives.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 still remains one of the most vivid and horrid tragedies that changed American Labor Unions and labor laws. The fire had come only five years after Upton Sinclair published his book The Jungle, which detailed the plight of the workers at a meat packer's plant. But instead of reforming the working conditions most people wanted to reform the health and safety regulations on food. The tragic death of 146 girls, whose average age was 19, was needed before the politicians and the people saw for the need to regulate safety in the workplace.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911 would change the regulation by government of business. Before the fire government had mostly stayed away from business feeling it had no power to legislate it. After the fire government could not avoid instituting laws to protect the workers. Once the New York legislature enacted safety laws, other states in the US followed suit . Workers also began to look toward unions to voice their concerns over safety and pay. Samuel Gompers of the AFL had won a lot of trust and admiration by sitting in on The Factory Commission of 1911. The International Ladies' Garment
Workers' Union also won support and led a march of 100,000 to tell the New York legislature to move into action. Unfortunately not everyone had learned their history.
March 25, 1990, on the 79th anniversary of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, the Happy Land
Social Club fire in the Bronx, New York killed 87 people. Most of the people killed were not workers but customers. There was no sprinkler system, fire alarms, nor exits. The windows had iron bars on them leaving only one door to escape the inferno. On
September 3, 1991 in Hamlet North Carolina 25 workers died at a poultry factory. The exits were ill marked, blocked or padlocked. The doors were padlocked to prevent theft.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire remains as a turning point in US history. Countless state and federal laws were enacted because of this incident. Unions gained numerous new workers who wanted someone to fight for their safety. Now employers in the US have a clear set of guidelines that they need to follow to ensure the safety of their employees.
9

U
Directions: As you watch the video clips, write down 3 main points about each president.
Progressive Presidents U .S II 4e; 5b
Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson
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PERSON
Is important because…
He is known as a progressive President who wanted to reform numerous problems in American society
Ways to describe this PERSON
Aggressive, civic-minded, a “go-getter”, active, well-liked, never gave up





Trust-busting

Panama Canal and
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
Conservationism
Reforming city, state, and national
Known for
Spanish-American
War governments
Regulation of food and

Being a man of action

Teddy Bears
X
Not known for…
Don’t confuse with…
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(FDR), Theodore’s cousin, who became President in the 1930’s during the Great
Depression
Impact on our world today

Roosevelt helped to shape the presidency into what it is today

Many of the laws that he helped to pass are still in effect today

A role model for many other reformers
Someone from today’s world this person
X
Like
Not like
President Obama
EXAMPLE
Because …
Both are very active presidents who have expanded
American interests abroad.
Knowledge Connections
Because …

Roosevelt was famous for being an active President, and he also kept physically fit
11 and traveled around the world.

Teddy Bears were named after him.

Teacher’s Copy
Is about… how the Progressives tried to help eliminate corruption in government and make the workplace safer for workers
Eliminated corruption and political machines
Changed laws in national, state, and local governments
Improved safety conditions
Reduced work hours
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II. Significant Reforms of the Progressive Movement the efforts of Progressive era reformers to change the laws of the United States
Is about…

Gain voting rights

Increase educational opportunities

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Opposed to the making, sale, and consumption of alcohol

Frances Willard

Carrie Nation
Women gain the right to vote with the passage of the 19 th
Amendment
Helped to pass the 18 th
Amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

Efforts to end political corruption (political machines)


Reforms to local, state, and national elections (17 th
13
Creation of Food and Drug Act to regulate food supply (Meat Inspection Act)
Fought for equal rights for
African Americans

W.E.B. Dubois

Ida Wells-Barnett
Helped to begin the movement towards equal rights for African
Americans

Teacher’s Copy
Use to create expected/unexpected
Background
Individuals and groups pushed to make the production and consumption of alcohol illegal. The Women’s Christian Temperance Movement led the way to banning alcohol in the United States. Many of those that wanted to see alcohol banned were personally affected by the destructive effects of alcohol.
The 18 th
PivEvent?
Reactions
Many applauded the new law, while others tried to find ways around it.
Unexpected

People made their own alcoholic beverages.

Gangsters, such as Al Capone, made a fortune by providing
Results alcohol that was smuggled in from Canada and the
Caribbean.

Illegal clubs called speakeasies were established to sneak
Alcohol to willing customers.
Expected

Legitimate businesses stopped selling alcoholic beverages to their customers.

Alcoholism and liver disease declined during
Prohibition.

Police and government agents were in charge of enforcing the new law (created the FBI).
Spin-off
People found that Prohibition reduced the amount of alcohol consumed in the United States. Many felt that it caused normally law-abiding citizens to break laws. As a result, by the mid-1920s, half of those arrested for federal crimes were being charged with violating the 18 th
Amendment. In 1933, the 18 th
Amendment was repealed ending the Prohibition “experiment.”
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Template © 2003 Edwin Ellis, GraphicOrganizers.com

Passage of the 18 th
Amendment
Passage of the 18 th
Amendment
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The Progressive Movement was a group of people asking for reforms. A reform is a change for the better. Reformers wanted to reform factories, business, and government to make life better for the people.
Sometimes when workers did not get what they wanted, they went on strike. When they went on strike , they stopped working so that the factory owners would listen to them. Workers joined labor unions to work together to make factories safer. Sometimes labor unions joined the American Federation of Labor , which was a large group of unions that worked together for workplace reforms. The workplace reforms were the minimum wage, accident insurance, fewer hours, and less child labor.
President Theodore Roosevelt helped make laws to control business. He called his program the Square Deal . There were new laws to stop big companies from taking over small companies. Big companies could not set prices, and the government checked to see if prices were too high. They also helped get new laws that protected workers.
The Progressives wanted to make the government more honest.
Robert La Follette wanted the government to hire workers based on a merit system. A merit system is when people are hired based on their qualifications rather than by favors to friends or family members.
Progressives made the hiring of government officials more honest.
The Progressives also helped make changes about voting and elections. State laws made voting secret. Elections became more honest because people could vote freely. Women still did not have the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony and other women worked for women’s s uffrage . Women got the right to vote from the 19 th
Amendment in 1920.
Many women also supported the Temperance Movement, which wanted to stop the use of alcohol. The temperance movement supported the 18 th Amendment. The 18 th Amendment stopped people from making, selling, or transporting alcohol. The 18 th
Amendment was passed and became law in 1919.
16

U
1. Helped the poor by starting a settlement house.
Settlement houses offered daycare, English lessons, and a safe place for children to play.
2. Fought for women’s right to vote along with Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Alice Paul .
3. Axe swinging grandmother who crusaded for temperance (stopping or limiting the use of alcohol).
4. Cigar maker who started the American Federation of
Labor union to fight for better salary and safer work places.
5. Started a college where
African Americans could learn trades (plumbers, electrician, etc.) in order to earn enough money to gain political equality with whites.
6. The first African American with a doctorate from Harvard.
Organized National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) to fight for equal rights .
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7. Wrote a book that exposed unhealthy and unsafe practices in the meatpacking industry.
8. An investigative reporter who wrote newspaper articles exposing the unfair business practices of John
D. Rockefeller and big business.
9. “ Trust buster” who fought to make foods and drugs safe. He also worked to create national parks to conserve nature.
10. Took photographs exposing the horrors of slum life.
11. Drew cartoons to inform people of corrupt politicians who took bribes and spent tax payer’s money.

Far
Away
.S II 4 b, d, e; 1i
Westward Expansion, Big Business, Immigration, Urbanization and
Progressives
Hollywood often takes
and
has many
studied.
Your
to find
Fact Movie Match
for
Shannon, Joseph are leaving
Ireland on a ship because of the Ad
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
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Fact Movie Match
There are eight things needed
to make a Business grow and be successful.
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Many immigrants came for a better life.
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
20

Fact Movie Match
Many immigrants live in cities.
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Working conditions were
dangerous and needed to be fixed.
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
Fact Movie Match
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